8,449 research outputs found
Physical and chemical properties in rhizosphere soils of Chamaeyparis formosensis,Cryptomeria japonica and Phyllostachys pubescens in a temperate rain forest
No full textDecentralisation and Policy Implementation: Thai Development Plans and Subdistrict Administrative Organisation (SAO) in Chiang Rai
No full textMoves to decentralise the government‘s administrative system has been one of the most important development issues in Thailand over the past two decades. These moves are seen most clearly in the establishment of the Subdistrict Administrative Organisation (SAO) across Thailand as the fundamental governing unit at the local administrative level. Decentralisation was introduced as a means of increasing the effectiveness of local government, promoting the transmission of power to the local people and encouraging greater local participation in policy making. The Ninth National Economic and Social Development Plan (2002-2006) promoted the development of the SAO to strengthen local government. The main purposes of decentralisation have been to balance the development of human, social, economic and environmental resources so as to achieve sustainable people-centred development, and promote the role of officials at the local level to increase the power of local government. The thesis examines implementation of this policy, drawing from theories on implementation in terms of 'top-down' and 'bottom-up' approaches, and policy implementation failure. Propositions are derived from these theories for testing in the research. The combination of the two approaches offers insights into key factors in policy implementation and what is needed to achieve better policy implementation. This study focuses on 1) the capacity of an SAO to implement the policies set out by central government, 2) the capacity of staff to determine and implement the policy, 3) the adequacy of revenue available to the SAO for policy implementation, 4) the extent of autonomy from central government to the SAO in providing public services, and 5) the nature and extent of participation by the people in Chiang Rai province in issues of policy formulation and implementation. Staff drawn from 45 government agencies at three different levels (central, provincial and local levels) in Chiang Rai provide the sample group for this study. This thesis found that the concept of decentralisation in Thailand was still new for both the Thai people and officials, and that the old bureaucratic systems continued to prevail. Local governance continues to be overseen partly by appointed personnel and the SAOs still rely heavily on central government for a wide range of matters. The lack of support from central government, insufficient revenue allocated to SAOs, inadequate autonomy, and various other deficiencies have limited the implementation of the policy. This study concludes that the government must eliminate problems arising from adherence to the old bureaucratic systems at local, provincial and central government levels if the policy of decentralisation is to succeed. Further, central government must ensure that staff who implement its decentralisation policy have the capabilities and experiences to implement the policy. The government also needs to ensure that the support is provided to the SAOs for the policy implementation process if the intended goals are to be achieved
Lower Permian conodonts from Palaeo-Tethys Ocean Plate Stratigraphy in the Chiang Mai-Chiang Rai Suture Zone, northern Thailand
No full textLower Permian (lower Sakmarian) conodonts are reported from a coherent section of Ocean Plate Stratigraphy, and from a limestone block in the Palaeo-Tethys suture zone between Lamphun and Lampang, south of Chiang Mai, northern Thailand. Conodont species from both the pelagic limestones of the OPS section and the limestone block are deep-water forms with distinctive biogeographic affinities comparable to faunas of the Urals and North American Mid-Continent. A new name, Chiang Mai-Chiang Rai Suture Zone, is here proposed for the Palaeo-Tethys suture in northern Thailand that forms the boundary between the Sibumasu Terrane and the Sukhothai Arc terrane. The Inthanon Zone of northern Thailand is interpreted as representing a fold and thrust belt west of the Chiang Mai-Chiang Rai Suture Zone, which comprises Sibumasu Terrane continental margin rocks and remnant klippen of Chiang Mai-Chiang Rai Suture Zone rocks thrust as a nappe westward during the Triassic collision between Sibumasu and the Sukhothai Arc/Indochina Terrane
Search for Rare B→VV Decays, Including B→ρ0 ρ0, B→K*0 anti-K*0, and B→K*0 K*0
