177 research outputs found
Hierarchy in Meritocracy: Community Building and Code Production in The Apache Software Foundation
No full textThis research is about code production in top-level open source communities of The Apache Software Foundation (ASF). We extensively analyzed Subversion repository logs from 70 top-level Apache open source projects in the ASF from 2004 to 2009. Based on interactions in code production during one-year periods we constructed networks of file co-authorship that gave us access to the organization of Apache open source communities. This allowed us to measure graph level properties, like hier- archy and clustering, and their influence on the outputs of code production. Apache communities are groups of individuals that organize their code production efforts in order to develop enterprise-grade open source software. The ASF explains the success of its communities and the software they produce by claiming to have instituted a meritocracy that brings contributors together in a way that significantly influences code production, namely by building communities instead of only focusing on technical properties of the source code like modularity. Self-organization theory has found that the role of institutions is minor. In this research we test and confirm the theory of self-organization, and find that the meritocracy institution does not influence code production.Management of TechnologyPolicy, Organization, Law and GamingTechnology, Policy and Managemen
Preferential crystallization of a racemic compound via its conglomerate co-crystals
No full textPreferential crystallization, as a powerful chiral resolution technique, is intrinsically limited to chiral molecules that crystallize as conglomerates. Many studies have been conducted on using chemical reactions to convert the target molecules, which originally form racemic compounds, into conglomerate-forming derivatives salts or by creating solvate, for the application of preferential crystallization. Up to this date conglomerate co-crystals of racemic compounds have never been applied as the intermediate for chiral resolution. In this study, preferential crystallization of the model compound Ibuprofen (IBU), originally a racemic compound, was carried out via its conglomerate co-crystal with 2,4-bipyridine ethylene (BPE) in heptane. Suitable operation conditions were selected based on pseudobinary phase diagram of the model compound system constructed under different IBU-BPE ratio. A unique measurement method combining polarimeter and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) measurements was developed to identify the enantiopurity and the yield of the final product, which was a mixture of racemic IBU and IBU-BPE co-crystals, a likely result from this complex system. With respect to the results, preferential crystallization of IBU was successfully performed by slowly cooling down a saturated solution of racemic IBU-BPE, initially at T=57.5°C, after seeding it with S-IBU/BPE crystals to T=53°C with a cooling rate of 0.3°C/min. The recovered crystalline product contained pure IBU and a mixture of R-co-crystals and S-co-crystals with a yield of 44%, with the amount of S-co-crystals recovered four times higher than the amount of R-co-crystals present in the final product. The existence of R-IBU/BPE indicates that the primary nucleation of the undesired enantiomer still took place. This can be minimized by performing the experiment at bigger scale, where samples of the mother liquor can be taken during the process in order to monitor the evolution of the enantiomeric excess enabling the defining of an optimum filtration time. The crystallization of racemic IBU along with the cocrystals lowered the purity of S-IBU. By using new ratios of IBU/BPE close to the stoichiometric co-crystal ratio and with IBU in excess, this impurity can be diminished. Additionally a comprehensive study of the Metastable Zone Width (MSZW) in a bigger volume and the exploration of mixture of solvents can improve the definition of the final temperature in order to avoid the presence of racemic IBU and R-co-crystals in the crystals produced.Mechanical, Maritime and Materials EngineeringProcess and Energ
Leptoplana tremellaris O.F. Muller 1774
No full textLeptoplana tremellaris (O.F. Muller, 1774) (Figures 4–5) Distribution in Tunisia: 15 specimens were collected from under rocks in the lagoon of Tunis (36 ° 49 ' 06.61" N; 10 ° 17 ' 23.37" E). Other localities: United Kingdom: Fleming (1823), Gamble (1893), Faubel (1983), Faubel & Warwick (2005). France: Keferstein (1868). Belgium: Beneden (1860). Egypt: Palombi A (1928). Italy: Steinböck (1933). Croatia: Steinböck (1933). c v d: common vas deferens, f p: female pore, o v: oviduct, p h: pharynx, v: vagina, v d: vasa deferentia. c: circular muscle, c v d: common vas deferens, d: diagonal muscle, f p: female pore, l: longitudinal muscle, mp: male pore, o v: oviduct, p v: prostatic vesicle, s g: shell glands, s v: seminal vesicle, v: vagina. Material examined: 5 mature specimens were sectioned sagittally. The material examined was deposited in the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid (Spain). Description: Externally very similar to Echinoplana celerrima. Length up to about 30 mm, body shape broadly oval. Dorsal surface yellowish-brown with a dark band in the median line (Fig. 4 A). Tentacles lacking. With about 36 cerebral eyes arranged in two clusters, and about 60 lateral tentacular eyes. The cerebral eyes are smaller and more anterior than the tentacular