341 research outputs found
Fate of lignin and substituted xylan during commercial cultivation of Agaricus bisporus
No full textWheat straw based compost is the substrate for commercial growth of Agaricus bisporus mushrooms, but it is unknown to which extent the carbohydrate-lignin matrix changes and how much is metabolized during commercial cultivation. In this paper we report yields and remaining structures of the major compost carbohydrates and lignin. Hereto, a mass balance was conducted in a tunnel-experiment at industrial scale, and total dry matter, cellulose, hemicellulosic xylan and lignin were quantified (Jurak et al., 2015a). Remaining (substituted) xylan structures were extracted and analysed in detail by enzymatic fingerprinting with use of HPAEC and MALDI-TOF MS. Remaining lignin structures were subjected to analytical pyrolysis GC/MS and typical lignin units were determined. In addition, to determine why certain fractions remain unused in the compost, activities of water extracted carbohydrate degrading enzymes were analysed for their ability to degrade a range of polysaccharides (Jurak et al., 2015b,c). During growth of A. bisporus, carbohydrates were only slightly consumed and xylan was partially degraded. At the same time, lignin was metabolized for 45% based on pyrolysis GC/MS. Remaining lignin was modified, as observed by an increase in the ratio of syringyl (S) to guaiacyl (G) units from 0.5 to 0.7 during growth, while fewer decorations on the phenolic skeleton of both S and G units remained (Jurak et al., 2015a). During mushroom formation, mainly endo-xylanase, endo-glucanase, β-xylosidase and β-glucosidase activities were determined in the compost extracts. Arabinofuranosidase activity able to remove arabinosyl residues from doubly substituted xylosyl residues nor α-glucuronidase activity were detected (Jurak et al., 2015b). The latter correlated with the observed accumulation of xylan fragments substituted with arabinosyl and glucuronic acid substituents in the compost towards the end of the cultivation (Jurak et al., 2015c). Hence, it was concluded that compost grown A. bisporus lacks the ability to degrade and consume highly substituted xylan fragments
How mushrooms feed on compost: conversion of carbohydrates and linin in industrial wheat straw based compost enabling the growth of Agaricus bisporus
No full textAbstract In this thesis, the fate of carbohydrates and lignin was studied in industrial wheat straw based compost during composting and growth of Agaricus bisporus. The aim was to understand the availability and degradability of carbohydrates in order to help improve their utilization in the compost. The wheat straw based compost was characterized as being composed mainly of cellulose and lowly substituted xylan. During the first phase of composting, ester-bound substituents were removed from the xylan backbone and during the second phase of composting 50% of carbohydrates present in the original material where metabolized in a uniform manner. Lignin structure, however, remained unaltered during these composting stages. Over the period of A. bisporus mycelium growth, 20% of the original xylan became water soluble while xylan structures remained rather similar and the remaining water insoluble xylan was partially degraded. In addition, 40% of lignin was metabolized during mycelium growth with an increase in the ratio of syringyl to guaiacyl lignin units from 0.5 to 0.7 in mycelium grown compost compared to the basic compost mixture. During the fruiting body formation minor changes in lignin structure occurred, while accumulation of xylan substituents was observed for arabinosyl residues and glucuronic acid substituents. Finally, putative genes encoding carbohydrate degrading enzymes were identified in A. bisporus’ genome. Genes involved in the pentose and hexose catabolic pathway were found to be upregulated in A. bisporus mycelium. A. bisporus was found to produce both xylan and cellulose degrading enzymes and maximum activity was observed during the formation of the 1st flush of mushrooms. But, as observed from the remaining xylan structures analyzed, A. bisporus lacks the enzymatic activity to degrade xylan substituted with two arabinosyl- residues and glucuronic acid substituted xylan. Edita Jurak How Mushrooms feed on compost: Conversion of carbohydrates and linin in industrial wheat straw based compost enabling the growth of Agaricus bisporus </p
Los demasiados versos. La edición de poesía en México. ¿Qué se edita?, ¿cómo se edita? y ¿para quién se edita?
