216 research outputs found
Supplemental Material - Induction Chemotherapy With FOLFIRINOX Followed by Chemoradiation With Gemcitabine in Patients With Borderline-Resectable Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
No full textSupplemental Material for Induction Chemotherapy With FOLFIRINOX Followed by Chemoradiation With Gemcitabine in Patients With Borderline-Resectable Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma by Ana Acuna-Villaorduna, Viswanathan Shankar, Michael Wysota, Amanda Jirgal, Rafi Kabarriti, Sarah Bellemare, Inessa Goldman, Andreas Kaubisch, Santiago Aparo, Sanjay Goel and Jennifer Chuy in Cancer Control</p
Has Aid Helped in Pakistan?
Get PDFThis paper has a two-fold objective: first, to examine the terms on which Pakistan receives aid and whether its debt situation is sustainable, and second, to examine the impact of aid and debt on economic growth. It is found that there is little encouraging that can be said about how the terms on which Pakistan has received aid over time have changed, and its current debt situation is not sustainable. Also reported is the analysis done elsewhere which shows that aid has a negative (Granger) causal impact on GDP, and aid has a robust negative impact on economic growth after controlling for supplyside shocks. We provide various reasons for this negative association.
Calicnemia fortis Dow, Zia, Naeem & Rafi, 2014, sp. nov.
No full textCalicnemia fortis sp. nov. (Figs. 1 – 7) Type material. Holotype: ♂ (ODO/ZYG/ 217), Pakistan, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Noseri, 11 v 2005, leg. S. A. Zia, deposited in the National Insect Museum, Islamabad, Pakistan. Paratype: ♂ (ODO/ZYG/ 218), data as holotype. Etymology. The species is named fortis, an adjective, meaning robust, referring to the strong build and relatively large size of the species. Description of holotype male. Head: labium dark brown. Labrum black, clypeus black except for 2 small pale, widely separated spots on postclypeus. Mandible bases black. Genae dark brown adjacent to mandible bases, elsewhere dark with irregular pale markings. An indistinct pale area at junction of frons and clypeus, frons otherwise matte black, vertex and occiput same, antennae with scape and pedicel black with brown sections at top, flagellum missing. Ocelli yellowish. Thorax (Fig. 1): Prothorax matte black with grey pruinesence covering most of propleuron, anterior lobe of pronotum and lateral anterior part of middle lobe. Synthorax matte black except for a narrow irregular yellowish stripe on metepisternum, broadest near legs where extending slightly onto mesepimeron, running above and over spiracle, tapering toward but not reaching antealar carina. A broad, irregular yellow stripe occupies much of metepimeron. Legs with coxae pale with obscure dark areas anteriorly and laterally, otherwise mostly dark brown and black with sparse grey pruinosity on trochanters and femora. Wings (Figs. 2 – 3) with 5 postquadrangular cells in Fw, 4 in Hw. 18 Px in Fw, 16 (left) and 15 (right) Px in Hw. Pt pale, covering ca 2 underlying cells, approximately rhombic, but with costal side a little shorter than anal side. Abdomen: S 1 black dorsally, laterally mostly yellow. S 2 mostly black with obscure rusty red markings in apical two thirds. S 3 – 6 red, darkening with each successive segment, black behind posterior carina dorsally and in upper part laterally. S 7 dark red dorsally except at apical extremity, same colour lower laterally, with a poorly defined black stripe between, except in basal ca one-fifth. S 8 black with obscure dark red markings lower laterally and in basal half dorsally. S 9 black except for apical red lower lateral mark. S 10 black. Genital ligula (Fig. 4) typical for group 2 Calicnemia, terminal segment with two broad apical lobes, almost square at ends. Anal appendages of typical form for the genus, as shown in Figs. 5–7 with interior ventral tooth located basally on cercus, bifurcated terminally. Measurements (mm): Abdomen without anal appendages 37, paraprocts ca 1.5; Hw 28.5. Female. Unknown. Variation in paratype male. The paratype male (Fig. 8) does not differ from the holotype in any significant way except that two full length pruinose antehumeral stripes are present, and there is more extensive pruinosity on the prothorax and laterally on the synthorax. Additionally abdominal S 1 – 2 are largely pruinose grey. Measurements (mm): Abdomen without anal appendages 35; Hw 28.5; 18 Px in Fw, 14 (right) or 16 (left) Px in Hw. Diagnosis. A robust group 