eyes (Fig. 4 B). The ruffled pharynx is situated in the anterior half of body (Fig. 4 C). It opens onto the outside by a mouth located in the posterior third of the pharyngeal cavity. The two genital pores are well separated and situated in the last third of the body. Between them and closer to the male pore, a fold of the ventral wall, lined by a thickening of the body musculature is present. It corresponds to the so-called “sucker” present in some species of the genus Leptoplana (Figs. 4 F; 5 A). Male copulatory apparatus: The male copulatory apparatus is directed backwards. The coiled vasa deferentia appear on either side of the posterior end of the pharynx, continue anteriorly near the posterior quarter of the pharynx, then diverge laterally and run posteriorly to converge into the proximal end of the seminal vesicle. The anterior, frontally oriented branches of vasa deferentia may anastomose with the caudally oriented ducts (Fig. 4 C). The muscular seminal vesicle is located dorsally and very close to the pharynx. The prostatic organ is interpolated and tubular in shape (Fig. 5 c). It is subdivided into three compartments characterized by different epithelium lining. The whole size of the prostatic vesicle is relative to the volume of seminal vesicle. From the distal end of the prostatic vesicle, a narrow canal oriented obliquely and anteriorly acts as an eversible unarmed cirrus, provided distally with a penis papilla. This opens into a relatively large penial cavity. The male copulatory complex is enclosed within a thick muscular bulb, which can be seen by transparency in gently squashed living animals. Female copulatory apparatus: The female genital pore leads into a shallow antrum feminum or vagina externa, which extends dorsally to open into the widened vagina media. The vagina media runs dorsally and turns posteriorly to form the vagina interna, which receives the common oviduct (Figs. 4 E; 5 B). Large amounts of eosinophilous mucous secretion of glandular origin were observed inside the vagina. In two specimens fixed just after copulation, the vagina was expanded and filled with a mass of sperm (Fig. 5 B). Remarks. Leptoplana tremellaris, the type species of the genus Leptoplana, has a worldwide distribution, and was extensively re-described by Bock (1913) and Faubel (1983). The latter author placed the species within the family Leptoplanidae Stimpson, 1857. Prudhoe (1985) accepted the taxonomic position within the Leptoplanidae, in the subfamily Leptoplaninae Marcus, 1947. L. tremellaris is usually confused with E. celerrima and also with species of the genus Notoplana to which it is similar in shape and color. Living specimens of E. celerrima and L. tremellaris can nonetheless be easily distinguished, as in the ventral face of E. celerrima the cirrus and the “H” shaped vasa deferentia can be seen by transparency (Fig. 1 C). On the contrary, in L. tremellaris the cirrus is missing and the vasa deferentia are “M” shaped (Fig. 4 C). The majority of sectioned specimens of L. tremellaris showed an invagination between the male and female pore, known as “sucker” (Figs. 4 F; 5 A), distinct from the true sucker of the Cotylea, located behind the female pore and clearly evaginated. One specimen was seen to be without this structure. This specimen showed nonetheless a well developed seminal vesicle and was fully sexually mature (Fig. 5 C). It has to be noted that some species of the genus Leptoplana were described as being without a sucker (Boone, 1929; Hyman, 1953). Based on observations above, we suppose that the presence of a sucker between genital pores in Leptoplanidae, being subject to intrapopulational variation, possibly linked to maturity/ copulation stages, could not be used for systematic purposes.Published as part of Gammoudi, Mehrez, Tekaya, Saïda & Noreña, Carolina, 2009, Contribution to the knowledge of Acotylean Polyclads (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida) from Tunisian Coasts, pp. 43-60 in Zootaxa 2195 on pages 49-52, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.27510
Innovative solution – key factor for sustainable development of modern business
No full textThe article examines the approaches of modern scientists to the definitions of "decision" and "administrative decision". The author offered a definition of "innovative solution", and the principles of innovation decision-making and the role of the adoption of innovative solutions in the economic activities of modern enterprises
Ein überflüssiger Gelehrtenstreit aus den Jahren 1983–1991
No full textIn the artcile the author deals with a controversis between the Turkologist, Mongolist, Tungusologist and Altaicist G. Doerfer and the Turkologist O.F. Sertkaya from the years 1983–1991. The whole matter was starting with a paper written by Doerfer to demonstrate the principles of writing reviews which led to the unnecessary dispute between the two scholars based on deeeply misunderstandings
Simulating Smart Connected Containers
No full textThis is the report for our Bachelor project (IN3405). We did an internship at Centric and made a simulator to visualise their concept "Mobile Hubs and Smart Connected Containers".Computer ScienceElectrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Scienc
Cormac Maccarthy's the Road as an allegory of the apocalypse in the xxi century
