9 research outputs found
The Systematic Phonological Realization in Keiyo Language as Spoken by the Keiyo Community in Kenya
No full textAbstract This paper gives a brief phonological system of Keiyo Language. It not only discusses the vowel and consonant inventories and their realizations, but also the diphthongs, syllable structure and the phonotactic possibilities. It analyzes the phonological and prosodic processes that Keiyo nouns (both definite and indefinite) undergo when inflected for number. The author is a native speaker of the language and generated the data, and later subjected it to four adult native speakers drawn from Tambach Division of Keiyo District in Rift Valley Province. Like the other Kalenjin languages, the vowel system of Keiyo is based on the five basic vowel qualities a, e, i, o, u. Beyond this basic level, these vowels are also distinguishable within the phonological supra segmental level of tongue root position -the retracted (RTR) versus (ATR) and length. The Keiyo phonemic inventory has a total of ten diphthongs . The language has a limited inventory of its consonants and this could be attributed to the fact that, voicing is not actually a distinctive feature
Effects of Plural Suffixation on Tone Assignment in the Keiyo Language Spoken by the Keiyo Community in Kenya
Get PDFThis paper discusses the effects of the plural suffixes on the assignment of tone in Keiyo language. The aim of the study was to analyze the phonological and prosodic processes that Keiyo nouns (both definite and indefinite) undergo when inflected for number. Since the research was basically descriptive, a design that allowed for the careful description of the phonological characteristics was used. The research was carried out in Tambach Division of Keiyo District in Rift Valley Province. Four adult native speakers who have spent their entire lives in Tambach Division were selected as respondents as they had a rich inventory of the Keiyo nominal vocabulary. The author engaged them with a list of different kinds of generated nouns in their root forms, the singular forms and their corresponding plurals for them to confirm the researcher’s version of the selection of suffixes. Data analysis was done in various stages. From the findings, Keiyo has about three (3) different underlying tones that include High (H), Low (L) and Mid (M). As such, tone is assigned on a noun depending on the meaning that is desired from the individual word. It was noted that plural suffixes in Keiyo are of two forms the indefinite default /in/ and the definite default /ik/ respectively. These two suffixes are however realized differently in different contexts because of constraining phonological factors. Noun roots in Keiyo in their standard forms predominantly carry mid-tone or occasionally a low tone. This feature is however exclusive to the first syllable of the noun roots. The rest of the syllables that follow will also be dictated by the harmony factor. Therefore, when the suffix applies, the initial mid-tone in the root word changes to a low (L) tone in the suffixed word and then to a high (H) tone on the suffix boundary which in most cases is the last syllable in the realized plural suffixed word. Upon suffixation therefore, the features found in the singular nouns and those brought in by the suffixes merge and create a new pattern of tone in the plural form. Keywords: Effects, Plural Suffixation, Tone Assignment, Keiyo Language, Keiyo Community, Keny
Образование в Кении: состояние и новые тенденции в начале XXI века
Get PDFThe article considers the present situation on the different educational levels in Kenya. Despite of the government efforts one could hardly mark visual successes. The author considers traditional means to be the best in improving the quality of education.В статье рассматривается ситуация, сложившаяся на всех уровнях образования в Кении. Несмотря на усилия правительства, видимых успехов пока не наблюдается. Выход из сложившейся ситуации видится в использовании традиционных мер, способствующих улучшению образования
Education in Kenya: Contemporary Situation and New Tendencies at the Beginning of the XXI Century
No full textThe article considers the present situation on the different educational levels in Kenya. Despite of the government efforts one could hardly mark visual successes. The author considers traditional means to be the best in improving the quality of education
Study of double-wall effusion cooling scheme for gas turbine blade applications
Get PDFPorous multi-wall cooling schemes such as double-wall cooling combined with effusion cooling offer a practical approximation to transpiration cooling which in turn present a potential for high cooling effectiveness. Most of the existing double-wall effusion cooling studies have been on flat plate geometries. There are varying external static pressure and secondary flow features in flow over an aerofoil which have an influence on overall cooling performance. Thus, there is need to study double-wall effusion cooling applied to an aerofoil. The main aim of this research was to extend the double-wall effusion-cooling technology research, that has long been undertaken on flat plates, onto a gas turbine blade.