2 Calicnemia with synthorax black with yellow lateral marks and abdomen with S 2 – 7 wholly or partly red. Separated from all other species of group 2 of Calicnemia except C. hasik Wilson & Reels, 2003, C. mortoni (Laidlaw, 1917), C. nipalica Kimmins, 1958, C. pulverulans (Selys, 1886) and C. rectangulata Laidlaw, 1932 by the black mesepisternum lacking antehumeral markings or with only pruinose blue antehumeral markings. Distinguished from C. pulverulans by the entirely black abdomen and the more rounded ends of the lobes of the terminal segment of the ligula of that species. Distinguished from C. hasik by more extensive red colouration on the abdomen, broader lobes of the terminal segment of the ligula and shorter tooth on the cercus in lateral view. C. rectangulata differs in the extent of the red markings in the abdomen and in having a much larger tooth on the cercus, very prominent in lateral view. C. nipalica has the terminal segment of the ligula deeply divided. C. mortoni has a longer but less broad tooth on the cercus and the terminal segment of the ligula deeply divided. Remarks. In his PhD thesis (Zia 2010) the second author gave this species a name, Indocnemis ahmedi, and presented a (composite) description, but also issued a disclaimer, citing article 8.2 of the International code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 2012), to the effect that “description of new species i.e. Indocnemis ahmedi provided in this dissertation is not issued for public and permanent scientific record or for purposes of zoological nomenclature”. The name ahmedi is therefore not available; in any case it would not have been available because no holotype was designated (article 16.4.1). Calicnemis fortis was found flying within tall grassy vegetation around an open spring which runs into a fast flowing stream. Calicnemia eximia was common at the same site. Unfortunately following the devastating earthquake in October 2005 the spring at the type locality dried up, and the species has not been relocated in that area despite repeated searches by the second author in the following three years. However, Zia (2010) lists two additional males from a location in North West Frontier Province of Pakistan. These specimens have not been seen by the first author and in the view of the second author might represent a different species, because they differ quite substantially in colouration and some other characters as well; therefore they are left out of consideration here. The species should be searched for not just in neighbouring regions of Pakistan, but also in the neighbouring Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. In life the markings on the abdomen were pinkish red, becoming darker on S 6–7; in the holotype they have faded considerably with preservation. The colour of the paratype male (Fig. 8) is better preserved than that of the holotype, as is the extensive pruinosity on the thorax and abdominal S 1–2. In the holotype there is no indication of any antehumeral markings, but pruinose antehumeral stripes are present in the paratype. Possibly, as is the case in males of some other Calicnemia species, e.g. C. soccifera Yu & Chen, 2013, yellow antehumeral markings are present in immature individuals but later these markings become completely pruinose (Yu & Chen 2013). In the case of C. fortis, possibly the underlying marking fades completely, leading to the condition now seen in the holotype. Calicnemia fortis comes closest to C. pulverulans, from which it differs principally in the colour of the abdomen and details of the genital ligula. Calicnemia pulverulans has been recorded as far west as the Nanda Devi Bisophere Reserve in Uttar Pradesh, India (Kumar 1997), but this is more than 600 km from the type locality of C. fortis. Differences from C. pulverulans and other species most closely resembling the available material of C. fortis are given in the diagnosis. Considering the remaining species in group 2 of Calicnemia, C. fortis males are easily separated from those of C. chaseni (Laidlaw in Campion & Laidlaw, 1928), C. miles (Laidlaw, 1917), C. miniata (Selys, 1886), C. chaoi Wilson, 2004, and C. zhuae Zhang & Yang, 2008, which have bright red or orange antehumeral stripes as well as differences in the anal appendages and genital ligula; uniquely in the genus C. chaoi possesses amber wings (Wilson 2004). Of three Chinese species with males possessing yellow or pruinosed antehumeral stripes: C. gulinensis Yu & Bu, 2008, C. porcata Yu & Bu, 2008 and C. soccifera, C. soccifera