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New recombinant biopesticides
No full textNew genes with pesticide activity were isolated from plant and insect and expressed in tobacco to produce recombinant insecticide proteins that proved able to protect crop from herbivorous. Moreover strategy to enhance the endogenous plant defence by means of overespressing signalling molecules resulted very effective and suitable for integrated pest managemen
Kalophrynus limbooliati Matsui, Nishikawa, Belabut, Norhayati & Yong, 2012, sp. nov.
No full textKalophrynus limbooliati sp. nov. (Figs. 1–3) Synonymy: Kalophrynus pleurostigma: Lim and Lim, 1992, p. 40, Bukit Timah, Singapore. Holotype. UKMHC 705 (formerly KUHE 53284), adult male from Gunung (= Mt.) Pulai, Kpg. (Kampung = village) Sri, Kulai, State of Johor, Peninsular Malaysia (01o 36 ’ N, 103 o 32 ’ E, 457 m a.s.l.), collected by Kanto Nishikawa on 6 September 2009. Paratypes. KUHE 53314, 53315, two adult males from Gunung Lambak (02o00’ N, 103 o 22 ’ E, 75 m a.s.l.), Kluang, Johor, collected 9 September 2009 by Kanto Nishikawa and Masafumi Matsui; KUHE 52061, a juvenile from Jalan Lombong, Panti (01o 49 ’ N, 103 o 50 ’ E, 57 m a.s.l.), Kota Tinggi, Johor, collected 30 July 2008 by Amir Hamidy, Daicus Belabut, and Masafumi Matsui. Etymology. The specific name is dedicated to Dr. Lim Boo Liat, Fellow of the Academy of Sciences Malaysia, who is a pioneer of field zoology in Malaysia. Diagnosis. The new species is assigned to a member of Kalophrynus through mitochondrial DNA genealogy (Matsui et al. 2011) together with the following morphological characteristics: No spine-like projection of skin at heel and elbow; belly without a network pattern; tips of fingers not expanded; underside of fingers without greatly enlarged tubercles; snout less than twice diameter of eye; inner metatarsal tubercle low, not shovel-like; tympanum visible. A medium-sized species that can be distinguished from all congeneric species by the following combination of characters; adult males 26.2–28.7 mm SVL (mean = 27.3, n = 3); snout pointed, directed downwards; third toe longer than fifth; projection of fourth finger from palm shorter than length of terminal phalanx of third finger; two subarticular tubercles under fourth finger; no subarticular tubercles under fifth toe; indistinct gland dorsal to arm insertion; no nuptial pads or asperities; forelimb not very stout, without a humeral spine in males; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; light lateral stripe; usually with distinct inguinal dark spot without white rim or spotting; calls similar to Hylarana laterimaculata with a long series of high-pitched whistle like notes. Description of holotype (measurements in mm). Medium sized ( SVL 26.2); habitus moderately stocky (Figs. 1, 3); head triangular, slightly shorter (8.6) than wide (9.0); snout pointed, directed downwards in profile (Fig. 3), projecting beyond lower jaw; eye moderate, as long (3.5) as snout (3.5); canthus rostralis not sharply defined, straight; loreal region vertical, very slightly concave; nostril below canthus rostralis, directed laterally, much closer to tip of snout (1.1) than to eye (2.0); interorbital distance (3.7) much wider than internarial distance (2.1), the latter subequal to upper eyelid (2.2); pineal spot absent; tympanum distinct, diameter (2.3) more than three-fifths that of eye, and very close to eye (0.3); upper jaw edentate; tongue entire, without papillae; a crenulated ridge of skin on palate posterior to eye, preceded by a shorter, similarly notched one between posterior halves of eye; a median, subgular vocal sac; vocal openings posterior to rictus. Forelimb long (18.0, 72 % of SVL) and slender; fingers thick, basally slightly webbed; tips rounded, not dilated; relative length of fingers: IV<I<II<III; portion of fourth finger projecting from palm (0.9) shorter than length of terminal phalanx of third finger (1.4); outer palmar tubercle large and fleshy, inner indistinct; subarticular tubercles between finger tip and palmer tubercle rounded, two on fingers I, II and IV, three on III (Fig. 2 A); humeral spine absent. Hindlimb moderately long (35.5, 135 % of SVL) and slender; tibia moderately long (10.9, 42 % of SVL), heels not overlapping when folded limbs held at right angles to body; tibiotarsal articulation of adpressed limb reaching to the center of tympanum when held alongside body; foot (8.7) much shorter than tibia (FL, 80 % of TL); toe tips rounded; relative length of toes: I<V<II<III<IV; webbing poorly developed (Fig. 2 B), formula: I 1–2 II 2–3 III 2– 3 IV 3 – 1 V; subarticular tubercles numbering one on first and second toes, two on third toe, and three on fourth toe; distal tubercle on third toe and distal and middle ones on fourth toe prominent and rounded, others small and less distinct; no subarticular tubercles on fifth toe; inner metatarsal tubercle oval, length (1.0) more than half of first toe length (1.5); an indistinct outer metatarsal tubercle (Fig. 2 B). Skin coarsely granular dorsally, with small tubercles scattered posteriorly from behind upper eyelid to vent; tips of tubercles forming white asperities; an indistinct gland on side of head behind tympanum, not delimited by a sinuous groove; upper lateral surfaces of body with scattered minute tubercles; lower lateral surfaces of body, posterior half of chin, abdomen, and posterior side of thighs with large, flattened glandules; skin of gular region not modified for vocal sac; inner and outer margins of fourth finger without skin fringes; nuptial pads absent. Color. In life, ground color of dorsum highly variable from light orange brown to dark chocolate brown, with several small dark brown spots and obscure hour-glass shaped marking from upper eyelid to shoulder; a light dorsolateral line extending from snout tip through margin of upper eyelid to groin, forming a boundary between lighter dorsum and darker sides of head and shoulder; tips of dorsal granules whitish; limbs dorsally brown with an obscure darker bar (Figs. 1 A, 3); ventrum pinkish gray, with scattered white flecks (Fig. 1 B); inguinal spot entirely black without lighter borders or pattern; iris golden with black pigmentation. In preservative, color and pattern have generally faded but not obviously changed. Variation. Individuals