No full text在本論文中我們測量了 B 介子衰變至兩個向量介子（VV）的機率，包括 B0 → ρ0 ρ0，B0 → K*0 anti-K*0 以及 B0 → K*0 K*0。此次實驗的測量結果是根據由 Belle 偵測器所收集到約六億五千七百萬個 B 與 反 B 介子事件而得到。我們也另外測量了所有可能 B 介子衰變至 π+π-π+π-，K+π-K-π+ 以及 K+π-K+π- 最終態的機率。測量結果顯示這些衰變模式的機率分別為：B0 → ρ0 ρ0 的衰變機率小於 1.0 × 10-6；B0 → K*0 anti-K*0 的衰變機率小於 0.8 × 10-6；B0 → K*0 K*0 的衰變機率小於 0.2 × 10-6。根據 B0 → ρ0 ρ0 衰變機率的測量結果，我們進一步縮小了電荷宇稱破壞裡其中一個係數（φ2）的範圍到 91.7±14.9 度。此外，我們也發現 B 介子衰變有可能衰變到 ρ0π+π-，非共振態 π+π-π+π- 以及非共振態 K+π-π+π，因此我們也分別給出了這些 B 介子衰變模式的機率以及其上限。1 Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 C P Violation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 .1 The Standard Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 .2 The Kobayashi-Maskawa Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 .3 Quantum Mechancis of B Decays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 .4 Three Catagories of C P Violation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 .5 Upsilon(4S) -> BB Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.6 B0-B0 Mixing and B decays to CP Eigenstates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 The B ->VV Decays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 .1 General Formalism of Angular Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 .2 Helicity Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 .3 Transverse Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 .4 B0 ->rho0 rho0 Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 .5 B0 ->K*0 anti-K*0 and B0 -> K*0 K*0 Decays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 The KEKB Accelerator and Belle Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 .1 The KEKB Accelerator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 .2 The Beam Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 .3 Silicon Vertex Detector (SVD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 .4 Extreme Forward Calorimeter (EFC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 .5 Central Drift Chamber (CDC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 .6 Aerogel ̆Cerenkov Counter (ACC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 .7 Time of Flight (TOF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 .8 Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 .9 KL and Muon Detector (KLM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 The Preliminary of Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 .1 Particle Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 .1.1 Kaon/Pion Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 .1.2 Electron Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 .1.3 Muon Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 .2 Flavor Tagging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 .2.1 Flavor Tagging Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 .2.2 Track-level Flavor Tagging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 .2.3 Event-level Flavor Tagging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 .3 Kinematic Fit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 .4 Particle Selection and Cuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Event Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 .1 Mbc and Delta E Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81.2 M (pi+pi-) vs. M(pi+pi-) Dalitz plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.3 M (K+pi-) vs. M (K-pi+) Dalitz plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.4 b -> c Veto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 .5 Pcm(3pi) and M(3pi) Cuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Monte Carlo Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 .1 Signal B Decays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 .2 b -> u, d, s Background (Rare B Decays) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 .3 b -> c Background (Generic B Decays) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 .4 e+e- -> qq (q=u,d,s and c) (Continuum Background) . . . . . . . . . 91 Continuum Background Suppression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 .1 Event Shape Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 .1.1 Thrust Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 .1.2 Sphericity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 .1.3 B Flight Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 .1.4 Super Fox-Wolfram Momenta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 .2 Fisher Discriminant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 .3 Combined Event Shape Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 .4 Likelihood Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 .5 Figure of Merit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Signal Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106 .1 4-D ML Fit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 .2 4-D ML Fit Bias Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 .3 2-D ML Fit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 .4 Mbc and Delta E PDFs Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113.5 Decay Branching Fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 0 Pro jections of Data Fits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 0.1 B0 -> rho0 rho0 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 0.2 B0 -> K*0 anti-K*0 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 0.3 B0 -> K*0 K*0 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 1 Cross Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134 1.1 The Branching Fractions of Control Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 1.2 The Branching Fraction of B0 -> phi