180 research outputs found
Experimental investigation of human tenability and sprinkler protection in hospital room fires
No full textThe effectiveness of sprinklers in protecting hospital patients in the room of fire origin was investigated by 14 experiments with a residential-grade sprinkler system, and by two free-burns. The fire load was UL 1626 corner fire. Tenability conditions were evaluated for the UL 1626 corner fire using gas temperature and species concentration measurements, and by calculating the fractional effective dose (FED) and fractional irritant concentration (FIC) with the comprehensive model of Purser and a more simplified method of ISO 13571. In the sprinklered tests, the average FED at 15 minutes was 0.8 ± 1 with 95% confidence, when using the Purser's method, and 0.2 ± 0.2 with ISO 13571. The difference was mainly caused by the assumption in the Purser's method that all NOx gases behave like NO2. Ignoring the NO contributions decreased the Purser's FED values very close to those of ISO 13571. In nonsprinklered tests, the FED and FIC values indicated definite incapacitation and possibly death 3 minutes after ignition. The sprinklers effectively increase the possibility of surviving, but the toxic effects may still be dangerous. In hospital and health care environments, many of the exposed persons may have lower-than-average tolerance
WP3.6 biogas as a vehicle fuel in commuter buses:Life cycle cost and green house gas study
No full textBiofuels in the transport sector are believed to be capable of reducing the growth in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The European Union is strongly promoting biofuels, e.g. by an ambitious target of 10 % substitution of transport fuels by renewable energy by 2020. The aim of this master's thesis was to evaluate the costs and greenhouse gas emissions from the generation, distribution and usage of upgraded biogas in transportation buses. The costs were covered using life cycle cost analysis. The greenhouse gas emissions were based on the literature results of the Life Cycle Assessment analysis. The costs from commuter buses using biogas were compared to buses using diesel. The emissions from diesel and natural gas buses were compared, and the costs were expressed as a specific cost with units €c per driven kilometre (€c/km) and the greenhouse gas emissions as a specific emission with units of carbon dioxide equivalent grams per kilometre (g CO2eq/km). A comparative cost estimate was made for the biogas generation capacity of 1 000 Nm3/h raw gas. The results show that the costs of biogas generation for fuel fillingwas about 49 €c/km. Respectively, the cost from diesel fuel was 45 €c/km. Thespecific cost for a gas-powered bus was on average 70 €c/km and respectively for diesel 59 €c/km. The total cost of biogas use as a vehicle fuel was thus 14 % higher than diesel use. Cost calculations were updated from year 2010 to 2012 and during that time diesel price was increased 40 %. Results from update showed that diesel bus costs were placed to equal level with gas buses to 127 and 126 €c/km. The greenhouse gas emissions from biomethane production were strongly dependent on the used substrate. The driving time greenhouse gas emissions (tankto-wheel) from a biomethane powered bus were 0 g CO2eq/km. Total savings of greenhouse gas emissions from biomethane made from manures is about 82 % and 73 % if made from municipal waste
WP3.6 biogas as a vehicle fuel in commuter buses:Life cycle cost and green house gas study
No full textBiofuels in the transport sector are believed to be capable of reducing the growth in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The European Union is strongly promoting biofuels, e.g. by an ambitious target of 10 % substitution of transport fuels by renewable energy by 2020. The aim of this master's thesis was to evaluate the costs and greenhouse gas emissions from the generation, distribution and usage of upgraded biogas in transportation buses. The costs were covered using life cycle cost analysis. The greenhouse gas emissions were based on the literature results of the Life Cycle Assessment analysis. The costs from commuter buses using biogas were compared to buses using diesel. The emissions from diesel and natural gas buses were compared, and the costs were expressed as a specific cost with units €c per driven kilometre (€c/km) and the greenhouse gas emissions as a specific emission with units of carbon dioxide equivalent grams per kilometre (g CO2eq/km). A comparative cost estimate was made for the biogas generation capacity of 1 000 Nm3/h raw gas. The results show that the costs of biogas generation for fuel fillingwas about 49 €c/km. Respectively, the cost from diesel fuel was 45 €c/km. Thespecific cost for a gas-powered bus was on average 70 €c/km and respectively for diesel 59 €c/km. The total cost of biogas use as a vehicle fuel was thus 14 % higher than diesel use. Cost calculations were updated from year 2010 to 2012 and during that time diesel price was increased 40 %. Results from update showed that diesel bus costs were placed to equal level with gas buses to 127 and 126 €c/km. The greenhouse gas emissions from biomethane production were strongly dependent on the used substrate. The driving time greenhouse gas emissions (tankto-wheel) from a biomethane powered bus were 0 g CO2eq/km. Total savings of greenhouse gas emissions from biomethane made from manures is about 82 % and 73 % if made from municipal waste
Future Combustion Engine Power Plant WP4 Fuel - Fuel Flexibility:Minimum limit for biogas upgrading