of the type series are generally similar in morphology (Table 1). In both adult male paratypes (KUHE 53314, 53315), internarial distance is larger than upper eyelid width. They have darker throat and more developed asperities on dorsum than the holotype. The inguinal black spot varies in size, and is lacking on the left side in one individual (KUHE 53315). The single juvenile (KUHE 52061) has smooth dorsum, with several black spots scattered from shoulder, some continuing to the inguinal marking. Chin and anterior part of ventrum are dotted with dark spots in this juvenile paratype. SVL RHL RHW RIND RIOD RUEW UKMHC 705 (holotype) 26.2 32.6 34.3 8 13.9 8.2 KUHE 53314 (paratype) 27 32.6 32.2 9.6 12.2 7.8 KUHE 53315 (paratype) 28.7 31.9 32.6 9.1 11.7 7.3 Range. Southern part of Western (Peninsular) Malaysia: Johor (Panti, Kota Tinggi; Gunung Pulai, Kulai [350– 605 m a.s.l.]; Gunung Lambak, Kluang [02°00' E, 103 ° 22 ' E, 75–185 m a.s.l.]; Trail Lagenda, Gunung Ledang, Tangkak [02° 22 ' N, 102 ° 37 ' E, 750–895 m a.s.l.: recorded by calls]) and Negeri Sembilan (Sungai Kenaboi, Kenaboi: recorded by calls). Singapore: Bukit Timah Nature Reserve (Lim & Lim 1992: see below, discussion). Possibly Janda Baik, Pahang, Western (Peninsular) Malaysia (Dring 1979: see below, discussion). Natural history. On Gunung Pulai, Gunung Ledang, and Gunung Lambak, males were found calling in widely scattered choruses at dry nights (from 1930 h) in early September in the dense secondary broad-leaf forest. Calling males hid themselves among dead leaves and were very difficult to locate, but responded to playback of recorded calls and/or whistles imitating their calls. There were no large bodies of water at the calling sites. The associated anuran species observed at the nearest waters were Hylarana laterimaculata and Microhyla heymonsi Vo g t. At Sungai Kenaboi, calls were heard in secondary and bamboo forests on dry night. Microhyla heymonsi, Fejervarya limnocharis (Gravenhorst), Humerana miopus (Boulenger), Hylarana labialis (Boulenger), and Polypedates leucomystax (Gravenhorst) were observed at the same locality around pools along a forest road. The single juvenile paratype from Panti (KUHE 52061) was found walking at a dry night at the edge of secondary forest in late July. In early September, no further specimens of this species or calls were detected at this locality. Associated anuran species observed were Phrynoidis aspera (Gravenhorst), Kaloula pulchra Gray, Micryletta inornata (Boulenger), Limnonectes blythii (Boulenger), H. miopus, and H. labialis. Call characteristics. We recorded the calls of K. limbooliati at Gunung Pulai, Kulai on 6 September 2009 (air temperature 23.9 C), Gunung Lambak, Kluang on 7 September 2009 (air temperature 27.2 C), and at Kenaboi, Negeri Sembilan on 10 and 11 September 2009 (air temperature 26.4 C). The advertisement call (Fig. 4) consists of a very long series of 24–61 (mean±SD = 41.1 ± 11.2, n = 62 /seven males) unpulsed notes and lasts about 6.3–15.2 (mean±SD = 10.9 ± 2.8) s. The note repetition rate is 3.31–4.20 (mean±SD = 3.72 ± 0.30) notes per s. Each note lasts about 61–76 (mean±SD = 70.0±6.0) ms, and time interval between two notes varies from 238–310 (mean±SD = 271.7 ± 25.4) ms. The dominant frequency lies at 1632–2008 (mean±SD = 1909 ± 156) hz, and harmonics are at about 3000–4000 and 7000–8000 hz (Fig. 4 A). The call has marked frequency and intensity modulations, and frequencies abruptly increase to the middle and then decrease towards the end of a note. Comparisons. Males of K. limbooliati sp. nov. with a SVL of 26.2–28.7 mm SVL (mean = 27.3 mm) are of similar size to K. heterochirus Boulenger (24.1–27.2 mm, mean = 26.3 mm), K. eok Das & Haas (26.3 mm), and K. punctatus Peters (28.3 mm); it can be readily differentiated from these species as follows: white spots in a black inguinal marking absent (present in K. heterochirus); second finger with two subarticular tubercles (with single subarticular tubercle in K. eok); fifth toe is not projecting as far as or farther than the third toe unlike K. punctatus (data from Matsui 2009). Kalophrynus limbooliati sp. nov. is smaller in male body size than K. yongi (28.8 –31.0 mm, mean = 30.3 mm), K. calciphilus Dehling (29.7–30.1 mm), K. minusculus Iskandar (32.2 mm), K. palmatissimu s (31.2–38.8 mm, mean = 34.5 mm), K. orangensis Dutta, Ahmed & Das (35–38 mm), K. intermedius Inger (37.9–40.5 mm, mean = 39.2 mm), K. baluensis Kiew (34.8 –39.0 mm), K. stellatus Stejneger (35.0–45.0 mm, mean = 39.3 mm), K. pleurostigma (35.0– 50.4 mm, mean = 42.2 mm), and K. interlineatus Blyth (37.4–47.7 mm), and larger than K. robinsoni (16.8 mm), K. nubicola Dring (14.4–24.4 mm), K. menglienicus Yang & Su (19.8–23.4 mm, mean = 21.2 mm), K. bunguranus (Günther) (20.7–22.8 mm, mean = 21.8 mm), and K. subterrestris Inger (21.0– 23.4 mm, mean = 22.6 mm) (data from Inger 1954; Matsui 2009; Dehling 2011). Other than the body size differences, K. limbooliati sp. nov. can be differentiated from these species as follows: from K. yongi by having a normal humerus (strongly developed terminal ridges on humerus, and related skin modification in K. yongi); from K. calciphilus by the absence of outer metatarsal tubercle, presence of thinner dorsolateral stripe, without black margin dorsally, and dorsally more pointed snout (prominent tubercle present, dorsolateral stripe wide, bordered by black on both margins, and dorsally obtusely pointed in K. calciphilus); and from K. intermedius by the possession of light lateral stripe and inguinal black marking (stripe and marking absent in K. intermedius). In K. limbooliati sp. nov., the fourth finger from palm is shorter than length of the terminal phalanx of third finger, unlike K. minusculus, K. palmatissimus, K. orangensis, K. interlineatus, and K. pleurostigma, in which the fourth finger is longer. In addition, K. limbooliati sp. nov. has poorly developed webbing on fourth toe, which barely reaches median subarticular tubercle, sharply contrasting with the well-developed webbing in K. palmatissimus; lacks distinct dorsal marking unlike K. minusculus and K. baluensis, which usually have clear dark markings on dorsum; has black inguinal marking (yellow in K. baluensis). Kalophrynus limbooliati further differs from K. stellatus and K. pleurostigma by the lack of nuptial