K*0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 1.3 Signal Yields in B0 -> K*0 K*0 Signal Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 2 Systematic Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141 2.1 B0 -> rho0 rho0 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 2.2 B0 -> K*0 anti-K*0 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 2.3 B0 -> K*0 K*0 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 3 Conclusions and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147 3.1 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 3.2 Constraints on CKM Phase 3.3 Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 4-D ML Fit PDFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157 .1 B0 -> K*0 anti-K*0 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 4-D ML Fit Bias Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163 .1 B0 -> rho0 rho0 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 .2 B0 -> K*0 anti-K*0/K*0 K*0 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 166 .3 PULL Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 ibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Morimospasma granulutum Chiang 1981
No full textMorimospasma granulutum Chiang, 1981 (Fig. 9) Morimospasma granulutum, Chiang, 1981: 80; Chiang et at., 1985: 103; Hua, 2002: 217; Hua et al., 2009: 230, 373; Hubweber et al., 2010: 268. Body size. Female: length 14.5 mm, maximum width of elytra 7.5 mm (based on originally description). Material examined. No materials are available for this study. Distribution. China: Shaanxi. Comments. The holotype was not found in the collection of Southwest University. The species was originally described based on a female specimen collected from Mianxian, Shaanxi. According to the original description, it is different from the other species (except M. nitidituberculatus Hua) of the genus by the female antenna being distinctly shorter than the body; it is different from M. nitidituberculatus Hua by the elytra without large tubercles arranged in longitudinal rows. Wang (2005) recorded that the species was distributed in Guizhou based on a male specimen collected from Dashahe Nature Reserve. However, after checking the specimen carefully, the first author found that it was misidentified. In fact, it represents an undescribed species that is described in this paper.Published as part of Xie, Guanglin, Zou, Xia & Wang, Wenkai, 2014, Note on the genus Morimospasma Ganglbauer with description of two new species from China (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae), pp. 441-450 in Zootaxa 3873 (4) on pages 443-445, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3873.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/22715
Dynamics of kinship and the uncertainties of life: Spirit cults and healing management in northern Thailand
No full textThis thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel University.This thesis is about kinship, health and healing in a Northern Thai village. Although
traditional spirit mediums and spirit cult observances in Chiang Mai city are in
decline and have led to a breakdown of the matrilineal system, in the village of Baan
Yang Luang in Mae Chaem district the belief in matrilineal spirits and ancestors is
still maintained in interesting counterpoint to social change. The power of spirits is
used to manage human suffering-whether sickness, death or agricultural failure.
Kinship in Mae Chaem is based on the relationship between humans and ancestral
spirits or lineage guardian spirits. Illness is thought to derive from conflicts among
humans or between humans and spirits. Healing is attained by the reforming and
reshaping of relationships, and by the reconciliation of conflicted parties. The thesis investigates how matrilineal spirit cults, personhood, and social relatedness are
created, shaped and transformed through the struggles of illness and healing management. It examines the complex relations among illness, kinship and personhood in reincarnation, healing, lineage recruitment, sacrifice, and spirit worship. In conclusion, it explores the mutual relationship between the two processes: kinship transformation and healing management, both of which depend crucially on
power relations within the society. People use the dynamic aspects of the kinship
system to interpret and manage illness; at the same time, illness is used as a means to
reform and maintain the fluidity of kin relationships. The dynamic systems of health
and kinship enable people to create, choose, negotiate and participate in the
transformation of social relations and identity, in order to cope with a changing
society. Finally, I hope this study will shed light on how identity, kinship,
personhood, and lay medical knowledge are conceived, created and sustained from an
emic perspective.This work is funded by the Thai Govenment and Chiang Mai University
Ultrafast cell switching for recording cell surface transitions: new insights into epidermal growth factor receptor signalling