has the terminal segment of the genital ligula with much narrower lobes and legs with a red or yellow femur contrasting with a black tibia. Calicnemia gulinensis has an orange abdomen and far more extensive pale markings on labrum and clypeus and C. porcata differs in the colouration of the head, details of the tooth on the cercus and in the ligula, which bears a distinctive ridge centrally on the terminal segment, and has the lobes almost square ended. This leaves two species that have not been placed in either of Lieftinck’s groups within Calicnemia; these are dealt with below. The species group to which C. uenoi Asahina, 1997, from Vietnam belongs is unclear because Asahina provided no illustration of the ligula. Asahina (1997: 22) stated that C. uenoi is “One of the typical Calicnemia species...”, but judging from the illustrations it seems atypical in the form of the tooth on the cercus, a narrow median spine rather than the robust tooth, normally with a bifid tip, and typically placed more basally, that is usual in Calicnemia. The type series of C. uenoi was deposited in the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Japan, but at the present time it cannot be located (Akihiko Sasamoto and Takuya Kiyoshi, personal communication). However, in the collection of the Naturalis Biodiversity Center (RMNH), Leiden, there is a male labelled as C. uenoi from the area of the type locality, donated from the collection of Matti Hämäläinen and originally collected by Haruki Karube. It is difficult to reconcile the anal appendages of the RMNH specimen with Asahina’s illustrations, and this specimen seems close to C. hasik. When describing C. hasik, Wilson & Reels (2003: 266) commented on Asahina’s description of C. uenoi and, understandably, concluded that their species was distinct; the RMNH specimen suggests that further study of this matter is needed. It is to be hoped that the type series of C. uenoi will become available in the near future. In any case, C. uenoi as illustrated by Asahina is clearly distinguished from C. fortis by the form and position of the tooth on the cercus, and C. hasik and the RMNH specimen differ from C. fortis in the details of the ligula, anal appendages and colouration. Calicnemia sudhaae Mitra, 1994, known from Mizoram in northeast India and which is said (Mitra 2002) to resemble C. pulverulans, does not appear to have been assigned to either species group within Calicnemia. This species is illustrated in Mitra (2002: figs. 54-56) where the ligula appears to have ribbon-like flagellae, an impression confirmed by the text “flagella one pair, long ribbon like with pointed apex” (Mitra 2002: 56). Therefore C. sudhaae belongs to group 1 of Calicnemia and need not be considered further here. The large size and long wing length of this species partly accounts for the high count of postquadrangular cells in C. fortis, a character that Fraser (1933), following Laidlaw (1917), used to separate Calicnemia from Indocnemis Laidlaw, 1917. Recent authors have seldom or never given counts of the postquadrangular cells in their descriptions of Calicnemia species, but the illustration of the Hw of C. chaoi shows 4 postquadrangular cells (Wilson 2004: 429, fig. 21). Lieftinck (1977: 20, 22) stated that C. miniata males from northern India and Nepal examined have 3 – 4 postquadrangular cells and that even the holotype male of C miles has 3 – 3 - 1 / 2 postquadrangular cells. In fact the wing photograph of C. pulverulans in Laidlaw (1917: plate XV, fig. 3), the same publication where Indocnemis was described and where the count of postquadrangular cells was first used to distinguish Calicnemia from Indocnemis, shows almost 4 postquadrangular cells in the left Fw. It is to be hoped that these examples will finally lay to rest the idea that the count of postquadrangular cells is a character of value for distinguishing Calicnemia from related genera. With the addition of C. fortis, Calicnemia consists of 22 named species, unless C. pyrrhosoma Lieftinck, 1984 is recognised; this name persists on some world Odonata checklists although it was established as a junior synonym of C. doonensis Sangal & Tyagi, 1984 by Hämäläinen (1989). Yu & Bu (2008) commented on the extent of variability of markings with age and possibly location in C. sinensis Lieftinck, 1984, and geographical variation in markings may occur in other species, so that caution is needed in separating species based entirely on colour patterns. However, structural differences in ligula and caudal appendages are also often subtle, rendering Calicnemia a difficult genus to work on. As noted by Yu & Chen (2013), some of the Chinese species “seem to be closely related, and more detailed studies are needed to clarify their true relationships”; we can only extend this statement to the whole genus.Published as part of Dow, Rory A., Zia, Ahmed, Naeem, Muhammad & Rafi, Muhammad Ather, 2014, Calicnemia fortis sp. nov. from Pakistan (Odonata: Zygoptera: Platycnemididae), pp. 338-342 in Zootaxa 3869 (3) on pages 338-342, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3869.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/22935