pads in males; and from K. robinsoni in the absence of spinous nuptial pads in the males. Kalophrynus limbooliati sp. nov. differs from K. nubicola by the possession of distinct subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes (indistinct or absent in K. nubicola); from K. menglienicus by the possession of distinct tympanum and toe web (tympanum concealed and toe web absent in K. menglienicus); from K. bunguranus by the lack of light marking surrounding black inguinal mark (black inguinal marking in a light area in K. bunguranus); and from K. subterrestris by the presence of two subarticular tubercles on the fourth finger (a single subarticular tubercle in K. subterrestris). The calls of six species of Kalophrynus have been analyzed (K. baluensis; K. calciphilus; K. interlineatus; K. nubicola; K. pleurostigma; and K. yongi: Matsui 2009; Dehling 2011). The call of K. limbooliati sp. nov. is unpulsed unlike the well pulsed call of K. nubicola (Dring 1984), and is composed of successive notes unlike the short, single note in K. calciphilus (Dehling 2011), K. baluensis, K. heterochirus, and K. yongi (Matsui 2009). Kalophrynus limbooliati sp. nov. has a call with successive notes like K. pleurostigma (Matsui et al. 1996), but the note length is shorter (61–76 vs. 170–487 ms), the note repetition rate is larger (3.3–4.2 vs. 0.9–2.7 notes per s), and the dominant frequency is much higher (1632–2008 vs. 438–575 hz) than K. pleurostigma. The call of K. interlineatus is a long trill unlike that of K. limbooliati (Matsui et al. 1996), and that of K. palmatissimus (a soft “ko-koko”: Kiew 1984: 150) is clearly very different from that of K. limbooliati sp. nov. A ranid, Hylarana laterimaculata was found syntopic with K. limbooliati sp. nov. in Pulai and Lambak. They emitted long calls very similar to the human ear, but details clearly differ between the two species. Calls of K. limbooliati sp. nov. were longer than H. laterimaculata recorded at Lambak (mean±SD = 10.9 ± 2.8 vs. 6.0+ 0.2 s in H. laterimaculata) and included larger number of notes (mean±SD = 41.1 ± 11.2 vs. 12.5 ± 0.6). Each note lasted shorter (mean±SD = 70.6 ±6.0 vs. 109.4 ± 4.4 ms), with shorter time interval between two notes (mean±SD = 271.7 ± 25.4 vs. 520.3 ± 18.2 ms) and larger note repetition rate (mean = 3.72 ± 0.30 vs. 1.96 notes per s). In addition, the dominant frequency was evidently lower (mean±SD = 1909 ± 156 vs. 2897 ± 123 hz) than that of H. laterimaculata. Finally, the uncorrected pairwise sequence divergences of mitochondrial 16 S rRNA gene between K. limbooliati and the seven congeners (K. heterochirus, K. interlineatus, K. palmatissimus, K. pleurostigma, K. stellatus, K. subterrestris, and K. yongi) are as large as 5.2–10.5 %.Published as part of Matsui, Masafumi, Nishikawa, Kanto, Belabut, Daicus M., Norhayati, Ahmad & Yong, Hoi Sen, 2012, A new species of Kalophrynus (Amphibia, Anura, Microhylidae) from Southern Peninsular Malaysia, pp. 38-46 in Zootaxa 3155 on pages 39-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.21254
Leptolalax fritinniens Dehling & Matsui, 2013, sp. n.
No full textLeptolalax fritinniens sp. n. Twittering Litter Frog (Figures 1–4) Holotype: NMBE 1056267, adult male, from near Camp 5 (4 °08.208' N, 114 ° 53.622 ' E, ca. 114 m a.s.l.), Gunung Mulu National Park, Miri Division, Sarawak, East Malaysia (Borneo), collected 3 December 2007 by J. M. Dehling. Paratypes: BMNH 1978.1524, 1978.1525, two adult females, from Batu Pala, a limestone outlier near Camp 5, Gunung Mulu National Park, collected in 1977 by Julian M. C. Dring; NMBE 1056367–1056368, two adult males, from near Camp 5, Gunung Mulu National Park, collected 20 March 2009 by A. Haas, J. M. Dehling, Pui Y.-M., S. T. Hertwig, and A. Jankowski; KUHE 10534, an adult male, from Camp 5, Gunung Mulu National Park, collected 26 December 1989 by M. Matsui and K. Araya; SRC unnumbered (former KUHE 53678), KUHE 53676, 53679– 53681, four adult males, from near Camp 5, Gunung Mulu National Park, collected 21 August 2010 by M. Matsui, K. Nishikawa, and K. Eto. Diagnosis. We allocate the new species to the genus Leptolalax for showing the following diagnostic characters: vomerine teeth absent, finger tips rounded, fingers lacking webbing, with toe webbing basal or rudimentary, limbs relatively long and slender, subarticular tubercles indistinct, inner palmar tubercle elevated and not extending to Finger I, outer metatarsal tubercle absent, nuptial pads absent, tip of snout with vertical white bar (Dubois 1983, 1987; Lathrop et al. 1998, Delorme et al. 2006). The new species can be distinguished from all other members of the genus Leptolalax by the combination of following characters: (1) size large, SVL of males 31.8 – 34.0 mm, of females 45.5–47.7 mm; (2) snout rounded in both ventral view and lateral view; (3) interorbital distance smaller than width of upper eyelid; (4) vocal sac of males subgular, bipartite; (5) toe webbing basal; (6) skin on dorsum and dorsal side of head shagreened with tiny tubercles; (7) supratympanic fold angled; (8) pectoral glands small; (9) supraaxillary glands and ventrolateral glandular ridges absent; (10) venter spotted; (11) advertisement call consisting of long series of 8–289 notes, each composed of with three or four pulses, dominant frequency at 7225–9190 Hz, with prominent frequency modulation. Etymology. The species epithet derives from the Latin fritinniens, meaning “twittering”, in allusion to the species’ high-pitched advertisement call with prominent frequency modulation. Description of holotype. Habitus moderately slender (Figures 1 & 2); head moderately wide (HW/SVL 0.32), about as wide as long (HW/HL 0.98) and wider than trunk; snout rounded in both ventral view and lateral view, slightly protruding, its length 40 % of head length and 90 % of eye diameter, wider than long (SL/EE 0.84); canthus rostralis distinct, slightly concave between eye and nostril in dorsal view, almost straight-lined in lateral view; loreal region oblique, slightly concave; nostrils oval, directed dorsolaterally, closer to tip of snout than to eye (EN/ NS 1.12); distance between eye and nostril subequal to internarial distance (EN/NN 0.97) and much smaller than eye diameter (EN/ED 0.58); eye very large (ED/HL 0.45); pupil vertical; tympanum distinct, rounded, its diameter