9 research outputs found
From a sugar beet nematode to problems of food security
No full textModern development of systems of land use assumes the solution of problems not only at biological level, but also use geographical, economic, social and even political blocks. On an example of beets heteroderosis attempt an illustration of depth of these interrelations is made. The role of the founder of system researches in this area - prof. T.S. Skarbilovich is emphasize
Актуальность использования минеральных удобрений пролонгированного действия (экологические аспекты)
Get PDFPerevertin K. A., Bamatov I. M. Relevance of use of long-lasting mineral fertilizers (environmental aspects)Несмотря на значительный прогресс в развитии систем агрохимии, применение традиционных форм и систем удобрений не позволяет использовать весь потенциал вносимых элементов питания, так как процессы неполной денитрификации, иммобилизация и выщелачивание (вымывание) основных макроэлементов (NPK), наряду с действием уреазы приводят к непроизводительным потерям питательных веществ в почве. Кроме экономических потерь имеют место негативные экологические последствия – эвтрофикация водоёмов, эмиссия парниковых газов. Перспективным, как с экономических, так и с экологических позиций направлением является применение УПД (удобрений пролонгированного действия), оптимизирующих, в том числе, агрохимические показатели почв
Influence of polymer modification of complex fertilizer on the efficiency of phosphorus and potassium use by winter wheat on the southern chernozem
Get PDFIn modern conditions of unprecedented challenges, an alternative to the technological degradation of fertilizer application systems can be the development of original forms of long-acting fertilizers. Despite significant progress in the adaptation of progressive systems of agrochemical impacts, the use of traditional forms of mineral fertilizers does not allow using the full potential of the introduced nutrients, since the processes of incomplete denitrification, immobilization and leaching (leaching) of the main macronutrients (NPK), along with the action of urease, lead to unproductive loss of nutrients in the soil. In addition to economic losses, there are negative environmental consequences – eutrophication of water bodies, emission of greenhouse gases. The studies were carried out in 2022 under production conditions in the Kursk district of the Stavropol Territory on the farm of “StavAgroCom” on southern carbonate chernozem. As a modifier of mineral fertilizers, one of the most common synthetic polymers, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), was used. The polymer consumption rate was 3, 5 and 7 kg per 1 ton of fertilizer. Yield growth was positively correlated with the dose of polymer in the fertilizer. The analysis of soil properties was carried out by the method of principal components. The resulting clustering in the coordinates of the first two components (in total they explain 65% of the data variation) shows significant differences in soil properties under different experimental options. To assess the efficiency of the use of nutrients depending on the dose of the polymer, a differential indicator was proposed – the additional efficiency of the use of nutrients (E). It was estimated from the increase in yield relative to the zero dose of the polymer per unit reduction in the concentration of this element in the soil according to the proposed formula. It is shown that the polymer use in fertilizer gives a statistically significant increase in the efficiency of phosphorus and potassium use by winter wheat
ОТ СВЕКЛОВИЧНОЙ НЕМАТОДЫ К ПРОБЛЕМАМ ПРОДОВОЛЬСТВЕННОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ
Get PDFModern development of systems of land use assumes the solution of problems not only at biological level, but also use geographical, economic, social and even political blocks. On an example of beets heteroderosis attempt an illustration of depth of these interrelations is made. The role of the founder of system researches in this area - prof. T.S. Skarbilovich is emphasizedСовременное развитие систем землепользования предполагает решение проблем не только на биологическом уровне, но и использование географического, экономического, социального и даже политического блоков. На примере гетеродероза свѐклы сделана попытка иллюстрации глубины этих взаимосвязей. Подчѐркнута роль основоположника системных исследований в этой области - профессора Т.С. Скарбилови
Impact of changes in snow cover regime on agronomic risks causing pink snow mold
Get PDFTraditionally, the main strategic crop for the Russian Federation is winter cereals, therefore, the snow cover regime is of great importance for their cultivation. In the second decade of April 2021, after the snow cover disappeared on the experimental fields of Russian State Agrarian University, severe damage and partial death of winter triticale from the disease pink snow mold was noted. Measurements of the parameters of the snow cover in the period 2001–2021 showed that in the winter and spring of 2021 on the territory of Moscow the characteristics of the snow cover regime were close to agrometeorological Hazardous Phenomena standards on the territory of the Russian Federation. The risk of developing pink snow mold is directly related to the snow cover regime. Analysis of the dynamics of the characteristics of the snow cover according to the data of the Meteorological Observatory V.A. Michelson for 30 years has made it possible to propose a simple quantitative assessment of the risk of damping of winter crops. Over the past 20 years, the necessary conditions for the development of snow mold in winter cereals took place in 2010/11, 2012/13, 2017/18 and 2020/21. Analysis of the data on the early establishment of snow cover over the past 30 years shows that this factor is gradually losing its relevance due to the pronounced trend of its retardation. There is a noticeable tendency for an increase in the frequency of extremely late periods of formation of stable snow cover up to the second – third decade of January. During the study period, this phenomenon was observed in 2006 (January 20), 2013 (January 12) and 2019 (January 23). The proposed empirical function of the probability of snow cover formation, depending on the calendar date, can be recommended for assessing risks when making agronomic decisions (timing of sowing winter cereals and harvesting other crops). Freezing of crops has not been observed over the past 30 years