The Dispute over the Attribution of a Ghazal to Saadi, Mahseti, and Rafi' Marvazi
Get PDFIntroductionMany of the diwans (poetic collections) of ancient poets have been lost for various reasons. This has led to reliance on tazkarehs (biographical works) and jongs (literary anthologies) for compiling the poetic works of the poets without preserved diwans. Although the existence of these tazkarehs and jongs is a great blessing, sometimes the authors' or scribes' errors result in attributing a poem to someone else. However, referring to tazkarehs and jongs is the only way to gather the works of poets without preserved diwans, albeit with caution. The oldest and perhaps the most authoritative tazkareh of Persian poetry is Lobab al-Albab; this tazkareh provides abundant and documented information about poets before the 6th century and serves as a source for other tazkarehs and historical books. Based on the editors' statements in Lobab al-Albab, this tazkareh was edited based on two manuscripts by Elliot and Sprenger, which Browne stated were from the 16th or 17th century AD, approximately the 10th or 11th century AH (See: Aufi, 1982: 7). And elsewhere, he states that: “In fact, none of the manuscript copies used as the basis possesses significant antiquity or scholarly precision” (ibid: 19). However, this lateness of the manuscripts of Lobab cannot be a reason for major alterations in the poems, and on this basis, it can be considered one of the most authentic sources for poems before the 6th century, as it was of interest to the authors of tazkarehs, and many later tazkarehs, literary works, and historical books have cited it. After Lobab, various tazkarehs and jongs such as Rawzat al-Nazir, Arafat al-Ashiqin, Atishkadeh, Aftab-e Alamtab, Ruz-e Rushan, Majales al-Nafais, and similar tazkarehs were compiled. Although the main benefit of these tazkarehs is the collecting poems and biographies of earlier poets, especially those without preserved diwans, they sometimes contain attribution errors. In such cases, the most logical approach is referring to the earliest of these tazkarehs and jongs and their consensus on a subject and presenting rational evidence to minimize errors. Literature ReviewThere are various articles and editions regarding Mahseti Ganjavi and the quatrains attributed to him. One of the oldest articles related to Mahseti is “Mahseti Nayshaburi” by Ali Akbar Qawim al-Dowleh, in which he mentions Mahseti Nayshaburi through a narration from Sultan Sanjar (Qawim al-Dowleh, 1960: 161-168). Among the most important articles about Mahseti is “Mahseti-shenasi” by Maryam Mosharraf, which discusses Mahseti's life and introduces two books about him (Mosharraf, 2005: 85-101). There is also an article titled “Stylistic Analysis of Mahseti Ganjavi's Quatrains” by Mohammad Reza Najjarian, which lists his stylistic characteristics (Najjarian, 2016: 241-268). There are more articles about Mahseti, but they are beyond the scope of this research. However, none of the aforementioned studies mention the attribution of the ghazal in question to Mahseti Ganjavi. Furthermore, this ghazal is not present in any of the editions of Mahseti's quatrains. Additionally, the authors of this research did not find any studies on the works and potential poems of Rafi' Marvazi. There has also been no research regarding the attribution of this ghazal to Saadi. MethodsThe method of data collection in the present research is library-based and note-taking. In this study, a descriptive-analytical approach is used to examine a ghazal attributed to three poets. Several manuscripts and printed copies have also been studied to reach the most accurate conclusion. DiscussionOne of the current problems regarding the poems of past poets is the wandering of some of these poems in different jongs and tazkarehs. A famous ghazal attributed to Saadi, and also included as a “mukhammas” (five-line poem based on another