Get PDFIn his prose writer raises the questions of the relationship of people in the family and the relationship of a person with God, the meaning of human existence and a person's place in the world. Problems of communication between generations, humanity, sacrifice are the main ones for the author. Humanity, according to the author, experienced the first catastrophe evenduring the Fall, and from that moment it found itself in the confinement of a post-apocalyptic state. The biblical layer of the novel deepens the connection between the problem of post-apocalypse and Christianity, and McCarthy becomes the author of a new religiosity based not so much on faith in God as on interaction between people based on trust, love, renunciation and redemption. T. McCarthy's work opens up new horizons for creating numerous allegories, raising the question of “literature (how artificial is realism?), Existence (are we capable of genuine existence?), Politics (what is left of identity politics?) and law (Where do we define boundaries, what and whom are we excluding and why?) ”. The allegory of the Apocalypse in T. McCarthy's novel has the meaning of loneliness, isolationism, renewal, memory, movement, road, death, survival. The author uses a sophisticated storytelling technique (extraspection technique) and experiments with the use of a new language that would be characteristic of the world after the Apocalypse.Прозаик ставит в своем произведении вопросы взаимоотношения людей в семье и взаимоотношения человека с Богом, смысла человеческого бытия и места человека в мире. Проблемы связи поколений, человечности, жертвенности являются главными для автора. Человечество, по мнению автора, пережило первую катастрофу ещё при грехопадениии и с этого момента оказалось в заточении постапокалиптического состояния. Библейский пласт романа углубляет связь проблемы постапокалипсиса с христианством, а Маккарти становится автором новой религиозности, основанной не столько на вере в Бога, сколько на взаимодействии между людьми, основанном на доверии, любви, отречении и искуплении. Творчество Т. Маккарти открывает новые горизонты для создания многочисленных аллегорий, ставя вопрос о «литературе (насколько искусственен реализм?), экзистенции (способны ли мы к подлинному существованию?), политике (что осталось от политики идентичности?) и законе (где мы определяем границы, что и кого мы исключаем и почему?)». Аллегория Апокалипсиса в романе Т. Маккарти имеет значение одиночества, изоляционизма, обновления, памяти, движения, дороги, смерти, выживания. Автор использует усложненную технику повествования (прием экстраспекции) и экспериментирует с использованием нового языка, который был бы характерен для мира после Апокалипсиса
Productie van isopropylalcohol door directe hydratatie van propyleen
No full textDocument(en) uit de collectie Chemische Procestechnologie.DelftChemTechApplied Science
The marketing innovative decisions justification based on the diagnosis of management problem areas
No full textThe aim of the article. The aim of the article is to develop the theoretical and methodical bases of the process of development, acceptance and implementation of marketing innovative decisions based on a diagnosis of the management problem areas of the enterprise.
The results of the analysis. A scientific and methodical approach to the stages formation of the process of development, acceptance and implementation of marketing innovative decisions is developed.
The author proposes to distinguish three enlarged stages (problematic, inventive and executive). Each stage has it’s formalized result: problematic – cause-and-result map of managerial problems; inventive – marketing innovative decision; executive – the effect of marketing innovative decision market implementation.
A scientific and methodical approach to marketing innovative decisions selecting by the results of problem areas diagnostics based on the integrated risk and quality levels indicators is offered. The choice of marketing innovative decisions from a set of alternatives is proposed to carry out on the basis of criteria-based assessment. In the framework of this methodological approach the criterion is seen as measure of validity and compliance of the marketing innovative decision to objective reality. For the formation the system of the decision selection indicators the author proposes to carry out the division of criteria into two groups: criteria for assessing the level of risk and criteria for assessing the level of quality. The list of criteria is not fixed, it’s selection is carried out depending on the specific requirements of the economic situation in which the process of development, acceptance and implementation of marketing innovative decisions takes place. The number of indicators also isn’t regulated – it may be reduced or supplemented. The final selection of marketing innovative decision from the list of alternatives is proposed to carry out by building the graphical matrix «risk – quality», taking into account the optimality conditions: «risk tends to minimum, quality tends to maximum».
The analysis and control of implementation of the marketing innovative decision is proposed to consider as an objective monitoring of the enterprise activity to determine the direction and nature of corrective actions, ensuring the achievement of established goals.
Conclusions and directions of further researches. This theoretical study can be used as a basis for further research aimed at the development of methodological principles of the organization of the process of development, acceptance and implementation of marketing innovative decisions and саn be implemented in the modern enterprises
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