1,741,243 research outputs found
Post-kala- azar dermal leishmaniasis grading system.
No full textPost-kala- azar dermal leishmaniasis grading system.</p
Replication Data for “The Light and the Heat: Productivity Co-benefits of Energy-saving Technology”
No full textAdhvaryu, Achyuta, Kala, Namrata, and Nyshadham, Anant, (2020) “The Light and the Heat: Productivity Co-benefits of Energy-saving Technology.” Review of Economics and Statistics 102:4, 779-792
Of cattle, sand flies and men : a systematic review of risk factor analyses for South Asian visceral leishmaniasis and implications for elimination
Get PDFBackground: Studies performed over the past decade have identified fairly consistent epidemiological patterns of risk
factors for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Indian subcontinent.
Methods and Principal Findings: To inform the current regional VL elimination effort and identify key gaps in knowledge,
we performed a systematic review of the literature, with a special emphasis on data regarding the role of cattle because
primary risk factor studies have yielded apparently contradictory results. Because humans form the sole infection reservoir,
clustering of kala-azar cases is a prominent epidemiological feature, both at the household level and on a larger scale.
Subclinical infection also tends to show clustering around kala-azar cases. Within villages, areas become saturated over a
period of several years; kala-azar incidence then decreases while neighboring areas see increases. More recently, post kalaazar
dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) cases have followed kala-azar peaks. Mud walls, palpable dampness in houses, and peridomestic
vegetation may increase infection risk through enhanced density and prolonged survival of the sand fly vector.
Bed net use, sleeping on a cot and indoor residual spraying are generally associated with decreased risk. Poor micronutrient
status increases the risk of progression to kala-azar. The presence of cattle is associated with increased risk in some studies
and decreased risk in others, reflecting the complexity of the effect of bovines on sand fly abundance, aggregation, feeding
behavior and leishmanial infection rates. Poverty is an overarching theme, interacting with individual risk factors on multiple
levels.
Conclusions: Carefully designed demonstration projects, taking into account the complex web of interconnected risk
factors, are needed to provide direct proof of principle for elimination and to identify the most effective maintenance
activities to prevent a rapid resurgence when interventions are scaled back. More effective, short-course treatment
regimens for PKDL are urgently needed to enable the elimination initiative to succeed
Replication Data for “The Light and the Heat: Productivity Co-benefits of Energy-saving Technology”
No full textAdhvaryu, Achyuta, Kala, Namrata, and Nyshadham, Anant, (2020) “The Light and the Heat: Productivity Co-benefits of Energy-saving Technology.” Review of Economics and Statistics 102:4, 779-792
Para-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in a patient in Brazil: a case report
No full textAbstract Visceral leishmaniasis is common in Brazil and is caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum/chagasi. Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis frequently follows visceral leishmaniasis caused by L. donovani, and para-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis refers to an uncommon presentation wherein it occurs simultaneously along with visceral leishmaniasis. While post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis only occurs occasionally in L. infantum/chagasi infections, it frequently occurs in patients with concomitant immunosuppression (HIV co-infection). Here, we describe the first case of para-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in Brazil. It is important to raise awareness of post- and para-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in L. infantum endemic areas as these patients may contribute to visceral leishmaniasis transmission.</div
Kala-azar in Zambia: first report of two cases
No full textTwo autochthonous cases of kala-azar, the first such report of the disease from Central and Southern Africa, are described. Both patients presented with generalized macules, papules and nodules without ulceration and both also had tuberculosis. Amastigotes were cultured from blood and identified in skin, bone marrow, liver and spleen
Natural infection of Phlebotomus argentipes with Leishmania and other trypanosomatids in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic region of Nepal.
No full textMonitoring Leishmania infection in sand flies is important for understanding the eco-epidemiology of kala-azar and assessing the impact of the recently launched kala-azar control programme in the Indian subcontinent. We applied a PCR technique that targets rRNA genes to estimate the natural incidence of Leishmania infection in sand flies sampled in six villages of the Terai region of Nepal. Amplifications were made on 135 pools of sand flies and confirmed by sequencing. Seven pools were found to be PCR positive: in five of them we identified the rDNA signature found in Leishmania spp., whereas two other pools revealed a sequence compatible with other trypanosomatids. Different methodologies were applied to evaluate the infection rate from pools of unequal size and estimated the infection rate to range from 0.468% to 0.578% for the Leishmania group and from 0.185% to 0.279% for the non-Leishmania group. Our results highlight the diversity of flagellate infections likely to be encountered in Phlebotomus argentipes populations. Our methodology allows clear discrimination of Leishmania from other trypanosomatids and should be applied on larger insect samples or in longitudinal studies
Semifields and a theorem of Abhyankar
Get PDFsummary:Abhyankar proved that every field of finite transcendence degree over or over a finite field is a homomorphic image of a subring of the ring of polynomials (for some depending on the field). We conjecture that his result cannot be substantially strengthened and show that our conjecture implies a well-known conjecture on the additive idempotence of semifields that are finitely generated as semirings
Spatial analysis of Leishmania donovani exposure in humans and domestic animals in a recent kala azar focus in Nepal.
Get PDFVisceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a major public health problem in the Indian subcontinent where the Leishmania donovani transmission cycle is described as anthroponotic. However, the role of animals (in particular domestic animals) in the persistence and expansion of VL is still a matter of debate. We combined Direct Agglutination Test (DAT) results in humans and domestic animals with Geographic Information System technology (i.e. extraction maps and scan statistic) to evaluate the exposure to L. donovani on these 2 populations in a recent VL focus in Nepal. A Poisson regression model was used to assess the risk of infection in humans associated with, among other factors, the proportion of DAT-positive animals in the proximities of the household. The serological results showed that both humans and domestic animals were exposed to L. donovani. DAT-positive animals and humans were spatially clustered. The presence of serologically positive goats (IRR=9.71), past VL cases (IRR=2.62) and the proximity to a forest island dividing the study area (IRR=3.67) increased the risk of being DAT-positive in humans. Even if they are not a reservoir, domestic animals, and specially goats, may play a role in the distribution of L. donovani, in particular in this new VL focus
Demographic and baseline clinical characteristics of patients with post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis treated by Médecins Sans Frontières in South Sudan from 2002 to 2008.
No full textDemographic and baseline clinical characteristics of patients with post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis treated by Médecins Sans Frontières in South Sudan from 2002 to 2008.</p
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