half the eye diameter (TD/ED 0.50); interorbital distance smaller than width of upper eyelid (IO/EW 0.65) and smaller than internarial distance (IO/NN 0.90); pineal ocellus absent; symphysial knob on anteriormost part of mandible; vomerine ridge and teeth absent; tongue large, broad, bifid, free for about half its length; median lingual process absent; vocal sac subgular, bipartite, consisting of two lateroventrally situated parts which are fused with each other medially when inflated (Figure 3); apertures of vocal sac slit-like, directed posterolaterally, situated halfway between base of tongue and corners of mouth. Forelimbs slender, moderately long (ELB/SVL 0.70, ARM/SVL 0.56); hand longer than forearm (HND/ARM 0.55); fingers long and slender, without webbing or lateral fringes of skin (Figure 4); relative length of fingers II<I<IV<III; finger tips rounded and thickened; subarticular tubercles indistinct; large, prominent, rounded tubercle in thenar and metacarpal region of fingers I, II, and III, separated by a distinct groove from much smaller, rounded tubercle in metacarpal region of Finger IV. Hindlimbs moderately long (LEG/SVL 1.69); tibiofibula long (TFL/SVL 0.54), longer than foot (TFL/FOT 1.12) and longer than thigh (TFL/THL 1.07); heels overlapping each other with knees flexed and thighs being held perpendicularly to median plane of body; toe tips rounded and thickened, smaller than finger tips; toe webbing basal, webbing formula I 2 -2.5 II 2- 3 III 2.75- 4 IV 4 +- 3 V (Figure 4); narrow fringes of skin on lateral sides of toes; relative length of toes I<II<V<III<IV; subarticular tubercles indistinct; longitudinal ridges of thickened skin on plantar side of phalanges except distal ones of toes II–V, absent on Toe I; inner metatarsal tubercle large (length 2.0 mm), oval, 44 % of length of first toe; outer metatarsal tubercle absent. Skin on dorsum and dorsal side of head shagreened with tiny tubercles, weakly wrinkled on dorsal surfaces of the extremities (Figures 1, 2); wrinkles on extremities forming indistinct, reticulated, predominantly longitudinal, low ridges (Figures 1, 2, 3); several enlarged tubercles on lateral surfaces of trunk; ventral side smooth; supratympanic fold thick and conspicuous, angled, running from posterior margin of eye to just behind corner of mouth; pectoral glands small, indistinct, at insertion of forelimbs; supraaxillary glands and ventrolateral glandular ridges absent. Measurements. SVL 33.1, TFL 17.8, FOT 15.8, TarL 24.9, LEG 55.9, THL 16.5, ELB 23.2, ARM 18.4, HND 10.1, HW 10.7, HL 10.9, IO 2.6, EW 4.0, ED 4.9, TD 2.4, TE 1.1, EN 2.8, NS 2.5, SL 4.4, NN 2.9, EE 5.2. Colouration in life. Basic colouration of dorsum anthracite with several light brown flecks and large black, irregularly shaped spots; area below canthus rostralis and ventral edge of supratympanic fold black; basic colouration lightened to light grey on lateral surfaces of trunk and almost white on venter; dorsal surfaces of extremities light grey with dark grey, black-edged crossbars; dorsal area at tibio-tarsal articulation cream-coloured; several cream-coloured stripes along edges of jaws and similarly coloured crossbars on upper arm and on dorsal surface of fingers and toes; conspicuous, light grey stripe from between nostrils to anteriormost edge of upper jaw; venter with large light grey spots; throat, anterior portion of breast, ventral side of forelimb moderately densely speckled, ventral surface of thigh, tibia, tarsus, and postaxial sides of forelimbs heavily speckled dark brown; posterolateral portion of the throat where vocal sacs are located largely unpigmented; iris dark grey in ventral twothirds, reddish grey in dorsal third, with inner edge around pupil ruby-red. Colouration in preservative. Colours generally darker; contrast reduced; pattern still distinct; iris colour faded to bluish-grey. Variation. The male paratypes are generally very similar to the holotype in size and proportions. SVL of males varies between 31.8 mm (NMBE 1056367) and 34.0 mm (NMBE 1056368). Females are considerably larger than males with an SVL of 45.5 mm (BMNH 1978.1524) and 47.7 mm (BMNH 1978.1525). Males have vocal sacs but lack nuptial pads or asperities. TFL/SVL ratio is 0.53–0.56 (males) and 0.47–0.50 (females), HW/HL 0.96–1.03 (males) and 1.13–1.14 (females), IO/EW 0.65–0.87 (males) and 0.70–0.75 (females), and EN/NN 0.97–1.08 (males) and 1.05–1.06 (females). Advertisement call. Advertisement calls of four males including the holotype were recorded and analysed (Table 1). Values are given as mean ± SD followed by range. Air temperatures during recordings ranged between 24.3 and 24.9 °C. The advertisement consisted of long series of notes (Figure 5). Number of notes within a series was 58.7 ± 36.3 (8–289). Note repetition rate was 11.7 ± 0.3 (10.6–12.8) per second. Depending on the number of notes, calls lasted 4.9 ± 2.5 (0.6–17.4) s. Individual notes lasted 34.0 ± 4.2 (14–50) ms and were separated from each other by an interval of 51.3 ± 4.7 (36–61) ms. Each note was composed of 3.3 ± 0.5 (3–4, n = 30) rather indistinct pulses (Figure 5 C). Pulse length varied considerably between 3 and 17 ms (8.8 ± 3.7, n = 37). When pulses were discrete, the interval between individual pulses was about 2 ms. Marked frequency modulation was always observed within a note. The dominant frequency at the beginning was 8266 ± 250 (7750–9200) Hz and decreased towards the end of the note to 7622 ± 154 (7250–8100) Hz. The frequency difference between the beginning and the end of the note was 650 ± 150 (200–1200) Hz. Usually, the first note or the first two notes of a series were higher in frequency (9142 ± 90 Hz, n = 129 calls from 2 males) than the subsequent ones (Figure 5 B, C). Irregular intensity modulation was observed within a single call and a note (Figure 5). Only in the recording of one male, weak harmonics were present between 9500–9800 Hz. In phases of few calls of this male, only these harmonics were audible and the corresponding notes were only about half the length of regular notes. During the recording, this male sometimes continued the vocal sac motions between two calls but no sound was audible or traceable between 20 and 44,000 Hz in the recordings. Ecological notes and distribution. The type specimens were found in alluvial forest perching on