789 research outputs found
İrânzemîn’den Rûm’a Erken Modern Dünyada İlliyet Anlayışları: On Beşinci Yüzyıl Osmanlı Tahkîki Bağlamında Arapça Felsefenin Yorumlanışı ve İkincil İlletler [Perspectives on Causality in the Early Modern Iran to Rum: Secondary Causes and the Interpreration of Arabic Philosophy in Regard to Verification (Taḥqīq)]
No full textThe phenomenon of the “philosophization of kalām” includes many different philosophical discussion that are often disregarded in the secondary literature of Islamic intellectual history. Looking at one of these highly contested issues, the nature of causal relations among post-classical philosophers will reveal us some important details about the intellectual world of a 15th-Century Ottoman scholar. The relationship between cause and effect gives us also the framework for the relationship among human agents as well as the particulars existing in nature. Questions such as “Could God intervene in nature?” or with regard to the issues of miracles and resurrection, “Could they be possible physically?” are among the most debated issues in causality. When the later two commentaries or independent works of Khojazāda and Ṭūsī on al-Ghazālī’s celeberated Tahāfut al-Falāsifa are assayed in detail, it is seen that these texts give us a significant picture of how these scholars perceived the issue of secondary causalities in a 15th-Century Ottoman madrasa context. In addition to accepting the theory of secondary causalities in broader terms, both of these Ottoman scholars also acknowledge that within some limitations, God could also interfere with the worldly affairs by changing the conventional course of things. On other words, what this paper argues is that all of the works that are analyzed here such as madrasa physics- kalām handbooks, Gennadios’ Orthodox creed and Mollā Jāmī’s adjudication among philosophers, theologians and sufis, argue against scientific causal determinism or in other words, the necessary relationship between cause and effect as it is accepted in classical Arabic philosophy (especially in Ibn Sīnā’s corpus). Instead of arguing for a necessary causal chain, all of these texts grant God an eternal power for creation and a room of intervening in worldly affairs. However, the rejection of Avicennan emanationism does not mean that there could be no necessary relationship between a cause and an effect. There is a very significant objection against the Avicennan (later Neo-Platonist) cosmology in Tahāfut and this objection is very instrumental in supporting the later post-classical arguments against the pre-eternity of the world. On the other hand, when we look at the important philosophical handbooks of the post-classsical madāris such as Tajrīd and Sharḥ al-Mawāqif, we see that according to the new conception of al-cilla al-tāmma, there is also a deterministic scheme for the necessary relationship between cause and effect such that when all the relevant conditions (as well as the removal of the obstacles) are acquired, then a cause has to necessitate its effect. That is to say, even though later madrasa handbooks or books of philosophy rejected the Avicennan emanationism and determinism, we see that there is a redefined determinism in causal relations that are accepted by the scholars of the time
Doğada Fâillik mi? Tanrı’da Seçicilik mi? 15. Yüzyıl Tehâfüt’leri Bağlamında İlliyet ve Determinizm. [Agency in Nature? Or Omnivolence of God? Causality and Determinism in the Fifteenth-Century Ottoman Tahāfuts]
No full textThe period of the “philosophization of kalām” includes many different philosophical discussions that are often disregarded in the secondary literature of Islamic intellectual history. Looking at one of these highly contested issues, the nature of causal relations among post-classical philosophers, will reveal to us some important details about the intellectual world of a 15th century Ottoman scholar. The relationship between cause and effect also gives us the framework for the relationship among human agents as well as the particulars existing in nature. Questions such as “Could God intervene in nature?” or, with regard to the issues of miracles and resurrection, “Could they be possible physically?” are among the most debated issues in causality. When the commentaries of Khojazāda and ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn al-įūsī on al-Ghazālī’s celebrated Tahāfut al-falāsifa are assayed in detail, a substantial picture of how the scholars in question perceived the issue of secondary causalities is revealed in the