No full textThe task on minimum limit for biogas upgrading for medium speed engines concentrated on siloxanes, which were deemed to be a weak spot. A review of costs of siloxane removal techniques, and construction of a test bench to study a few siloxane removal techniques were performed. This report describes performed cost assessment, constructed removal test facility and removal test results. Cost assessment results covered biogas plants with total energy (electricity + heat) capacities of 1 MW, 4 MW, 20 MW and 40 MW. According to the results, siloxane removal in capacity of 1 MW biogas plant had lowest costs with replaceable activated carbon. As low siloxane removal cost in biogas plant with capacity of 4 MW was shown to be with regenerable polymer adsorption and with replaceable activated carbon. In plant capacity of 20 MW or more the regenerable polymer adsorption was seen to have lowest costs. Commonly in plants having high biogas production capacity the regenerable siloxane removal medias have lower costs due to their long usage time before media needs to be replaced.Experimental work covered the construction of the test facility and siloxane removal tests of three different siloxane removal systems. Tested removal systems were: Activated carbon, Siloxane removal system and Silicagel based media. Tests were performed in nitrogen matrix and injected impurities were siloxane D5, siloxane D6, limonene and toluene. As a result, the activated carbon had the highest siloxane removal capacity in these tests. Silica gel media had a siloxane removal capacity of almost as high as activated carbon. Siloxane removal system had a siloxane removal capacity of half when compared with activated carbon.Utilisation of biogas is increasing rapidly and research data for removal capacities are needed for different biogas mixtures. Results of this research can be used when choosing best available and cost-effective siloxane removal system into biogas applications. Growing and versatile business of the biogas utilisation needs removal system test facilities in future to ensure comparable removal capacity informations. Test facilities are ready for further siloxane removal tests. Additional tests for other removal systems and with different gas matrix are possible arrange with existing test bench setup
Future Combustion Engine Power Plant WP4 Fuel - Fuel Flexibility:Minimum limit for biogas upgrading
No full textThe task on minimum limit for biogas upgrading for medium speed engines concentrated on siloxanes, which were deemed to be a weak spot. A review of costs of siloxane removal techniques, and construction of a test bench to study a few siloxane removal techniques were performed. This report describes performed cost assessment, constructed removal test facility and removal test results. Cost assessment results covered biogas plants with total energy (electricity + heat) capacities of 1 MW, 4 MW, 20 MW and 40 MW. According to the results, siloxane removal in capacity of 1 MW biogas plant had lowest costs with replaceable activated carbon. As low siloxane removal cost in biogas plant with capacity of 4 MW was shown to be with regenerable polymer adsorption and with replaceable activated carbon. In plant capacity of 20 MW or more the regenerable polymer adsorption was seen to have lowest costs. Commonly in plants having high biogas production capacity the regenerable siloxane removal medias have lower costs due to their long usage time before media needs to be replaced.Experimental work covered the construction of the test facility and siloxane removal tests of three different siloxane removal systems. Tested removal systems were: Activated carbon, Siloxane removal system and Silicagel based media. Tests were performed in nitrogen matrix and injected impurities were siloxane D5, siloxane D6, limonene and toluene. As a result, the activated carbon had the highest siloxane removal capacity in these tests. Silica gel media had a siloxane removal capacity of almost as high as activated carbon. Siloxane removal system had a siloxane removal capacity of half when compared with activated carbon.Utilisation of biogas is increasing rapidly and research data for removal capacities are needed for different biogas mixtures. Results of this research can be used when choosing best available and cost-effective siloxane removal system into biogas applications. Growing and versatile business of the biogas utilisation needs removal system test facilities in future to ensure comparable removal capacity informations. Test facilities are ready for further siloxane removal tests. Additional tests for other removal systems and with different gas matrix are possible arrange with existing test bench setup
SFS-EN 17656:2022 - Stationary source emissions. Requirements on proficiency testing schemes for emission measurements
No full textKuljetuskonttikaasujen mittausmenetelmät
No full textTämä selvitys on osatehtävä Työsuojelurahaston ja VTT:n rahoittamaan tutkimusprojektiin "Työturvallisuutta vaarantavien kaasujen riskinhallintakeinojen tunnistaminen tavarankuljetuskonteissa". Osatehtävässä tehtiin kirjallisuusselvitys kaupallisista mittalaitteista ja analysaattoreista, joita voidaan käyttää kuljetuskonttien sisäilman kaasupitoisuuksien luotettavaan tunnistamiseen ja pitoisuuden mittaamiseen. Selvitys pohjautuu nykyisin markkinoilla oleviin kaupallisiin mittalaitteisiin, joita markkinoidaan kuljetuskonttien kaasupitoisuuksien mittaamiseen ja siinä vertaillaan mittalaitteiden ominaisuuksia, hintatietoja (mikäli niitä on saatavilla) sekä soveltuvuutta eri kaasukomponenttien mittaamiseen. Raportti pohjautuu mittalaitevalmistajien ilmoittamiin tietoihin sekä mahdollisiin tutkimusraporteissa esitettyihin käyttökokemuksiin
Kuljetuskonttikaasujen mittausmenetelmät
No full textTämä selvitys on osatehtävä Työsuojelurahaston ja VTT:n rahoittamaan tutkimusprojektiin "Työturvallisuutta vaarantavien kaasujen riskinhallintakeinojen tunnistaminen tavarankuljetuskonteissa". Osatehtävässä tehtiin kirjallisuusselvitys kaupallisista mittalaitteista ja analysaattoreista, joita voidaan käyttää kuljetuskonttien sisäilman kaasupitoisuuksien luotettavaan tunnistamiseen ja pitoisuuden mittaamiseen. Selvitys pohjautuu nykyisin markkinoilla oleviin kaupallisiin mittalaitteisiin, joita markkinoidaan kuljetuskonttien kaasupitoisuuksien mittaamiseen ja siinä vertaillaan mittalaitteiden ominaisuuksia, hintatietoja (mikäli niitä on saatavilla) sekä soveltuvuutta eri kaasukomponenttien mittaamiseen. Raportti pohjautuu mittalaitevalmistajien ilmoittamiin tietoihin sekä mahdollisiin tutkimusraporteissa esitettyihin käyttökokemuksiin
- …