In the present study, both numerical simulations and experiments were undertaken to study double-wall effusion-cooled (DWEC) turbine-representative aerofoils. The aerofoils were built from double-wall block elements that have been validated by another author. Both low porosity and high porosity circular and diamond pedestal designs were considered. A novel decoupled numerical analysis tool for preliminary cooling performance analysis of DWEC aerofoils was first developed. In this analysis method, a modified flat plate correlation from the literature was used to represent the two-dimensional distribution of film cooling effectiveness. The internal heat transfer coefficient was calculated from a validated conjugate analysis of a wall element representing an element of the aerofoil wall and the conduction through the blade solved using a finite element code in commercial CFD solver. The developed decoupled numerical analysis method was validated using results from fully coupled conjugate heat transfer (CHT) simulations. In addition, high-speed experimental tests at engine representative Mach and Reynold numbers flow conditions were carried out to study film cooling effectiveness over the full surface of three circular and six diamond pedestal DWEC blade designs using pressure sensitive paint. All the blades were tested within a range of representative modern engine coolant mass flow rate to mainstream mass flow rate ratios; 0.5% to 5.5%.
The novel simplified numerical analysis method offered good performance approximation particularly on the suction surface of the aerofoil. In addition, compared to CHT, the novel simplified numerical analysis method reduced computational time by approximately 50 times and therefore, computationally efficient for use during preliminary design and optimization stages. High effective porosity designs exhibited better film cooling effectiveness, than the low effective porosity counterparts, but this came at an expense of internal cooling efficiency. CFD results compared well with the experiments and were able to capture similar film effectiveness trends on both the pressure surface and the suction surface, however, inability of Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes equations (RANS) models to correctly predict diffusion resulted in an overprediction of film cooling effectiveness around the vicinity of film cooling holes and an overprediction of film superposition on the suction surface.
This work has contributed knowledge of the DWEC aerofoils performance including overall cooling effectiveness predictions, internal cooling effectiveness predictions and film cooling effectiveness performance measurements. There is still much work to be done (including investigation into aerodynamic losses, weight and stresses associated with this cooling technology) to realise a practical double-wall effusion-cooled blade. The present author has included recommendations for future work
Correction:An exploration of mortality risk factors in non-severe pneumonia in children using clinical data from Kenya. [BMC Med. 15, (2017) (201)] DOI: 10.1186/s12916-017-0963-9
No full textThe original article [1] contains an omission in the Acknowledgements sub-section of the Declarations. The authors would like to acknowledge the work of the following members of the Clinical Information Network Author Group: David Githanga, Fred Were, Philip Ayieko, Grace Irimu, Sam Akech, Samuel Ng'arng'ar, Barnabas Kigen, Rachel Inginia, Nick Aduro, Grace Ochieng, Beatrice Mutai, Francis Kanyingi, Lydia Thuranira, Sam Otido, Magdalene Kuria, Peris Njiiri, Kigondu Rutha, Charles Nzioki, Martin Chabi, Supa Tonje, Joan Ondere, Caren Emadau, Cecelia Mutiso, Loice Mutai, Christine Manyasi, David Kimutai, Celia Muturi, Agnes Mithamo, Anne Kamunya, Alice Kariuki, Grace Wachira, Melab Musabi, Sande Charo, Naomi Muinga, Mercy Chepkirui, Wycliffe Nyachiro, Boniface Makone, Thomas Julius, George Mbevi, Morris Ogero, Susan Gachau, and James Wafula.</p
Transactional Leadership Style and Job Satisfaction among Multimedia University Employees, Nairobi - Kenya
Get PDFThis study explores the transactional leadership styles and job satisfaction among the employees of the Multimedia University of Kenya (MMU) of Kenya. A descriptive survey research design was used. The study was guided by contingency leadership theory. Out of 386 employees of MMU, 197 supervised employees and 115 supervisor samples were drawn. This represented 83% of the total population was issued with a questionnaire. Purposive sampling was used to select the study location and the study population, while stratified random sampling was used to select the individual respondents. Two sets of structured questionnaires were used to collect data: the supervised employees’ questionnaire and the supervisors’ questionnaire. Data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 26.0. The study found that supervised staff felt that their supervisors sometimes practised transactional leadership through contingent reward and management by exception. This study recommends that leaders identify individual uniqueness, link the individuals’ current needs to the organisation’s needs, provide coaching, mentoring and growth opportunities, and implement a leadership that contains a mix of transactional and transformational leadership attributes. This will help design leadership development interventions for developing the capacity of managers to apply the leadership styles that are most likely to elicit employee job satisfaction and, therefore, contribute to its effectiveness
Contribution of Soil, Water and Food Consumption To Metal Exposure of Children From Geological Enriched Environments in The Coastal Zone of Lake Victoria, Kenya
No full textJournal ArticleGeologically enriched environments may contain high concentrations of some metals. In areas where industrial exposures remain super cial, children may be exposed to these geological metals through soil, drinking water and consumption of food locally grown. The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of soil, water and food consumption to cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cobalt (Co) and titanium (Ti) body burden of children in the geologically metal rich coastal zone of Lake Victoria, Kenya. We evaluated the relationship between the metal body burden of children by analyzing the hair samples and the estimated metal intake through exposure to soil, drinking water, and food consumption. The body burdens of all metals in children at the exposed sites were high, suggesting environmental exposure. Most of the foods consumed resulted in metal intake below the maximum recommended daily intake. However, the net contribution of all food items jointly exceeded the recommended maximum daily intake at some of the exposure sites. Our results further demonstrated that the highest intake of metals occurred via ingestion of high quantities of the cyprinid sh Rastrineobola argentea. Positive linear relationships between the metal body burden in children and estimated daily intake were observed for Cd, Cr, Ti in children consuming high quantity of R. argentea; for Zn and Co in children highly exposed to soils and consuming high quantity of Brassica oleraceae, while Co burden in the body was associated with high consumption of maize meal. This study demonstrated that exposure to soil and consumption of higher quantities of some foods contributed to the increased metal body burdens of children in a geologically exposed region
Neonatal mortality in Kenyan hospitals: a multisite, retrospective, cohort study
No full textBackground Most of the deaths among neonates in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) can be prevented through universal access to basic high-quality health services including essential facility-based inpatient care. However, poor routine data undermines data-informed efforts to monitor and promote improvements in the quality of newborn care across hospitals.Methods Continuously collected routine patients’ data from structured paper record forms for all admissions to newborn units (NBUs) from 16 purposively selected Kenyan public hospitals that are part of a clinical information network were analysed together with data from all paediatric admissions ages 0–13 years from 14 of these hospitals. Data are used to show the proportion of all admissions and deaths in the neonatal age group and examine morbidity and mortality patterns, stratified by birth weight, and their variation across hospitals.Findings During the 354 hospital months study period, 90 222 patients were admitted to the 14 hospitals contributing NBU and general paediatric ward data. 46% of all the admissions were neonates (aged 0–28 days), but they accounted for 66% of the deaths in the age group 0–13 years. 41 657 inborn neonates were admitted in the NBUs across the 16 hospitals during the study period. 4266/41 657 died giving a crude mortality rate of 10.2% (95% CI 9.97% to 10.55%), with 60% of these deaths occurring on the first-day of admission. Intrapartum-related complications was the single most common diagnosis among the neonates with birth weight of 2000 g or more who died. A threefold variation in mortality across hospitals was observed for birth weight categories 1000–1499 g and 1500–1999 g.Interpretation The high proportion of neonatal deaths in hospitals may reflect changing patterns of childhood mortality. Majority of newborns died of preventable causes (>95%). Despite availability of high-impact low-cost interventions, hospitals have high and very variable mortality proportions after stratification by birth weight