Get PDFA pinched-flow deflection technology was developed for rapidsingle cell switching between biochemical microenvironments.Millisecond switching was used to stimulate and preserve epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) autophosphorylation transitions. Intramolecular phosphorylation initiates signal transduction, is silenced by phosphatase activity until EGFR dimerization enables intermolecular phosphorylation to initiate downstream signalling
Epinnula rex Ho, Motomura, Hata & Chiang
No full textEpinnula rex Ho, Motomura, Hata & Chiang, nomen novum urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 689988A0-823E-4EFC-85A8-2D485860BC3B Type series. As listed in Ho et al. (2017). Other materials. KAUM –I. 117161, 468.0 mm SL, Ishigaki Island, Yaeyama Islands, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, 24 July 2018, coll. H. Hirasaka; KAUM –I. 141344, 820.0 mm SL, Ishigaki Island, 630–660 m depth, 5 Mar. 2017, H. Hirasaka; KAUM –I. 164522, 190.2 mm SL, Kumano-nada, off Kiinagashima, Kihoku, Mie Prefecture, Japan, 34°10′53″N, 136°21′16″E, 15 Dec. 2015; KAUM –I. 165071, 194.2 mm SL, Enshu-nada, off Omaezaki, Aichi Prefecture, Japan, 34°22′N, 138°11′E, 25 Dec. 2020, FRV Daihachi-tokai-maru; NMMB-P 20645, 285 mm SL, Daxi, Yilan, 22 Oct. 2011, coll. H.-C. Ho. NMMB-P 34200, 471 mm SL, Keelung fish market, 26 May 2020, coll. C.N. Tang; NSMT-P 143547, 736.9 mm SL, Ishigaki Island, 9 Dec. 2021, coll. H. Hirasaka. Etymology. The specific name means “king” in Latin, used as a noun, as an homage to its Atlantic congener Epinnula magistralis which was named for “master” in Latin. Remarks. Although being treated as a subspecies of what is now recognized as Neoepinnula orientalis, Grey (1953) pointed out the differences between E. o. pacifica (from Japan) and E. o. orientalis (from South Africa), which may be recognized as two different species after further study. The availability of Epinnula o. pacifica (now under Neoepinnula) requires that the 2017 E. pacifica have an amended name under the principle of homonymy. As such, a replacement name is provided. The new replacement name will take the same type series, as well as the same authorship with one change. For this nomen novum, we would like to correct the name of the fourth author (WCC) whose surname should be changed to Chiang.Published as part of Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Motomura, Hiroyuki, Hata, Harutaka & Chiang, Wei-Chuan, 2022, Epinnula rex nom. nov., a replacement name for Epinnula pacifica Ho, Motomura Hata & Jiang, 2017 (Teleostei: Gempylidae), pp. 199-200 in Zootaxa 5141 (2) on page 199, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5141.2.8, http://zenodo.org/record/658172
Short-term effects of air pollution and temperature on daily morbidity in Chiang Mai Thailand
Get PDFAir pollution is associated with mortality and morbidity worldwide. Hot and cold temperature is also related to increased deaths and possibly hospital visits and admissions in many settings. Climate change is anticipated to pose increasing risks of deaths and illnesses associated with air pollution and temperature variations, particularly in developing world. To date, research studies about health effects of air pollution and temperature have been conducted in developed countries with cool climate more than in developing countries with subtropical or tropical climate. Furthermore, studies to identify susceptible populations are still limited. This study aims to investigate heath effects of air pollution and temperature and to identify people who are more susceptible to air pollution and temperature in a developing, tropical country, Thailand.
A regression analysis of retrospective time series data was employed to assess the shortterm effects of air pollution and temperature on daily out-patient visits and hospital admissions in Chiang Mai, Thailand, from October 2002 to September 2006. Generalised negative binomial regression was used to model the relationships between the exposure and health outcomes, controlling for seasonal patterns and other possible potential confounders. Lag effects up to 4 days for air pollution, and up to 13 days for temperature were considered. Effect modification by age, sex, occupation, season, and previous out-patient visits before admissions were also examined.
There were positive, but not significant, effects of air pollution for some pollutants (particularly for S02), with notably larger effect sizes compared to previous studies in Western countries. There was evidence of hot temperature effects (though wide confidence intervals), with an increase in diabetic visits of 26.3% (95% Cl, 7.1% to 49.0%), and in circulatory visits of 19.2% (95% Cl, 7.0% to 32.8%) for each 1°C increase in temperature above 29°C. There was a rise of both the visits (3.7% increase, 95% Cl, 1.5% to 5.9%) and admissions (5.8% increase, 95% Cl, 2.3% to 9.3%) due to intestinal infectious disease for each 1°C increase across the whole temperature range. Despite no statistically significant differences between subgroups, air pollution effects were stronger in the elderly, females and manual workers, whereas temperature effects were stronger in the elderly, male and unemployed people.