leaves in low vegetation in the vicinity of small, slow-flowing streams. All males were encountered while calling. Most specimens were found at night, but a few were heard calling between 0 930 h and 1130 h. Tadpoles of the species remain unknown. The species occurs sympatrically with Leptolalax pictus and Leptolalax cf. gracilis. Although the type series contains only specimen from Camp 5 in Gunung Mulu National Park, we are aware that the species is also distributed in Brunei and Sabah (unpublished molecular and bioacoustic data of MM and JMD). However, most voucher specimens in herpetological collections are mislabelled as either L. dringi or L. gracilis. In addition, preliminary genetic and bioacoustic analyses of specimens and their calls from several locations in Sabah (Matsui, unpubl. data; Dehling, unpubl. data) indicate that at least one further, yet unrecognized species is present. Before the relationships between the populations from Sabah have been resolved, we therefore refrain from describing the geographic range of the new species. (0.6–15.4, n = 111) (1.1–7.2, n = 11) (1.8–3.5, n = 5) (0.9–17.4, n = 18) call interval [s] 2.7 ± 2.1 1.3 ± 0.5 8.7 ± 4.4 1.6 ± 0.4 (1.3–19.7, n = 111) (0.4–1.9, n = 10) (5.0– 14.5, n = 4) (1.2–2.5, n = 16) number of notes/call 49.0 ± 32.0 55.8 ± 24.1 28.2 ± 7.3 98.9 ± 89.4 (8–186, n = 111) (14–87, n = 11) (21–38, n = 5) (12–289, n = 18) note repetition rate [/s] 11.8 ± 0.2 11.9 ± 0.5 11.3 ± 0.4 11.8 ± 0.2 (11.2–12.1, n = 111) (10.62–12.79, n = 11) (10.87–11.76, n = 5) (11.3–12.1, n = 18) note duration [ms] 34.7 ± 4.5 35.0 ± 3.2 38.0 ± 5.8 28.1 ± 3.4 (28–44, n = 90) (29–44, n = 30) (24–50, n = 31) (14–35, n = 90) note interval [ms] 47.9 ± 4.8 47.0 ± 3.8 54.6 ± 5.2 54.6 ± 3.8 (550–750, n = 90) (200–1200, n = 30) (400–950, n = 31) (500–1100, n = 90) Comparisons. By the absence of both a ventrolateral glandular ridge and a supraaxillary macrogland, Leptolalax fritinniens differs from species of the genus occurring north of the Isthmus of Kra (in most parts corresponding to the subgenus Lalos Dubois, Grosjean, Ohler, Adler & Zhao, 2010), all of which have a ventrolateral glandular ridge and/or a supraaxillary gland, i.e. Leptolalax aereus Rowley, Stuart, Richards, Phimmachak & Sivongxay, 2010, L. alpinus Fei, Ye & Li, 1990, L. applebyi Rowley & Cao, 2009, L. bidoupensis Rowley, Le, Tran & Hoang, 2011, L. bourreti Dubois, 1983, L. croceus Rowley, Hoang, Le, Dau & Cao, 2010, L. eos Ohler, Wollenberg, Grosjean, Hendrix, Vences, Ziegler & Dubois, 2011, L. firthi Rowley, Hoang, Dau, Le & Cao, 2012, L. fuliginosus Matsui, 2006, L. khasiorum Das, Tron, Rangad & Hooroo, 2010, L. lateralis (Anderson, 1871), L. liui Fei & Ye, 1990, L. melanoleucus Matsui, 2006, L. melicus Rowley, Stuart, Thy & Emmett, 2010, L. nahangensis Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov & Ho, 1998, L. nyx Ohler, Wollenberg, Grosjean, Hendrix, Vences, Ziegler & Dubois, 2011, L. oshanensis (Liu, 1950), L. pelodytoides (Boulenger, 1893), L. pluvialis Ohler, Marquis, Swan & Grosjean, 2000, L. sungi Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov & Ho, 1998, L. tamdil Sengupta, Sailo, Lalremsanga, Das & Das, 2010, L. tuberosus Inger, Orlov & Darevsky, 1999, and L. ventripunctatus Fei, Ye & Li, 1990. From the species occurring on the Malay Peninsular and Borneo, L. fritinniens (characters in parentheses) differs in the following morphological characters: Leptolalax arayai Matsui, 1997 has a tuberculate dorsum (vs. smooth) without conspicuous markings (vs. present in L. fritinniens), has an unspotted, yellow venter (vs. venter white with black spots), orange groin and ventral sides of legs (vs. white to cream-coloured ventral side of legs and groin), and a single, medially arranged vocal sac in males (vs. bipartite; Figure 3). Leptolalax dringi Dubois, 1987 differs by a smaller size with SVL 26.6–31.3 mm in males and 36.6–38.1 mm in females (vs. SVL 31.8 –34.0 mm in males and 45.5–47.7 mm in females); iris bright red in upper third (vs. reddish grey); a relatively wider interorbital space with IO/EW 0.80–1.04 in males and 0.74–0.79 in females (vs. 0.65–0.87 and 0.70–0.75, respectively); angle of supratympanic fold being wider (vs. angle narrow); heads of males being wider than long with HW/HL 1.11–1.22 (vs. as long as wide HW/HL 0.96–1.03); and a relatively greater eye-to-nostril distance with EN/NN 0.81–0.90 in females and 0.76–0.89 in males (vs. 1.05–1.06 in females and 0.97–1.08 in males). Leptolalax gracilis (Günther, 1872) differs in having a curved supratympanic fold (vs. angular); a single medially arranged subgular vocal sac in males (vs. bipartite; Figure 3); relatively greater interorbital distance with IO/EW 0.78–0.99 in females and 0.71–0.89 in males (vs. 0.70–0.75 and 0.65–0.87, respectively); iris bright red in the upper two-fifths and dull greyish red, with a narrow ring of bright red along the pupil in the lower three-fifths (vs. iris dark-grey in ventral two-thirds, reddish grey in dorsal third, with inner edge around pupil ruby-red); male SVL 34.3 –39.0 (vs. 31.8 –34.0). Leptolalax hamidi Matsui, 1997 differs in having the venter unspotted (vs. spotted); large dark brown dorsal markings with light outlines (vs. dorsal markings small without light outlines); and a smaller size with SVL 28.0–31.0 mm in males, 36.0–43.0 mm in females (vs. 31.8 –34.0 mm in males and 45.5– 47.7 mm in females). Leptolalax heteropus (Boulenger, 1900) is much smaller with SVL of males 24.6 –26.0 mm and of female 31.7 mm (vs. 31.8 –34.0 mm in males and 45.5–47.7 mm in females) and has more developed toe webbing and distinct lateral fringes on the toes (vs. toe webbing basal, lateral fringes indistinct). Leptolalax kajangensis Grismer, Grismer & Youmans, 2004 has shorter legs with TFL/SVL 0.42 in males (vs. 0.53–0.56); a curved supratympanic fold (vs. angular); a black spot on the tympanum (vs. absent); an unpatterned venter (vs. venter spotted); and a dark brown dorsum with black pattern (vs. grey dorsum). Leptolalax kecil Matsui, Belabut, Ahmad & Yong, 2009 is much smaller with SVL of males 19.3–20.5 mm and female 25.0 mm (vs. 31.8 –34.0 mm in males and 45.5–47.7 mm in females), has a light brown dorsum with dark brown pattern (vs. grey dorsum with black spots); a black spot on the tympanum (vs. absent); a red iris (vs. iris dark grey