context of a 15th century Ottoman madrasa. In addition to accepting the theory of secondary causalities in broader terms, both of these Ottoman scholars also acknowledge that within some limitations, God could also interfere with the worldly affairs by changing the conventional course of things. In other words, what this paper argues is that all of works analyzed here, such as madrasa physics-kalām handbooks, Gennadios’ Orthodox creed and Mullā Jāmī’s adjudication among philosophers, theologians, and Sufis, argue against scientific causal determinism or in other words, the necessary relationship between cause and effect as it is accepted in classical Arabic philosophy (especially in Ibn Sīnā’s corpus). Instead of arguing for a necessary causal chain, all of these texts grant God an eternal power for creation and a room of intervening in worldly affairs. However, the rejection of Avicennan emanationism does not mean that there could be no necessary relationship between a cause and an effect. There is a very significant objection against the Avicennan (later Neo-Platonist) cosmology in Tahāfut and this objection is very instrumental in supporting the later post-classical arguments against the pre-eternity of the world. On the other hand, when we look at the important philosophical handbooks of the post-classsical madāris such as Tajrīd and SharĜ al-Mawāqif, we see that according to the new conception of al-ʿilla al-tāmma, there is also a deterministic scheme for the necessary relationship
between cause and effect such that when all the relevant conditions (as well as the removal of the obstacles) are acquired, then a cause has to necessitate its effect. That is to say, even though later madrasa handbooks or books of philosophy rejected the Avicennan emanationism and determinism, we see that there is a redefined determinism in causal relations that are accepted by the scholars of the time
Quatrains of Many Receptions: A Survey of Perceptions of 'Omar Khayyām in Ottoman and Turkish Translations
No full textThis article explores the wide range of responses to Persian polymath and poet 'Omar Khayyām (d. ca. 526/1132) in Ottoman and Turkish literary sources. A great number of intellectuals, past and present, translated Khayyām's famed quatrains into Turkish, albeit with differing motivations regarding subject, style, message, and literary reception. Social critics like Abdullah Cevdet employed Khayyām's quatrains as a vehicle for proving that liberal and progressive mindsets were accommodated in classical Islam. On the other hand, literary scholars like Rlza Tevfik [BölÜkbaşl], HÜseyin Dāniş, and AbdÜlbaki Gölplnarll chose to focus on the intellectual origins of Khayyām's thought, as well as on his connections to Islamic philosophical traditions. In the first decades of the Turkish Republic, there was another wave of interest in Khayyām's quatrains related to prosody, message, and what his legacy and poetic disposition represented with regard to the Islamic past. Whereas poets like Yahya Kemal and Âsaf Hâlet Çelebi regarded him as a paragon of libertine lyrics and Sufi mysticism, Turkish leftist intellectuals such as Nâzlm Hikmet, Sabahattin Eyuboǧlu, and A. Kadir set him as a socialist or materialist humanist who was a staunch critic of religious bigotry and fanaticism
The Investigation of the Effect of Acoustic Roughness and Affective Vocalizations on Approach-Avoidance Motivations
No full textÇevremiz, otomatik olarak en uygun tepkiyi seçmemizi gerektiren hoş, iştah açıcı veya hoş olmayan, tehdit edici uyaranlarla çevrilidir. Literatürde sözel uyaranlar ve duygusal yüz ifadeleri için duygulanım-uyumlu yaklaşma-kaçınma motivasyonlarının otomatik olarak etkinleştirildiği tutarlı bir şekilde rapor edilmiştir. Ancak duygusal işitsel uyaranlar kullanılarak yaklaşma ve kaçınma eğilimleri üzerine yapılan araştırmalar nispeten azdır. Mevcut tez çalışması, duygusal bilgi aktaran veya potansiyel olarak dinleyicide olumsuz algılara yol açan çeşitli insan seslendirmelerine yanıt olarak yaklaşma-kaçınma motivasyonlarını araştırmayı amaçlamıştır. Çalışma 1'de, Yaklaşma-Kaçınma Görevi ve Cinsiyet Değerlendirme Görevi kullanılarak insan duygusal seslendirmelerine tepki olarak yaklaşma-kaçınma eğilimleri araştırılmıştır. Bulgular, Yaklaşma-Kaçınma Görevindeki uyumluluk etkilerini ortaya koyarak duygusal işitsel uyaranları kullanan önceki çalışmaları tekrarlamıştır. Çalışma 2'de, işitsel sinyallerin algısal olarak rahatsız edici ve tehlike çağrıştıran özelliği olan akustik pürüzlülüğe yanıt olarak yaklaşma-kaçınma