No full textBased on her experience as a poetry editor and as a poet in her own right, in this essay the author approaches the panorama of the publication of poetry in Mexico in general and more specifically, a selection of books published in 2017 in order to address the following questions: what is being edited, how, and for whom? This essay paints a critical panorama that includes not only a survey of major Mexican publishing houses, but numerous independent poetry publishers as well. Moreover, the author tackles concepts related to the underlying purpose of creative processes: why is poetry being written and for what purpose is it being published are just two of the matters that require reflection and a revision of the always polemic intervention of the State in culture; to wit, governmental support of authors through different programs, ranging from writers’ grants to editions of poetry. The role of the much-reviled canon looms here as a shadow, one that presupposes an issue that must be attended to, along with the role Mexican poets play in today’s society and the relationship they sustain with their readers.Con base en su experiencia como editora de poesía y como poeta misma, la autora aborda en este ensayo el panorama de la publicación de libros de poesía en México de manera general y a partir de una muestra específica de los libros publicados en 2017. Con el propósito de responder a las preguntas ¿qué se edita?, ¿cómo se edita? y ¿para quién se edita?, el ensayo sugiere un panorama crítico que incluye no sólo un recorrido por los principales sellos editoriales mexicanos, sino también por las numerosas casas editoras de poesía independiente. Asimismo, atiende ideas relacionadas con el propósito de los procesos creativos. ¿Para qué se escribe poesía y para qué se publica? son dos preguntas cuya respuesta implica la reflexión y revisión de la siempre cuestionada intervención del Estado en la cultura y el apoyo a sus creadores a través de distintos programas ‒tanto de becas como de edición de poesía‒. El papel del denostado canon aparece aquí como una sombra que supone un problema que se debe atender, así como el papel que hoy tienen los poetas mexicanos en la sociedad y su relación con los lectores
The versatile activity of glycogen branching enzymes
Get PDFGlycogen branching enzymes (GBEs) are active in the biosynthesis of glycogen and can be applied to modify starch. These enzymes have been described to introduce new branch points but their exact mechanism is still little understood due to the size and complexity of both their substrate and product. Therefore, this thesis aimed to extend the knowledge by studying different facets of the topic. First, the fine structure of the starch substrates was studied in more detail to pinpoint the most important differences between starches from distinct botanical origins. Then, the analyzed starches were incubated with five bacterial GBEs. The thereby obtained products showed surprisingly similar structures, indicating that GBEs could modify a large variety of starches. When GBEs were provided with a relatively simple, linear substrate and the products were monitored over time, they exhibited unexpected behavior. Not only did they introduce new branch points but they also elongated the substrate chains. Furthermore, the studied GBEs showed substantial differences in their behavior, such as the extend of elongation, the specificity towards certain chain lengths and the level of activity. Overall, the results of this thesis showed that GBEs are enzymes capable of several modes of action and can generate similar products even if the substrates show only low similarity
Ryšys tarp kulkšnies-žasto indekso ir sutrikusios inkstų funkcijos tarp pacientų sergančių aritmijomis.
No full textAuthor: Marek Krasowski; Supervisor: Lekt. Edita Mašanauskienė. Title: Relationship between Ankle-Brachial Index and decreased renal function in patients with cardiovascular arrhythmias. Aim and objectives: The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between Atherosclerotic peripheral artery disease and decreased kidney function in patients suffering from cardiovascular arrhythmias as well as assess the impact and frequency of contributing common risk factors. • To investigate the frequency of PAD with relation to cardiovascular arrhythmia. • To assess the quantitative impact of risk factors on PAD, arrhythmia and renal function • To compare prevalence of PAD and arrhythmia based on common risk factors. • To study the dependence of PAD and arrhythmia on renal function. The study was performed on patients admitted to Cardiology or Neurology departments of Kaunas Clinical Hospital in the years 2011-2013. The sample size was 149 patients, aged 40 or older (mean age 74.7 ± 10.4), men and women. The research concluded the following: patients suffering from PAD had higher prevalence of arrhythmia and CKD. Most of the patients with PAD had abnormal kidney function (87.8%), and 52.7% of patients had moderate to severe kidney impairment (CKD stage 3 or higher). Arrhythmia was more prevalent in patients suffering from PAD and having moderate to severe kidney impairment. Most often occurring risk-factors in patients with PAD were: Diabetes mellitus, smoking, history of MI. Most frequent risk-factors in patients with arrhythmia were: Diabetes, history of stroke and Obesity. Mean GFR decreased by ~10% in patients who had more than 4 risk-factors and either: PAD or arrhythmia. It decreased by ~15% in patients who suffered from PAD and arrhythmia concurrently. Patients suffering from arrhythmia had significantly lower mean ABI value compared to control group (patients without arrhythmia)
Identification and analysis of therapy used by pregnant women III.