in ventral two-thirds, reddish grey in dorsal third); and has large, conspicuous, orange pectoral glands (vs. pectoral glands hardly discernible). Leptolalax maurus Inger, Lakim, Biun & Yambun, 1997 is much smaller with SVL of the female holotype being 31.8 mm (vs. 43.5–47.7 mm in females) and SVL of the male paratype 26.1 mm (vs. 31.8 –34.0 mm in males), has a dark brown to black dorsal and ventral colouration (vs. grey dorsally and white with black spots ventrally); and a dark red iris (vs. dark grey in ventral two-thirds, reddish grey in dorsal third). Leptolalax pictus Malkmus, 1992 has an immaculate venter (vs. spotted) and has a light brown dorsum with dark brown markings with conspicuous thin light outlines (vs. dorsum grey with black pattern without distinct light outlines). Leptolalax platycephalus Dehling, 2012 has an immaculate venter (vs. spotted); a skin flap above the vent; a wider head with HW/SVL 0.37–0.38 (vs. 0.31–0.32); a greater interorbital distance with IO/EW 1.14–1.27 (vs. 0.65–0.87), rudimentary toe webbing (vs. basal), large pectoral glands (vs. hardly discernible), and different dorsal and ventral colouration. Leptolalax solus Matsui, 2006 is smaller with the only specimen, a male, having an SVL of 27.6 mm (vs. 31.8 –34.0 mm in males); has a larger pectoral gland; and a chocolate-brown, largely unpatterned dorsum (vs. dorsum grey with dark pattern). In addition to the morphological differences, Leptolalax fritinniens can be distinguished by its unique advertisement call from 20 of the 35 species of the genus, of which call characteristics are known (Malkmus & Riede 1993; Matsui 1997; Jiang et al. 2002; Malkmus et al. 2002; Xu et al. 2005; Matsui 2006; Matsui et al. 2009; Rowley & Cao 2009; Sukumaran et al. 2010; Rowley et al. 2010 a, 2010 b, 2010 c, 2011, 2012; Matsui & Dehling 2012). The advertisement call of L. fritinniens, as described by Matsui (1997), was compared to calls of recently described species (as L. dringi; Matsui 1997, 2006; Matsui et al. 2009; Rowley & Cao 2009; Rowley et al. 2010 a, 2010 b, 2010 c, 2011, 2012), and therefore, we compare the advertisement call only to those of the other Bornean species in the following: The call of L. fritinniens has a dominant frequency of 7250–9200 Hz at 24.3–24.9 °C. Although dominant frequency is known to vary over temperature (e.g. Rowley et al. 2010 c) the frequency of the call of L. fritinniens is likely to be higher than the dominant frequency of the calls of L. arayai (5400–5900 Hz, 17.4 °C), L. dringi (6050–6400 Hz, temperature unknown), L. gracilis (2600–2800 Hz, 20.0– 26.2 °C), L. hamidi (6700–7300 Hz, 22.9–24.1 °C), L. maurus (5150 Hz, temperature unknown), and L. pictus (6800–7150 Hz, 19–22 °C). Call length and number of notes within a call is very variable (0.6– 17.4 s, 8–289 notes), but on average (4.9 s, 59 notes), the calls recorded in L. fritinniens are longer and contain more notes than reported in the call of L. dringi (0.1 – 1.0 s, 2–11 notes), L. maurus (4.1 s, 15 notes), and L. pictus (1.9– 4.9 s, 12–31 notes). Marked frequency modulation like in the calls of L. fritinniens is absent in the calls of L. dringi, L. gracilis, and L. maurus. Note repetition rate is temperature-dependent but at 10.6–12.8 per second recorded for L. fritinniens at 24.3–24.9 °C it appears to be higher than in the advertisement calls of all other Bornean species (L. arayai 9.0– 9.3 /s; L. dringi 8.2– 10.3; L. gracilis 6.9–10.4; L. hamidi 9.0– 9.3; L. maurus 3.5) except L. pictus (11–13).Published as part of Dehling, J. Maximilian & Matsui, Masafumi, 2013, A new species of Leptolalax (Anura: Megophryidae) from Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, East Malaysia (Borneo), pp. 33-44 in Zootaxa 3670 (1) on pages 35-41, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3670.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/28392
Kalophrynus limbooliati Matsui, Nishikawa, Belabut, Ahmad, and Yong 2012
No full textKalophrynus limbooliati Matsui, Nishikawa, Belabut, Ahmad, and Yong, 2012 — Native. Kalophrynus limbooliati Matsui, Nishikawa, Belabut, Ahmad & Yong, 2012: 39–44, figs. 1–3. Holotype: UKMHC 705, by original designation. Type locality: “ Gunung (= Mt.) Pulai, Kpg. (Kampung = village) Sri, Kulai, State of Johor, Peninsular Malaysia (01° 36′ N, 103° 32′ E, 457 m a.s.l.)”. Lim’s Black-spotted Sticky Frog (Figure 5G) Singapore records. Calophrynus pleurostigma (non Tschudi, 1838)— Flower, 1896: 908 (Bukit Timah [BTNR]).— Boulenger, 1912: 258.—van Kampen, 1923: 102–104.—D.H. Murphy, 1973: 59. Kalophrynus pleurostigma pleurostigma (non Tschudi, 1838)—Parker, 1934: 96.— Bourret, 1942: 498.— K.K.P. Lim & C.M. Yang, 1991: 228 (Bukit Timah Nature Reserve; Rock Path [BTNR]).—L.M. Chou, 1995: 146. Kalophrynus pleurostigma (non Tschudi, 1838)—K.K.P. Lim & L.M. Chou, 1990: 57.—K.K.P. Lim, 1991a: 4 (Bukit Timah Nature Reserve).—K.K.P. Lim & F.L.K. Lim, 1992: 40, 144.—K.K.P. Lim, 1993b: 4 (Cave Path [BTNR]).—L.M. Chou et al., 1994: 93.—R. Subaraj, 1994: 15 (MacRitchie North Forest; Sime Road Forest).—K.K.P. Lim, 1994a: 212, 330.—K. Lim, 1995: 20 (North View Hut [BTNR]; Three-Stone Hill [NSSF]).—P.K.L. Ng et al., 1995: 113.—K.K.P. Lim, 1996: 50.—R. Subaraj, 1996: 101.—R.C.H. Teo & Rajathurai, 1997: 401 (Bukit Timah [BTNR]; Lower Peirce [LP]; MacRitchie; Nee Soon [NSSF]).— Manthey & Grossmann, 1997: 54.—Chan-ard et al., 1999: 14.—T.M. Leong & L.M. Chou, 1999: 118–121.— Das & Haas, 2003: 113 (Bukit Timah [BTNR]; Seletar Forest [NSSF]).— Das & Haas, 2005: 379.—T.M. Leong, 2000: 5.—K.P. Lim & F.L.K. Lim, 2002: 145.—K.K.P. Lim & T.M. Leong, 2008: 264.—N. Baker & K.P. Lim, 2008: 64, 159.— Matsui, 2009: 583, 584.—Bickford et al., 2010: 121, 123.—D.C.J. Yeo et al., 2010: 188.—K.O. Chan et al., 2011: 68 (Bukit Timah Nature Reserve).—L.L. Grismer, 2011a: 52.—T.M. Leong, 2011: 21, 22.—T.M. Leong & Gan, 2011: 25.—P.K.L. Ng et al., 2011: 468.—R. Subaraj, 2015: 53, 54, 56 (Night Safari; Project Western Boundary [= MBP]). Kalophrynus limbooliati —N. Baker & K.P. Lim, 2012: 64, 159.—Matsui et al., 2012: 39, 42, 45.—E.K. Chua, 2015: 32.—R. Subaraj, 2015: 9 (Upper Seletar Peninsula [= USNF]).—S. Subaraj, 2015: 3, 5, 7 (Mandai Range Forest; Night Safari; Project Western Boundary [= MBP]; Upper Seletar Peninsula [= USNF]).— Zug, 2015: 166.