eğilimleri, nötr ve pürüzlülük eklenmiş insan seslendirmeleri kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. Bulgular, yanıtlar akustik pürüzlülüğün açık bir şekilde değerlendirilmesine bağlı olduğunda ne rahatsız edici pürüzlü insan seslendirmelerine karşı kaçınma davranışının ne de nötr seslendirmelere yaklaşma davranışının bulunduğunu göstermiştir. Bunun yerine, pürüzlü seslere yanıt olarak tepki hızında genel bir artış gözlemlenmiştir. Pürüzlü seslere tepki hızının artmasının açık değerlendirmelerden kaynaklanıp kaynaklanmadığını daha ayrıntılı olarak incelemek için, Çalışma 3'te katılımcılardan pürüzlülük yerine sesteki sesli harfleri değerlendirmeleri istenen bir kontrol görevi uygulanmıştır. Göreve ilişkin yönergenin değiştirilmesi, pürüzlülüğün genel yanıt kolaylaştırma etkisini tamamen ortadan kaldırmıştır. Üç deneyde hem duygusal seslendirmelerin hem de akustik pürüzlülük içeren seslerin duygusal değerlik, uyarılmışlık ve rahatsız edicilik açısından benzer uyaran özelliklerini paylaşmasına rağmen örtük davranışsal etkilerinin farklı olduğu gösterilmiştir.We are surrounded by pleasant, appetitive, and unpleasant, threatening stimuli that require selecting appropriate responses, often automatically. The literature consistently reported automatic activation of affect-congruent approach-avoidance motivations for verbal stimuli and emotional facial expressions. However, research on the approach and avoidance tendencies in response to affective auditory stimuli is relatively scarce. The present thesis aimed to investigate approach-avoidance motivations in response to various human vocalizations that either convey affective information or potentially result in aversive perceptions in the listener. In Study 1, approach-avoidance tendencies in response to human affective vocalizations were investigated using the Approach-Avoidance Task and the Gender Evaluation Task. The findings replicated the previous studies using affective auditory stimuli, by revealing congruency effects only in the Approach-Avoidance Task. In Study 2, approach-avoidance tendencies in response to a perceptually aversive and danger-evoking feature of auditory signals - acoustic roughness - was investigated using neutral and roughness-added human vocalizations. The findings showed that, when the responses depended on the explicit evaluation of roughness, neither avoidance behavior towards aversive rough human vocalizations nor approach behavior for neutral vocalizations was found. Instead, an overall increase in the reaction speed was observed in response to rough sounds. To further examine whether the acceleration of reaction speed for rough sounds was due to the explicit evaluations, a control task was implemented in Study 3 by asking participants to evaluate the vocalized vowel in the sound, rather than roughness. Changing the task-relevant instructions completely eliminated the overall response facilitation effect of roughness. In three experiments, we showed that although both affective vocalizations and acoustically rough sounds share similar explicit stimulus characteristics in terms of valence, arousal, and aversiveness, their implicit behavioral effects are divergent
Filibeli Nûreddinzâde ve Kadr Sûresi Tefsiri
No full textKadir gecesi, Kur’an-ı Kerim’in indirildiği ve bin aydan daha hayırlı olan bir gecedir. Kadir gecesinin tespiti ve onun faziletiyle ilgili birçok risale yazılmıştır. Hatta bu gecenin değeri, dinî manzumelerde işlenmiş, sosyal hayatta o geceye dair âdetlerin zenginleşmesine de olanak sağlamıştır. Kadir Sûresi Kur’an-ı Kerim’in indirildiği Kadir gecesini ve bu gecenin özelliklerini içermektedir. Bu sûre ile ilgili olarak asıl adı Muslihuddin Mustafa olan Nûreddinzâde de dâhil birçok âlim müstakil tefsir risalesi yazmıştır. Nûreddinzâde, tasavvuf başta olmak üzere tefsir, kelam ve hadis içerikli eserler te’lif etmiştir. Türkiye’nin farklı yazma eser kütüphanelerinde ona ait eserler ve farklı ayet tefsirleri mevcuttur. Nûreddinzâde’nin hayatı ve bazı eserleri üzerine ilmî çalışmalar yapılsa da “Kadr Sûresi Risalesi” üzerine araştırma yapılmamıştır. Bu sebeple çalışmamızda müellifin hayatına kısaca değinip risalenin tahkikli neşrini yaptık. Yazarın risalesinde ayetin ayetle, hadisle, kıraat gibi ilimlerle ve en önemlisi işârî yorumlarla açıklamasını örneklendirerek takip ettiği tefsir metodunu ve tasavvufî anlayışını ortaya koymaya çalıştı
Nûreddinzâde from Plovdiv and His Tafsir of Surat al-Qadr
No full textKadir gecesi, Kur’an-ı Kerim’in indirildiği ve bin aydan daha hayırlı olan bir gecedir.
