505 research outputs found
Conduction and Breakdown Mechanisms in Low-k Spacer and Nitride Spacer Dielectric Stacks in Middle of Line Interconnects
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Miscellaneous Articles Written in U.S. Army Publications, 1971-1976
Get PDFWhile in US Army Basic and Advanced Infantry Training in Fall of 1970, Dale Croes began to explore his interest in Northwest Coast Anthropology. He was assigned to the 122nd Public Information Detachment and wrote newsletter articles for the Army newspaper reflecting history topics, and some archaeological investigations, from 1970 until Honorably Discharged in 1976. Samples of these articles are included here along with original photographs by the author
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Pacific Northwest Archaeological Society (PNWAS) News Bulletins, 1997
Get PDFThese are the 1997 Pacific Northwest Archaeological Society (PNWAS) News Bulletins with activities of the society for that year. 1997 included talks held at U.S. West Auditorium in downtown Seattle mostly emphasizing the early peoples of the Northwest including a talk on West Coast Archaeology in British Columbia. There were lots of fieldtrips in 1997, including visits to Tillicum Village, NWC Indian Cultural Center with artist/author Hilary Stewart, and the 20-year reunion at the Hoko River Archaeological Site.We have included a spreadsheet for each year of PNWAS and attached News Bulletins for that year to document our 40-year history. As Director, Dale Croes compiled each of these News Bulletins.As originally stated in our founding in 1985, the Pacific Northwest Archaeological Society (PNWAS) is a membership organization that “offers a means for individuals and organizations to declare their support for the preservation of the rich archaeological resources in our region and help to bring public archaeology programs to people of the Pacific Northwest. Benefits of membership include timely information on Northwest archaeological research, a bi-monthly lecture series and opportunity to participate in professionally supervised research in the Northwest.” PNWAS was incorporated as a non-profit organization in the state of Washington and has remained true to these original objectives. Dale Croes remained the Executive Director throughout these 40 years, with a President, Vice-President and other Officers on the Board. The best way to view the overall history of PNWAS activities is to review the PNWAS News Bulletins, 1985-2025
Electromigration-induced void evolution and failure of Cu/SiCN hybrid bonds
No full textThe realization of high interconnect densities for three-dimensional integration demands development of new wafer-to-wafer bonding approaches. Recently introduced Cu-to-Cu wafer-to-wafer hybrid bonding schemes overcome scaling limitations, but like other Cu-based interconnect structures, they are prone to electromigration. Migration and growth of voids, induced by electromigration and mechanical stress, cause Cu-to-Cu hybrid bonds to fail. A comprehensive modeling approach is required to fully understand the complex dynamics of voids with their influencing factors, such as current density, temperature, and mechanical stress. In this work, we utilize such a modeling approach to perform studies of void migration through Cu-to-Cu hybrid bonds. The calculated velocities of the evolving void surface fully correspond to the experimentally observed behavior of voids migrating from the lower pad to the upper diffusion barrier of the upper pad, where they cause electrical failure. The migration velocity of a void in the upper pad is 20% higher than the migration velocity of a void in the bottom pad. Unbalance of the normal velocity distribution at the void surface leads to the transformation of the originally ellipsoid void into a teardrop shape. The simulations provide full insight in the impact of layout geometry, material properties, and operating conditions on void dynamics. In addition, the results enable targeted adjustments of the influencing factors to inhibit void migration and growth in order to delay or to fully prevent Cu-to-Cu hybrid bond failure
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Pacific Northwest Archaeological Society (PNWAS) News Bulletins, 1996