—R.C.H. Teo & Thomas, 2019: 146, 153, 174, 179 (Bukit Timah Nature Reserve; Dairy Farm Nature Park; Zhenghua Nature Park). Remarks. Previously allocated to K. pleurostigma, K. limbooliati was redescribed as a new species based on acoustic, morphological, and molecular data (Matsui et al. 2011; Matsui et al. 2012), after the authors noticed that populations from southern Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore emit different calls from northern populations. The calls of K. limbooliati highly resemble Pulchrana laterimaculata (Matsui et al. 2012) with which it occurs sympatrically over a large part of its range. Flower (1896) collected the first specimen for Singapore, and Peninsular Malaysia, at BTNR. In describing vertical forest distribution of vertebrates, Murphy (1973) described K. limbooliati as a common leaf-litter inhabitant, but did not provide any data or details. Leaving this remark aside, and unpublished museum records, another specimen of K. limbooliati was not reported until 95 years later when one was seen in a drain near the entrance of BTNR on 11 January 1991 (Lim 1991a). Certainly, this observation was downplayed and not regarded as a rediscovery or novel since the species is perceived as common. Yet, the first occurrence of it outside of BTNR was not until 28 September 1993 when a single individual was found at MNF (Subaraj 1994). Occurrence. Restricted to CNR and surrounding Nature Parks and forests. Common. Singapore conservation status. Vulnerable. Conservation priority. Lowest. IUCN conservation status. Near-Threatened [2022]. LKCNHM & NHMUK Museum specimens. Singapore (no locality): BMNH1896.6.25.99 (no date); Bukit Timah Nature Reserve : ZRC.1.11014 (15-Jun-1933), ZRC.1.1763– ZRC.1.1764 (24-Nov-1966), ZRC.1.2935 (11-Jan-1991), ZRC.1.3035– ZRC.1.3044, ZRC.1.2938– ZRC.1.2983 (10-Jan-1991), ZRC.1.9182 (20-Jan-2002), ZRC.1.8047 (08-Jun-2001), ZRC.1.8021– ZRC.1.8022 (28-Apr-2001), ZRC.1.4608– ZRC.1.4615 (09-Jun-2000), ZRC.1.3047– ZRC.1.3056 (10-Jan-1991), ZRC.1.1705 (11-Aug-1989), ZRC.1.10510 (13- Mar-2003), ZRC.1.3425 (25-Aug-1996), ZRC.1.3426 (25-Aug-1996); Hindhede Drive: ZRC.1.1562 (07- Dec-1988); Nee Soon Swamp Forest: ZRC.1.3288 (03-Jul-1995). Additional Singapore museum specimens. Singapore (no locality): FMNH; Bukit Timah: BPBM, CAS; Nee Soon [= NSSF]: BPBM. Singapore localities. Bukit Timah Nature Reserve—Dairy Farm Nature Park—Hindhede Drive—Lower Peirce— MacRitchie—MacRitchie North Forest—Mandai Bird Park—Mandai Range Forest—Nee Soon Swamp Forest—Night Safari—Sime Road Forest—Upper Seletar North Forest—Zhenghua Nature Park. Genus Kaloula Gray, 1831 (1 species)Published as part of Figueroa, Alex, Low, Martyn E. Y. & Lim, Kelvin K. P., 2023, Singapore's herpetofauna: updated and annotated checklist, history, conservation, and distribution, pp. 1-378 in Zootaxa 5287 (1) on pages 42-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5287.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/796031
Space charge and charge trapping characteristics of cross-linked polyethylene subjected to ac electric stresses
No full textThis paper reports on the result of space charge evolution in cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) planar samples of approximately 220 ?m thick. The space charge measurement technique used in this study is the PEA method. There are two phases to this experiment. In the first phase, the samples were subjected to dc 30 kVdc/mm and ac (sinusoidal) electric stress level of 30 kVpk/mm at frequencies of 1 Hz, 10 Hz and 50 Hz ac. In addition, ac space charge under 30 kVrms/mm and 60 kVpk/mm electric stress at 50 Hz was also investigated. The volts off results showed that the amount of charge trapped in XLPE sample under dc electric stress is significantly bigger than samples under ac stress even when the applied ac stresses are substantially higher. The second phase of the experiment involves studying the dc space charge evolution in samples that were tested under ac stress during the first phase of the experiment. Ac ageing causes positive charge to become more dominant over negative charge. It was also discovered that ac ageing creates deeper traps, particularly for negative charge. This paper also gave a brief overview of the data processing methods used to analyse space charge under ac electric stress
The index of scattering operators of Dirac equations, II
No full textAbstractThe index formula of scattering operators of the previous paper of the author (T. Matsui, The index of scattering operators of Dirac equations, Commun. Math. Phys.110 (1987) 553–571) is shown to hold for a wider class of potentials which contains both gauge potentials with compactly supported energy and instantontype potentials
Pelophryne ingeri Matsui 2019
No full textPelophryne ingeri Matsui, 2019 — Native. Pelophryne ingeri Matsui, 2019: 131. Holotype: KUHE 15647, by original designation. Type locality: “near a pond in Genting Highlands, State of Pahang, Malaysia (03°24’N, 101°46’E, 850 m a.s.l.)”. Inger’s Short-legged Dwarf Toad (Figure 4D) Singapore records. Nectophryne guentheri (non Boulenger, 1882)— Flower, 1896: 910 (Bukit Timah [BTNR]).— Flower, 1900: 908 (Bukit Timah [BTNR]).— Hanitsch, 1899: 11.—A.L. Butler, 1901: 698 (Bukit Timah [BTNR]).—A.L. Butler, 1904: 394 (Bukit Timah [BTNR]).—Roux, 1906: 62.— Boulenger, 1912: 268.— Hanitsch, 1912b: 18.— Boulenger, 1920a: 296.—van Kampen, 1923: 69.— Bourret, 1942: 159. Pelophryne guentheri (non Boulenger, 1882)—Barbour, 1938: 193 (after van Kampen, 1923). Pelophryne brevipes (non Peters, 1867)— Inger, 1966: 81, 82, 85–87.— Grandison, 1972: 54.—K.K.P. Lim, 1989b: 170.—K.P. Lim, 1990b: 13 (Fern Valley [BTNR]).—K.K.P. Lim & L.M. Chou, 1990: 56.—K.K.P. Lim & C.M. Yang, 1991: 221 (Fern Valley [BTNR]).—K.K.P. Lim & F.L.K. Lim, 1992: 24, 143.—L.M. Chou et al., 1994: 93.—K.K.P. Lim, 1994: 210, 330.—P.K.L. Ng et al., 1995: 112.—K.K.P. Lim, 1996: 50.—R.C.H. Teo & Rajathurai, 1997: 397 (Fern Valley [BTNR]).— Manthey & Grossmann, 1997: 42.—Chan-ard et al., 1999: 13.—T.M. Leong & L.M. Chou, 1999: 94, 96.— Iskandar & Colijn, 2000: 22.—T.M. Leong, 2000: 6.—K.P. Lim & F.L.K. Lim, 2002: 144.—Bickford et al., 2010: 123.—T.M. Leong, 2011: 22. Pelophryne signata (non Boulenger, 1895)—K.K.P. Lim & T.M. Leong, 2008: 156, 264.—N. Baker & K.P. Lim, 2008: 158.—T.M. Leong & S.C. Teo, 2009: 21–25 (Bukit Timah Nature Reserve).