Kadir gecesinin tespiti ve onun faziletiyle ilgili birçok risale yazılmıştır. Hatta bu gecenin
değeri, dinî manzumelerde işlenmiş, sosyal hayatta o geceye dair âdetlerin zenginleşmesine de olanak sağlamıştır. Kadir Sûresi Kur’an-ı Kerim’in indirildiği Kadir gecesini ve
bu gecenin özelliklerini içermektedir. Bu sûre ile ilgili olarak asıl adı Muslihuddin Mustafa olan Nûreddinzâde de dâhil birçok âlim müstakil tefsir risalesi yazmıştır.
Nûreddinzâde, tasavvuf başta olmak üzere tefsir, kelam ve hadis içerikli eserler te’lif
etmiştir. Türkiye’nin farklı yazma eser kütüphanelerinde ona ait eserler ve farklı ayet tefsirleri mevcuttur. Nûreddinzâde’nin hayatı ve bazı eserleri üzerine ilmî çalışmalar yapılsa
da “Kadr Sûresi Risalesi” üzerine araştırma yapılmamıştır. Bu sebeple çalışmamızda müellifin hayatına kısaca değinip risalenin tahkikli neşrini yaptık. Yazarın risalesinde ayetin
ayetle, hadisle, kıraat gibi ilimlerle ve en önemlisi işârî yorumlarla açıklamasını örneklendirerek takip ettiği tefsir metodunu ve tasavvufî anlayışını ortaya koymaya çalıştık.The night of Qadr is a night which The Holy Quran was sent down firstly and is more
virtuous than a thousand months. Many treatises have been written about the determi nation of the night of power and its virtue. In fact, the value and virtue of this night has
been the subject of religious literature and has been instrumental in enriching the customs
of that night in social life. Surah Al-Qadr, on the other hand, includes the night of Qadr,
where the Qur’an was sent down, and the features of this night. Many scholars, including
Nûreddinzade, whose real name is Muslihuddin Mustafa, have written separate treatises
on interpretating this surah.
Nureddinzade has written works that contain primarily sufism, tafsir, kalam and ha dith. There are his works and different verse (ayah) interpretations in different manuscript
libraries in Turkey. Although scientific studies have been carried out about Nureddinza de’s life and some of his works, no research has been done on the Risale of the Surah
Qadr. Therefore, in this study, we briefly touched on the life of the author and made an
edited publication of the treatise. We tried to reveal the tafsir method and mystical notion
that the author followed by exemplifying the explanation of the verse with verse, hadith,
recitation, and most importantly, mystical interpretations in his treatise
Precarizatıon in the Tv Series Industry and in the Processes of Tv Series Scriptwriting in Turkey
No full textEspecially in the last twenty years domestic television series are among the productions that the television audience has shown the most interest. Nevertheless, almost all sector employees are being faced with precarious working conditions during the production process of domestic television series, covering the evening line of almost every mainstream television channel. This thesis focuses upon the forms of precariat experienced by scriptwriters by addressing the working conditions in the television series industry. In line with the research findings carried out within the framework of the thesis study, the main argument of this study is that the lead scriptwriters and the scenario teams working at a lower level in the television series industry have experienced the precarization process in a striking way. Within the framework of the thesis, with the aim of presenting the validity of the main argument, one-to-one semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with nine scriptwriters, and their views on their own labor processes were taken. In quantitative research, an online survey was conducted by reaching 125 sector employees, 79 of whom were scriptwriters.Yerli diziler, özellikle son yirmi yıldır Türkiye'de televizyon seyircisinin en fazla ilgi gösterdiği yapımlar arasında yer almaktadır. Buna karşın her ana akım televizyon kanalının akşam kuşağını kaplayan yerli dizilerin üretim sürecinde ise, neredeyse tüm sektör çalışanları güvencesiz çalışma koşulları ile karşı karşıya kalmaktadır. Bu tez, dizi sektöründeki çalışma koşullarını ele alarak, senaryo yazarlarının deneyimlediği prekarya biçimlerine odaklanmaktadır. Tez çalışması çerçevesinde gerçekleştirilen araştırma bulguları doğrultusunda bu çalışmanın ana argümanı, dizi sektöründe yer alan baş senaristler ve bir alt kademede çalışan senaryo ekiplerinin prekaryalaşma sürecini çarpıcı biçimde yaşadığıdır. Ana argümanın geçerliliğinin ortaya konması hedefiyle tez çerçevesinde dokuz senaryo yazarı ile yarı yapılandırılmış derinlemesine birebir görüşmeler yapılıp, senaryo yazarlarının kendi emek süreçleri hakkındaki görüşleri alınmıştır. Niceliksel araştırma dahilinde ise 79'u senaryo yazarı 125 sektör çalışanına ulaşılarak, çevrimiçi anket çalışması yapılmıştır
Expression, purification, and antifungal activity of the Epichloë festucae antifungal protein Efe-AfpA
No full textThe Class I Clavicipitaceous endophyte Epichloё is a genus of fungi that infects many turfgrasses, resulting in a variety of benefits for the grass host. Besides the anti-herbivory compounds produced and the altered physiology of the grass, Epichloё festucae has been shown to provide fungal disease resistance, a unique benefit of its association with the grass host Festuca rubra. Specifically, E. festucae infection of F. rubra provides resistance to dollar spot disease caused by Clarireedia jacksonii, a very detrimental disease of turfgrasses.Previous research identified an abundant E. festucae antifungal protein, Efe-AfpA, expressed in the infected plants. This led to the hypothesis that the antifungal protein was important in the observed disease resistance. Laboratory tests showed that the endophyte produced anti-fungal protein Efe-AfpA caused inhibition of Clarireedia jacksonii growth in culture.
The goal of this thesis is to determine the efficacy of the antifungal protein Efe-AfpA against multiple plant pathogenic fungi, with a particular focus on dollar spot disease. To determine this, multiple expression systems were tested for the most efficient way to produce pure Efe-AfpA with a high yield. The expression systems used were bacterial (Escherichia coli), yeast (Pichia pastoris), and fungal (Penicillium chrysogenum). The proteins produced from these systems were tested for inhibitory activity against Neurospora crassa conidia. Of the three tested, the P. chrysogenum system produced the highest quantity of active and easily purifiable Efe-AfpA. Once an expression system was chosen, large amounts of Efe-AfpA were purified and tested on dollar spot inoculated plants. Treatment with Efe-AfpA resulted in reduced dollar spot symptoms on endophyte free F. rubra and on creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera). These results support the hypothesis that Efe-AfpA is a factor in the observed disease resistance of E. festucae-infected F. rubra.