Effect of slow-release mineral fertilizer on the intensity of phosphorus and potassium mobilization in soil
Get PDFThe search for new technologies for effective regulation of yield and soil fertility is an urgent task. The use of slow-release fertilizers can simultaneously solve both problems – reducing fertilizer rates and increasing the mobilization of soil nutrients. In this paper, the mechanism of slow-release fertilizer effect on the mobilization rate of soil nutrients was investigated using mathematical modeling on the data of field trials with winter wheat. It is shown that in the plots with the slowest dissolving fertilizer (azofoska with 20% content of polyvinyl alcohol), the highest efficiency of azofoska was achieved (an increase in yield of 1.3 t/ha and an increase in mobile forms of phosphorus in the soil of 2.5 mg/100 g soil, potassium – 8.8 mg/100 g soil and nitrate nitrogen – 4.7 mg/100 g soil). The results of phosphorus modeling quantitatively confirmed the assumption that the low rate of dissolution of fertilizer enhances the mobilization of nutrients from soil due to the absence of an excess of plant available nutrients. We provide estimates of the polymer added efficiency for a series of polymer-modified fertilizer. It is shown that this form of fertilizer can be applied to effectively reduce the amount of fertilizer required for the planned harvest, simultaneously with the possibility of bringing the soil to a higher level of effective fertility in major nutrient elements
ИНТЕГРИРОВАННАЯ ЗАЩИТА САХАРНОЙ СВЕКЛЫ ОТ СВЕКЛОВИЧНОЙ НЕМАТОДЫ
Get PDFThe number dynamics of beet cyst nematodes in crop rotations with different saturation of host plants has been studied. The complex of measures for protection of sugar beet against beets heteroderosis has been improved. Изучена динамика численности свекловичной нематоды в севооборотах с различным насыщением растениями-хозяевами и усовершенствован комплекс противонематодных мероприятий по защите сахарной свеклы от гетеродероза.
УСОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ МОНИТОРИНГА РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЯ ЦИСТООБРАЗУЮЩИХ НЕМАТОД
Get PDFMethods of monitoring of cyst nematodes using telecommunication technolo-gies, aerospace photography, as well as the traditional route investigation of agro-cenosis have been improved. Terms, sequence of monitoring implementation steps and perspectives of practical use of different cartograms of nematodosis have been proved. It is necessary to select and analyze plant samples on all four field sides. 5 plants from each sample are investigated on a rectangular field. In relation to culti-vated crops, perennial legumes – 100 plants from each field were studied. A me-chanic sampler device is being used for plant sampling that allows to reduce 10 times labor costs. Aerial photography of the earth surface including fields enables to detect the centres of plant infection. Aerospace monitoring of plant nematodosis is being conducted at the end of June – in the first and second decades of July. For more precise examination small aircraft and remote sensing unmanned planes with digital cameras are being used. Spectral analysis of pictures allows to detect nidi of plant damage by nematodes. To determine degree of plant damage and species composition of nematodes a route examination of fields are conducted, cartograms created, forecasts fulfilled, electronic cards of cyst nematode spread created
Влияние режима снежного покрова на агрономические риски развития розовой снежной плесени
Get PDFTraditionally, the main strategic crop for the Russian Federation is winter cereals, therefore, the snow cover regime is of great importance for their cultivation. In the second decade of April 2021, after the snow cover disappeared on the experimental fields of Russian State Agrarian University, severe damage and partial death of winter triticale from the disease pink snow mold was noted. Measurements of the parameters of the snow cover in the period 2001–2021 showed that in the winter and spring of 2021 on the territory of Moscow the characteristics of the snow cover regime were close to agrometeorological Hazardous Phenomena standards on the territory of the Russian Federation. The risk of developing pink snow mold is directly related to the snow cover regime. Analysis of the dynamics of the characteristics of the snow cover according to the data of the Meteorological Observatory V.A. Michelson for 30 years has made it possible to propose a simple quantitative assessment of the risk of damping of winter crops. Over the past 20 years, the necessary conditions for the development of snow mold in winter cereals took place in 2010/11, 2012/13, 2017/18 and 2020/21. Analysis of the data on the early establishment of snow cover over the past 30 years shows that this factor is gradually losing its relevance due to the pronounced trend of its retardation. There is a noticeable tendency for an increase in the frequency of extremely late periods of formation of stable snow cover up to the second – third decade of January. During the study period, this phenomenon was observed in 2006 (January 20), 2013 (January 12) and 2019 (January 23). The proposed empirical function of the probability of snow cover formation, depending on the calendar date, can be recommended for assessing risks when making agronomic decisions (timing of sowing winter cereals and harvesting other crops). Freezing of crops has not been observed over the past 30 years.Рассмотрены связанные с режимом снежного покрова риски для озимых зерновых культур. К наиболее опасным относится риск развития розовой снежной плесени. Предлагаемая эмпирическая функция вероятности становления снежного покрова в зависимости от календарной даты может быть использована при принятии агрономических решений – сроков сева озимых зерновых и уборки других культур