This study suggests that while there was little evidence of air pollution effects, there was significant evidence of high temperature effects on daily morbidity in Chiang Mai. The elderly seemed to be more vulnerable to the daily changes of both air pollution and temperature
Organic Sweet Pepper Production by Bio-extract in Hydroponics Culture for Replacing Chemical Nutrient Fertilizer using on Pong- yang Mae-Rim District Chiang Mai Province
No full textThe objective of this study was the application of bio-extract for sweet pepper cultivation using hydroponics system for the farmer in Pong yang community, Mae Rim district, Chiang Mai. Three aspects were studied; i.e. 1) the community base research about Pong yang community basically data and the situation about sweet pepper farm 2) the investigation on bio-extract production from wasted vegetables and ripen fruits and 3) the application of bio-extract for the cultivation of sweet pepper. It was found that the Pong yang sub-district is an important agricultural area for sweet pepper production of Chiang Mai using hydroponics system. The nutrients were supplied to sweet pepper in the form of solution and dropped. One crop of sweet pepper cultivation is 209-330 days and consume chemical fertilizer and hormone totally 25 sets. Production cost is about 120,000-130,000 baht.
The production of bio-extract from raw materials composing of wasted vegetables obtained from the Royal Project factory, Chiang Mai and ripens fruits purchased from Maung Mai market, Chaing Mai was studied. The 5 different instant starters; i.e. MMO-01, MMO-02, MMO-03, PD.2 and PD.3, were used. Subsequently, the quality of every formula of bio-extract was analyzed to select the most suitable bio-extract. The results showed that the MMO-02 produced the highest quality bio-extract comparing to the other starters. After 5 weeks of fermentation, lactic acid was detected as 7.94 (log[cfu/ml]) while the growth of Salmonella-Shigella spp. was inhibited since week 1. The organic matter content, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, total calcium and total magnesium were 13.78, 0.28, 0.08, 1.18, 0.24 and 0.20 %, respectively. Moreover, pH and conductivity (EC) were 3.99 and 15.06 dS/m, respectively. Therefore, MMO-02 was selected for the production of bio-extract from wasted vegetables and ripens fruits.
The bio-extract was tested for its efficiency in sweet pepper production using hydroponic system. The experiment was divided into 6 treatments; i.e. water, chemical fertilizer, mixture of chemical fertilizer and bio-extract (8 folds dilution) in the ratio of 1:1, bio-extract (8 folds dilution), bio-extract (16 folds dilution) and bio-extract (32 folds dilution). The height, tree characters, number of fruit, accumulated N, P, K, Ca and Mg content were recorded. The results showed that the growth and development of sweet pepper fed with bio-fertilizer were normal but less than those fed with chemical fertilizer. However, the treatments that fed with bio-fertilizer showed better results than control (water). It might be concluded that bio-extract could be used to reduce the production cost of sweet pepper production. However, the suitable concentration of bio-extract has to be studied in detail.