Antifungal proteins produced by fungi are known to have activity against a wide variety of fungi. Plant pathogens were collected from multiple laboratories in the Plant Biology Department at Rutgers University to further determine the repertoire of fungi that Efe-AfpA has activity against. The ascomycetes Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum cereale, Fusarium graminearum PH1, Cryphonectria parasitica, and Pyricularia oryzae are all sensitive to Efe-AfpA. Of the basidiomycetes tested, Laetisaria fuciformis and Rhizoctonia solani, only L. fuciformis had a slight sensitivity to the antifungal protein. The findings of this research may be utilized to develop Efe-AfpA as an antifungal product that could supplement and or alleviate the usage of chemical fungicides for the control of fungal disease of plants.Ph.D.Includes bibliographical reference
Yükseköğretim Pazarlaması ve Türkiye'deki Vakıf Üniversitelerinin Konumlandırma Stratejileri
No full textHigher education marketing literature suggests that internationalization of universities and globalization on higher education create external forces in higher education as massification, expansion and diversification, growth of heterogeneity, and the growth of competition. As a result of those forces, the international student recruitment market has evolved into a buyer's market and required market-oriented approaches. Also, the literature underlines that classical buyer's and seller's relationship is not valid anymore for higher education marketing. The relationship between universities and students is a unique relationship that classical marketing approaches cannot explain. As a result of this unique relationship, universities who cannot adapt their marketing activities by identifying specific stages of students as the customer are failed to fulfill the requirements of market-oriented higher education marketing approaches. The research investigates the positioning strategies and competitive advantage presentations of the top three foundation higher education institutions in Turkey according to the consecutive rankings of QS and Times Higher Education between 2015 and 2019 as Koç University, Sabancı University, and Bilkent University. International student recruitment websites, university main websites, brochures, and Instagram accounts and YouTube channels, which are addressed by the international student recruitment pages of those three universities, are analyzed to identify which features of five fundamental components of higher education positioning strategies are emphasized. In addition, in order to identify the level of emphasis of these components, a quantitative analysis is conducted.Yüksek öğrenimin pazarlaması literatürüne göre üniversitelerin uluslararasılaşması ve küreselleşme yüksek öğrenime yönelik kitleselleşme, genişleme ve çeşitlilik, çok çeşitliliğin arttırılması ve rekabetin artması gibi baskı unsurlarını ortaya çıkartmaktadır. Bu baskı unsurlarının sonucu olarak, uluslararası öğrenci temini pazarı alıcı piyasasına dönüşmüş ve piyasa odaklı pazarlama yaklaşımı ihtiyacını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Aynı literatüre göre, klasik alıcı ve satıcı ilişkisinin yükseköğrenim pazarlaması için artık geçerli olmadığını vurgulamaktadır. Öğrenciler ve üniversiteler arasındaki ilişkinin klasik tanımlamalar ile açıklanamayacak özel bir ilişki olduğu belirtilmiştir. Bu özel ilişkinin sonucu olarak, pazarlama aktivitelerine öğrencilerin alıcı konumundaki farklı konumlarını entegre edemeyen üniversiteler, piyasaya dönük pazarlama yaklaşımının gereklerini yerine getirememektedirler. Araştırma Times Higher Education ve QS gibi sıralama kuruluşlarınca son beş yıldır Türkiye'deki en iyi ilk üç vakıf üniversitesi olan Sabancı Üniversitesi, Koç Üniversitesi ve Bilkent Üniversitesi'nin konumlandırma stratejilerini ve rekabet üstünlüğü tanıtımlarını araştırmaktadır. Yüksek öğrenim kurumu konumlandırmasının beş temel konseptine ait hangi özelliklerin tanıtıldığı inclenmiştir. Uluslarararası öğrenci temini websiteleri, üniversite ana websiteleri, broşürler, Instagram hesapları ve YouTube kanalları üzerinden bu özelliklerin hangilerinin vurgulandığı hesaplanmıştır
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Daughter of fortune: Isabel Allende's popularity from a readership perspective
No full textThe primary aim of this thesis is to explore and critically interrogate Isabel Allende’s popularity cross-culturally in Britain and Spain. It analyses readers’ responses to Allende’s works as well as the discourses surrounding her public representation, an approach that is ‘readerly’ but must also take account of production and text. This approach is intended to further the understanding of Allende’s work which so far has always been analysed from a textual perspective. However, the relationship between Allende’s popularity, her texts, public representation and readers has not been yet analysed in detail.This thesis is innovative in other ways too. Methodologically, it approaches readers through the under studied cultural form of the reading group. It also incorporates a comparative dimension by looking at the reception of Allende in two different cultural contexts: the British and Spanish respectively. Finding out about Allende’s popularity has involved asking readers about their reading experiences as well as analysing the production of discourses around her public representation. Paul Ricoeur’s (1984, 1988) perspective on authorial intentions and readers’ responses to texts helps in understanding the intricacies surrounding what is involved in reading any text. It draws attention to Allende’s and her publishers’ authorial strategies, her ‘strategies of persuasion’ and the specificity of the lives and contexts of British and Spanish reading publics. Equally, this ‘readerly’ approach draws on feminist audience research and primarily on the work of Ien Ang and Janice Radway. Their work with viewers and readers respectively is particularly useful in establishing and developing methodological parameters for the study of reading groups. As a whole, this thesis contributes to the understanding of Allende’s cross-cultural popularity by situating readers at the centre
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