Get PDFThese are the 1996 Pacific Northwest Archaeological Society (PNWAS) News Bulletins with activities of the society for that year. 1996 included talks held at U.S. West Auditorium in downtown Seattle mostly emphasizing our early Circum-Pacific archaeology and evolution. Talks included themes on the book End of Evolution, the East Wenatchee Clovis site, and 9,000-year-old Kennewick Man. There were lots of fieldtrips, including visits to CWU CHIMPosium, artist/author Hilary Stewart on Quadra Island, B.C., and the Manis Mastodon Site in Sequim, WA. Workshops included working with master basketmaker Hazel Pete at her home on Chehalis Reservation.We have included a spreadsheet for each year of PNWAS and attached News Bulletins for that year to document our 40-year history. As Director, Dale Croes compiled each of these News Bulletins.As originally stated in our founding in 1985, the Pacific Northwest Archaeological Society (PNWAS) is a membership organization that “offers a means for individuals and organizations to declare their support for the preservation of the rich archaeological resources in our region and help to bring public archaeology programs to people of the Pacific Northwest. Benefits of membership include timely information on Northwest archaeological research, a bi-monthly lecture series and opportunity to participate in professionally supervised research in the Northwest.” PNWAS was incorporated as a non-profit organization in the state of Washington and has remained true to these original objectives. Dale Croes remained the Executive Director throughout these 40 years, with a President, Vice-President and other Officers on the Board. The best way to view the overall history of PNWAS activities is to review the PNWAS News Bulletins, 1985-2025
Non-invasive soft breakdown localisation in low k dielectrics using photon emission microscopy and thermal laser stimulation
No full text© 2018 Elsevier Ltd For the first time a non-invasive localisation of a soft breakdown (SBD) is shown. The localisation is completed on fully functional back end of line (BEOL) test structures. The test structures used, provided by the interuniversity microelectronics centre (imec), are metal insulator semiconductor (MIS) structures. The low k dielectric within the test structures is SiOCH type with OSG 2.0 (k = 2.0), 45% porosity and 40 nm thickness. Contacless faul isolation methods have been evaluated for detecting a SBD on these structures. We evaluated photon emission microscopy (PEM) with two different signal detectors, the Si – CCD and the InGaAs camera. A proof of concept for detecting a SBD with themal laser stimulation (TLS) is presented. Using a Si – CCD and up to 2000 s integration time, photon emission (PE) signals from a 2 μm × 2 μm test structure with a leakage current less than 1 nA are presented. With the InGaAs detector a localised SBD from a 2 μm × 2 μm test structure with a leakage current of 100 pA is shown. The detected SBDs have a resistance of 33 GΩ and 260 GΩ respectively thus the level of degradation is several orders of magnitude lower compared to a hard breakdown (HBD). Up to now it was only possible to localise defects at higher levels of degradation. Due to the high energy at these levels, original defect signatures for SBD are usually destroyed. To better control the process of degradation, a way to nearly freeze the degradation process is shown. This method was used to detect a 1 nA leakage current of a 2 μm × 2 μm structure with a resistance of 35 GΩ using optical beam induced resistance change (OBIRCH) which is a similar contactless fault isolation (CFI) method to TLS. The presented SBD localisations allow to plan accurate physical preparations for the first time. Physical analysis of PEM localised SBD and HBD have been performed and compared. Possibilities to further improve the presented SBD detection levels are discussed for OBIRCH. Limitations for PEM with Si – CCD and InGaAs detectors as a CFI for SBDs are discussed.status: Publishe
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Entering the American Continent: The Chehalis River Hypothesis
Get PDFWe start with a vignette describing the movement of Pacific Rim, continental shelf peoples along the glaciated Northwest Coast, probably for generations, never seeing to the east anything but towering sheets of ice. Moving along the Olympic Peninsula ice fields, all of a sudden, no ice to the southeast. We reflect on what might have happened next, as a new species, human beings, first enter and begin to occupy the Second Earth—the American Continent. Our specific entry hypothesis is relatively new, following author Croes’ remembering Northwest Archaeologist Alan Bryan, who suggested we look to the Chehalis River for evidence of first peoples. We also look at the still meager evidence of Clovis peoples movements into the Southern Salish Sea
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