Get PDFIdentifikace a analýza terapie užívané těhotnými ženami III. Autor: Edita Cimbálová Vedoucí diplomové práce: PharmDr. Josef Malý, Ph.D. Konzultant diplomové práce Mgr. Pavel Horký Katedra sociální a klinické farmacie, Farmaceutická fakulta v Hradci Králové, Univerzita Karlova Úvod a cíl: Terapii těhotných žen provází mnohé změny a úskalí, se kterými je třeba při volbě vhodné terapie vyrovnat. Cílem teoretické části této práce bylo shrnout dostupné informace o racionálním řešení vybraných zdravotních obtíží u těhotných žen. Cílem praktické části bylo identifikovat a analyzovat terapii užívanou v průběhu těhotenství a dále postoje, názory a informovanost žen po porodu o volně prodejných léčivech, zdravotnických prostředcích a dalších prostředcích komplementární a alternativní medicíny. Metodika: Sběr dat probíhal od listopadu 2017 do února 2018 na gynekologicko-porodnickém oddělení Oblastní nemocnice Jičín prostřednictví dotazníků. Zdravotními sestrami byly osloveny všechny hospitalizované pacientky starší 18 let se znalostí českého jazyka po porodu. Dotazník rozdělený do pěti částí obsahoval úvodní informace o prováděné studii, vstupní kritéria a 50 otázek otevřeného, polootevřeného i uzavřeného typu zaměřených na řešení zdravotních problémů během těhotenství, postoje a názory respondentek, např. na...Identification and analysis of therapy used by pregnant women III. Author: Edita Cimbálová Thesis Supervisor: PharmDr. Josef Malý, Ph.D. Thesis Consultant: Mgr. Pavel Horký Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University Introduction and purpose: Therapy of pregnant women is accompanied by a variety of changes that need to be accounted for. The purpose of the theoretical part was to summarise available information in selected health issues of pregnant women. The purpose of the practical part was to identify and analyse the therapy used during pregnancy and the attitudes, opinions and awareness of women after delivery about over-the- counter drugs, medical devices and other forms of complementary and alternative medicine. Methods: The data were collected at the maternity ward of Jičín Hospital from November 2017 to February 2018 via questionnaires. The questionnaire contained information about the study and it was consisted of 50 questions of open, semi-closed and closed format focused on health issues during pregnancy, attitudes and opinions about homeopathy, herbal medicine, vaccination and the way to get informations during pregnancy. The collected data were transfered into an electronical form and subsequently analysed by methods of...Katedra sociální a klinické farmacieDepartment of Social and Clinical PharmacyFaculty of Pharmacy in Hradec KrálovéFarmaceutická fakulta v Hradci Králov
Identification and analysis of therapy used by pregnant women III.
Get PDFIdentification and analysis of therapy used by pregnant women III. Author: Edita Cimbálová Thesis Supervisor: PharmDr. Josef Malý, Ph.D. Thesis Consultant: Mgr. Pavel Horký Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University Introduction and purpose: Therapy of pregnant women is accompanied by a variety of changes that need to be accounted for. The purpose of the theoretical part was to summarise available information in selected health issues of pregnant women. The purpose of the practical part was to identify and analyse the therapy used during pregnancy and the attitudes, opinions and awareness of women after delivery about over-the- counter drugs, medical devices and other forms of complementary and alternative medicine. Methods: The data were collected at the maternity ward of Jičín Hospital from November 2017 to February 2018 via questionnaires. The questionnaire contained information about the study and it was consisted of 50 questions of open, semi-closed and closed format focused on health issues during pregnancy, attitudes and opinions about homeopathy, herbal medicine, vaccination and the way to get informations during pregnancy. The collected data were transfered into an electronical form and subsequently analysed by methods of..
Total carbohydrate content, carbohydrate molar composition and xylan degree of substitution of compost samples obtained at PII, PIII-16, after filling, after pinning, after 1<sup>st</sup> and after 2<sup>nd</sup> flush.
No full text<p><sup>a</sup>PII: Phase II compost; PIII-16 is Phase III compost after 16 days of mycelium growth (adapted from Jurak et al. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0134169#pone.0134169.ref001" target="_blank">1</a>]).</p><p><sup>b</sup>Filling: compost after filling of compost beds at the farm, Pinning: after mushroom pins appear, 1<sup>st</sup> flush: after first flush of mushroom was collected, 2<sup>nd</sup> flush: spent compost, after 2<sup>nd</sup> flush of mushrooms was collected.</p><p><sup>c</sup>Weight percentage is based on dry matter of composting phases.</p><p><sup>d</sup>As anhydro-sugars; STDEV < 0.5 for all samples.</p><p><sup>e</sup>Ratio mol substituents/100mol of xylosyl residues; abbreviations: Ara, arabinosyl; Xyl, xylosyl; GlcA, glucuronic acid.</p><p>Total carbohydrate content, carbohydrate molar composition and xylan degree of substitution of compost samples obtained at PII, PIII-16, after filling, after pinning, after 1<sup>st</sup> and after 2<sup>nd</sup> flush.</p
Following Cochrane review protocols to completion 10 years later: a retrospective cohort study and author survey
No full textWe analyzed patterns of publication of Cochrane review protocols (CRPs)
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