การศึกษาวิจัยในครั้งนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อการประยุกต์ใช้น้ำสกัดทางชีวภาพในการปลูกพริกหวานด้วยระบบไฮโดรโปนิกสำหรับเกษตรกรตำบลโป่งแยง อำเภอแม่ริม จังหวัดเชียงใหม่ โดยมีการศึกษาวิจัย 3 ประเด็น คือ 1) การศึกษาข้อมูลพื้นฐานและสภาพการณ์การปลูกพริกหวานของเกษตรกรตำบลโป่งแยง 2) การศึกษากระบวนการหมักน้ำสกัดทางชีวภาพจากผักและผลไม้ 3) การทดลองการใช้น้ำสกัดชีวภาพในการปลูกพริกหวานในระดับแปลงเพาะปลูก ซึ่งพบว่าตำบลโป่งแยงเป็นแหล่งเกษตรกรรมพืชเศรษฐกิจ พริกหวานที่สำคัญแห่งหนึ่งของเชียงใหม่ โดยใช้ระบบการปลูกแบบไม่ใช้ดิน (hydropronic) มีการให้ปุ๋ยและธาตุอาหารกับพริกหวานในรูปแบบสารละลายด้วยระบบน้ำหยด โดยใน 1 ชุดการปลูกพริกหวานซึ่งมีระยะเวลา 209-330 วัน ใช้มีการใช้ปุ๋ยเคมีและฮอร์โมนรวมจำนวน 25 ชุดๆ คิดเป็นต้นทุนประมาณ 120,000-130,000 บาท
คณะผู้วิจัยได้ทำการศึกษาการผลิตน้ำสกัดชีวภาพจากวัตถุดิบที่ประกอบไปด้วยเศษผักเหลือทิ้งจากโรงงานโครงการหลวง จังหวัดเชียงใหม่ และผลไม้สุกงอมที่ได้จากตลาดเมืองใหม่ จังหวัดเชียงใหม่ โดยใช้หัวเชื้อจุลินทรีย์สำเร็จรูปต่างกันจำนวน 5 ชนิด ได้แก่ สูตร MMO-01, MMO-02, MMO-03, พด.2 และ พด.3 จากนั้นทำการวิเคราะห์คุณภาพของน้ำสกัดชีวภาพแต่สูตร เพื่อคัดเลือกสูตรที่ดีที่สุดและนำไปใช้ต่อไป ผลการทดลองพบว่าหัวเชื้อสูตร MMO-02 สามารถใช้ผลิตน้ำสกัดชีวภาพจากผักและผลไม้ที่มีคุณภาพดีที่สุดเมื่อเทียบกับการใช้หัวเชื้อสูตรอื่นๆ โดยพบว่าเมื่อสิ้นสุดการหมักในสัปดาห์ที่ 5 สามารถตรวจพบเชื้อแบคทีเรียแลกติกจำนวน 7.94 (log[cfu/ml]) ยับยั้งการเจริญของ Salmonella-Shigella spp. ได้ตั้งแต่สัปดาห์ที่ 1 พบปริมาณอินทรีย์วัตถุ ไนโตรเจนทั้งหมด ฟอสฟอรัสทั้งหมด โพแทสเซียมทั้งหมด แคลเซียมทั้งหมด และแมกนีเซียมทั้งหมด เท่ากับ 13.78, 0.28, 0.08, 1.18, 0.24 และ 0.20 เปอร์เซ็นต์ ตามลำดับ มีค่าความเป็นกรด-ด่างและค่าการนำไฟฟ้าเท่ากับ 3.99 และ 15.06 dS/m ตามลำดับ จึงได้คัดเลือกหัวเชื้อสูตรนี้สำหรับผลิตน้ำสกัดชีวภาพจากผักและผลไม้เพื่อใช้ทดแทนปุ๋ยเคมีสำหรับปลูกพริกหวานต่อไป
การทดสอบประสิทธิภาพของน้ำหมักชีวภาพที่ได้จากวัสดุเหลือใช้ทางการเกษตรกับต้นกล้าพริกหวานในระบบไฮโดรโปนิค โดยการทดลองแบ่งเป็น 6 กรรมวิธี คือ น้ำ ปุ๋ยเคมี ปุ๋ยเคมีผสมน้ำหมักเจือจาง 8 เท่าในอัตราส่วน 1:1 น้ำหมักเจือจาง 8 เท่า น้ำหมักเจือจาง 16 เท่า และน้ำหมักเจือจาง 32 เท่า บันทึกความสูง ลักษณะต้น จำนวนผล และวิเคราะห์ปริมาณธาตุไนโตรเจน (N) ฟอสฟอรัส (P) โพแทสเซียม (K) แคลเซียม (Ca) และแมกนีเซียม (Mg) ที่สะสมในต้นพริกหวานพบว่า การใช้น้ำหมักที่เจือจาง 16 เท่า และ 32 เท่า สามารถทำให้พริกหวานมีการเจริญและพัฒนาการได้ตามปกติ แม้จะน้อยกว่าการใช้การปุ๋ยเคมี แต่ยังให้ผลดีกว่าการใช้น้ำ การใช้น้ำหมักชีวภาพสามารถนำมาใช้ลดการใช้ปุ๋ยเคมีที่มีราคาสูงได้ เพื่อลดต้นทุนการผลิต แต่ต้องมีการทดสอบความเข้มข้นที่เหมาะสมของน้ำหมักชีวภาพก่อนนำไปใช้จริงมหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏเชียงใหม่,สำนักงานคณะกรรมการวิจัยแห่งชาต
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