— Corlett, 2011a: 51.—L.L. Grismer, 2011a: 49.—T.M. Leong, 2011: 21.—T.M. Leong & Gan, 2011: 24.— P.K.L. Ng et al., 2011: 485.—N. Baker & K.P. Lim, 2012: 158.—K.Y. Chong et al., 2013: 289.— E.K. Chua, 2015: 54.—R.C.H. Teo & Thomas, 2019: 150, 179 (Bukit Timah Nature Reserve; Hindhede Quarry). Pelophryne ingeri Matsui, 2019: 135. Remarks. Through molecular analysis, Chan & Grismer (2019) showed deep divergence between P. signata populations in Borneo with those of Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra. The latter two populations, including Singapore, were subsequently redescribed as P. ingeri by Matsui (2019). Until two individuals were heard calling from Hindhede Quarry, P. ingeri was only definitively known from Fern Valley in BTNR (Teo & Thomas 2019). Early records indicate that P. ingeri was observed in Bukit Timah, but do not specify exact localities (Flower 1896; Flower 1900; Butler 1901). It remains unknown whether P. ingeri previously inhabited other parts of BTNR and whether its distribution has since retracted to Fern Valley. The recent detection of individuals calling from Hindhede Quarry suggest that P. ingeri may be expanding its range. Pelophryne ingeri was first reported from Singapore by Flower (1896) based on a specimen he examined in NHMUK that was collected by Ridley, and from two specimens he collected in Bukit Timah in 1895. After Ridley collected another specimen in 1898 (Flower 1900), and Ridley and Butler collected another in 1900 (Butler 1904), P. ingeri was not recorded again in Singapore until 89 years later when two specimens were collected on 21 November and 16 December 1989 (Lim 1990b). Occurrence. Restricted to BTNR and HHNP. Locally common. Singapore conservation status. Critically Endangered. Conservation priority. Highest. IUCN conservation status. Not Evaluated. LKCNHM & NHMUK Museum specimens. Singapore (no locality): BMNH 1895.1.8.14 (no date), BMNH 1896.6.25.97–98 (no date); Bukit Timah Nature Reserve : ZRC.1.12425– ZRC.1.12429 (24-Jun-2008), ZRC.1.1760 (27-Nov-1989). Additional Singapore museum specimens. Singapore (no locality): KU; Bukit Timah Nature Reserve: CAS. Singapore localities. Bukit Timah Nature Reserve—Hindhede Nature Park. Family Dicroglossidae Anderson, 1871 (7 species) Dicroglossidae Anderson, 1871: 38 (type genus Dicroglossus Ģnther, 1860). Genus Fejervarya Bolkay, 1915 (2 species) Rana (Fejérvárya) Bolkay, 1915: 172–178, 181, 183 (type species: Rana limnocharis Gravenhorst, 1829, by subsequent designation by Dubois, 1981: 238, 241; gender feminine).Published as part of Figueroa, Alex, Low, Martyn E. Y. & Lim, Kelvin K. P., 2023, Singapore's herpetofauna: updated and annotated checklist, history, conservation, and distribution, pp. 1-378 in Zootaxa 5287 (1) on pages 28-29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5287.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/796031
A Generalization of Linear Cryptanalysis and the Applicability of Matsui's Piling-up Lemma
No full text. Matsui's linear cryptanalysis for iterated block ciphers is generalized by replacing his linear expressions with I/O sums. For a single round, an I/O sum is the XOR of a balanced binary-valued function of the round input and a balanced binary-valued function of the round output. The basic attack is described and conditions for it to be successful are given. A procedure for finding effective I/O sums, i.e., I/O sums yielding successful attacks, is given. A cipher contrived to be secure against linear cryptanalysis but vulnerable to this generalization of linear cryptanalysis is given. Finally, it is argued that the ciphers IDEA and SAFER K-64 are secure against this generalization. Keywords. Linear cryptanalysis, differential cryptanalysis, piling-up lemma, IDEA, SAFER. 1 Introduction Linear cryptanalysis, which was introduced by Matsui in [Mat93] to attack DES, is an attack that applies to any iterated block cipher. In this paper, we develop a generalized version of linear cryptana..
The Japanese Constitution As Law and the Legitimacy of the Supreme Court\u27s Constitutional Decisions: A Response to Matsui
No full textThe Article focuses on the author\u27s comments to the article of Professor Shigenori Matsui about the conservative jurisprudence of the Japanese Supreme Court. It outlines the conduct of the Japanese Supreme Court as well as the legitimacy of its constitutional decisions. It describes an approach in the application of proportionality principle in the judicial review of fundamental constitutional rights
Kv4.2 potassium channels segregate to extrasynaptic domains and influence intrasynaptic NMDA receptor NR2B subunit expression
No full textNeurons of the intercalated cell clusters (ITCs) represent an important relay site for information flow within amygdala nuclei. These neurons receive mainly glutamatergic inputs from the basolateral amygdala at their dendritic domains and provide feed-forward inhibition to the central nucleus. Voltage-gated potassium channels type-4.2 (Kv4.2) are main players in dendritic signal processing and integration providing a key component of the A currents. In this study, the subcellular localization and distribution of the Kv4.2 was studied in ITC neurons by means of light- and electron microscopy, and compared to other types of central principal neurons. Several ultrastructural immunolocalization techniques were applied including pre-embedding techniques and, most importantly, SDS-digested freeze-fracture replica labeling. We found Kv4.2 densely expressed in somato-dendritic domains of ITC neurons where they show a differential distribution pattern as revealed by nearest neighbor analysis. Comparing ITC neurons with hippocampal pyramidal and cerebellar granule cells, a cell type- and domain-dependent organization in Kv4.2 distribution was observed. Kv4.2 subunits were localized to extrasynaptic sites where they were found to influence intrasynaptic NMDA receptor subunit expression. In samples of Kv4.2 knockout mice, the frequency of NR1-positive synapses containing the NR2B subunit was significantly increased. This indicates a strong, yet indirect effect of Kv4.2 on the synaptic content of NMDA receptor subtypes, and a likely role in synaptic plasticity at ITC neurons. © 2012 The Author(s)
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