poem) on Saadi's ghazal in Helali Joghatayi's diwan, is recorded with Saadi's pen name. However, after examining Saadi's Kolliyat (complete works) and scrutinizing several manuscripts, we did not find this ghazal in Saadi's diwan. This ghazal, present in Helali's “tazmin” (incorporation), also has Saadi's pen name. It is attributed to Mahseti in the tazkareh Biyaz by Taj al-Din Ahmad Wazir and the jong Rawzat al-Nazir wa Nuzhat al-Khatir by Abdulaziz Kashi. A critical point that casts doubt on these attributions is the inclusion of this ghazal in Lobab al-Albab under the name of Rafi' Marvazi. Considering that Lobab precedes all of these works, the attribution of the ghazal to Mahseti and Saadi becomes questionable. Furthermore, in three instances in Jawame’ al-Hekayat, Tarikh-e Jahangushay-e Juvayni, and Makaram al-Akhlaq, a line or lines from this ghazal are mentioned; and given the historical periods of these books, its attribution to Saadi is impossible. Moreover, the attribution of the ghazal to Rafi' takes precedence over Mahseti, as the ghazal in question is attributed to Rafi' Marvazi in Lobab, which is earlier than the other manuscripts. ConclusionGiven that the ghazal in question is attributed to Rafi' Marvazi in Lobab al-Albab by Aufi, and since Rafi' Marvazi was a poet of the Seljughi era, while Saadi is later than him and even the author of Lobab, it can be said with certainty that this ghazal is not by Saadi. The inclusion of two lines from this poem without mentioning the author's name in Jawame’ al-Hekayat, Tarikh-e Jahangushay, and Makaram al-Akhlaq is Another reason to reject its attribution to Saadi. The attribution of this ghazal to Mahseti should also be doubted, as the oldest tazkareh closest to Mahseti's time has attributed it to Rafi' Marvazi. Additionally, this ghazal differs from Mahseti's poems in terms of stylistic and poetic form. Therefore, considering the refutation of its attribution to Saadi and the doubt in its attribution to Mahseti, it is logical and more accurate to trust Lobab and attribute it to Rafi' Marvazi
Osteoradionecrosis of the jaw in a patient with lymphoma treated with rituximab and concomitant involved field radiation therapy
No full textVulvar Melanoma with Isolated Metastasis to the Extraocular Muscles: Case Report and Brief Literature Review
No full textSingle isocenter treatment planning techniques for stereotactic radiosurgery of multiple cranial metastases
No full textBackground and purpose: Whole brain radiation therapy use has decreased in favor of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for the treatment of multiple brain metastases due to reduced neurotoxicity. Here we compare two single isocenter radiosurgery planning techniques, volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and dynamic conformal arcs (DCA) in terms of their dosimetric and delivery performance. Materials and methods: Sixteen patients with 2– 18 brain metastases (total 103; median 4) previously treated with single fraction SRS were replanned for multiple lesion single isocenter treatments using VMAT and DCA using different treatment planning systems for each and three different plan geometries for DCA. Plans were evaluated using the Paddick conformity index, normal tissue V12Gy, the probability for symptomatic brain necrosis (S-NEC), maximum organ-at-risk (OAR) point doses, and total number of monitor units (MU). Results: Conformity was not significantly different between VMAT and DCA plans. VMAT plans showed a trend towards higher MU with a median difference between 18% and 24% (p ≤ 0.09). Median V12Gy differences were 7.0 cm3–8.6 cm3 favoring DCA plans (p < 0.01). VMAT plans had median excess absolute and relative S-NEC risks compared to DCA plans of 8%–10% and 25%–31%, respectively (p < 0.01). Moreover for VMAT compared to DCA, maximum OAR doses were significantly higher for the brainstem (1.9 Gy; p < 0.01), chiasm (0.5 Gy; p ≤ 0.02), and optic nerves (0.5 Gy; p ≤ 0.04). Conclusions: In most cases DCA plans were found to be dosimetrically superior to VMAT plans with reduced V12Gy and associated risk for S-NEC. Maximum doses to important OARs showed significant improvement, increasing the ability for subsequent salvage treatments involving radiation
Interview with Ahmed al-Dajani
No full textفي هذه المقابلة، يتحدث الدكتور أحمد الدجاني، المفكر الفلسطيني، عن الفصائل الفلسطينية. أجرت المقابلة إيمان رافع.In this interview, Ahmed al-Dajani, a Palestinian author, speaks about Palestinian factions. The interview was conducted by Iman Rafi
- …
