4,992 research outputs found
Disruption of the developmental programme of Trypanosoma brucei by genetic ablation of TbZFP1, a differentiation-enriched CCCH protein
No full textThe regulation of differentiation is particularly important in microbial eukaryotes that inhabit multiple environments. The parasite Trypanosoma brucei is an extreme example of this, requiring exquisite gene regulation during transmission from mammals to the tsetse fly vector. Unusually, trypanosomes rely almost exclusively on post-transcriptional mechanisms for regulated gene expression. Hence, RNA binding proteins are potentially of great significance in controlling stage-regulated processes. We have previously identified TbZFP1 as a trypanosome molecule transiently enriched during differentiation to tsetse midgut procyclic forms. This small protein (101 amino acids) contains the unusual CCCH zinc finger, an RNA binding motif. Here, we show that genetic ablation of TbZFP1 compromises repositioning of the mitochondrial genome, a specific event in the strictly regulated differentiation programme. Despite this, other events that occur both before and after this remain intact. Significantly, this phenotype correlates with the TbZFP1 expression profile during differentiation. This is the first genetic disruption of a developmental regulator in T. brucei. It demonstrates that programmed events in parasite development can be uncoupled at the molecular level. It also further supports the importance of CCCH proteins in key aspects of trypanosome cell function
Phyllodytes praeceptor Orrico & Dias & Marciano-Jr 2018, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Phyllodytes praeceptor</i> sp. nov. <p>(Figs 1, 2 and 3A)</p> <p> <i>Phyllodytes</i> sp.— Faivovich <i>et al.</i> (2005); Jowers <i>et al.</i> (2008). <i>Phyllodytes</i> sp. 4—Dias <i>et al.</i> (2014)</p> <p> <b>Holotype</b>. MZUESC 17484, adult male (Fig. 1), collected at Serra da Jibóia (12.869436° S; 39.461494° W, 684 m a.s.l), municipality of Santa Terezinha and Elísio Medrado, State of Bahia, Brazil, on 0 2 March 2015, by Iuri R. Dias and Carlos Augusto S. Costa.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes</b>. Twenty eight specimens: MZUESC 17485, adult male, collected with the holotype; CFBH 23671, adult male, collected at the Municipality of Una, State of Bahia, Brazil, on 8 June 2009, by Adriano B. Kury, Amazonas Chagas Jr., Alessandro Giupponi, Denis R. Pedroso, and Victor G. D. Orrico; MZUESC 7297–7299, adult males, collected at “ Ponta da Tulha ”, Municipality of Ilhéus, on July 2008, by Mirco Solé; MZUESC 9169–9170 and MZUESC 9175, adult males and female, respectively, collected at “ Fazenda Capitão ”, Municipality of Itacaré, State of Bahia, on 29 November 2010, by Tadeu Medeiros; MZUESC 10498–10499, adult males, collected at “ Ponta da Tulha ”, Municipality of Ilhéus, on 21 August 2011 by Mirco Solé, Euvaldo Marciano Jr and Iuri Dias; MZUESC 10626, adult male, collected at “ São Roque do Paraguaçu ”, Municipality of Maragogipe, on June 2012, by Euvaldo Marciano Jr; MZUESC 11584–11585, adult males, collected at “ Lagoa Encantada ”, Municipality of Ilhéus, on 21 February 2011, by Iuri R. Dias and Mirco Solé; MZUESC 11610–11612, adult males, collected at the Municipality of Una, State of Bahia, on 18 February 2012, by Euvaldo Marciano Jr, Paulo Henrique Ribeiro and Leandro Oliveira; MZUESC 13016 and MZUESC 13026, adult males, collected at “ Reserva Michelin ”, Municipality of Igrapiúna, on 11 August 2012, by Euvaldo Marciano Jr; MZUESC 13027, adult male, collected at “ São Roque do Paraguaçu ”, Municipality of Maragogipe, State of Bahia, on 13 August 2012, by Euvaldo Marciano Jr; MZUESC 14199–14200, MZUESC 14207, and MZUESC 14212, adult males, collected at “ Acuípe ”, Municipality of Ilhéus, on 26 February 2015, by Euvaldo Marciano Jr and Mirco Solé; MZUESC 17481–17483, adult males, collected at the Municipality of Una, State of Bahia, on 0 6 June 2013, by Euvaldo Marciano Jr and Mirco Solé; MZUESC 17486–17487, adult males, collected at “ Reserva Michelin ”, Municipality of Igrapiúna, between 23–31 March 2015, by Iuri R. Dias, Euvaldo Marciano Jr, Caio V. Mira- Mendes, Francisco F.R. Oliveira and Leandro Drummond.</p> <p> <b>Referred specimen</b>. MRT 6144, not examined, collected at “Brazil: Bahia, Uruci-Una”.</p> <p> <b>Generic placement.</b> A member of <i>Phyllodytes</i>, by possessing fang-like odontoids; molecular data also supports the placement of <i>P. praeceptor</i> as sister taxon of <i>P. luteolus</i> (Faivovich <i>et al.</i> 2005; Jowers <i>et al.</i> 2008).</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis</b>. A medium-sized species (SVL 20.7–25.8 mm in males) characterized by: (1) dorsum of body, arms, and legs cream with scattered dark brown spots; (2) a dark brown stripe extending from the eyes; (3) snout short, semicircular (to truncated) in dorsal view, vertical (to truncated) in profile; (4) vomerine teeth in two dense patches, disposed in a transverse plane, behind the choanae; (5) one anterior large, and additional smaller subequal odontoids on each side of the mandible; (6) dorsal skin smooth; (7) vocal sac externally visible; (8) venter areolate with two paramedial rows of developed tubercles; (9) small tubercles in the ventral side of the thighs, the most medial more developed; (10) a tubercle at the tibio-tarsal articulation; (11) unpigmented nuptial pad visible, rounded, moderately expanded, (12) advertisement call consisting of a series of 6–12 pulsed notes, average duration of 5.34 s with notes lasting 0.295 s and dominant frequency ranging between 2928.5–3273.0 Hz.</p> <p> <b>Comparison with other species.</b> Character states of <i>Phyllodytes praeceptor</i> in parentheses. All species of <i>Phyllodytes</i> have multiple tubercles on the tarsus in various arrangements (a single large tubercle on posteroventral internal margin of tarsus, near to the junction with shank) and, with the exception of <i>P. tuberculosus,</i> different snout shapes in dorsal view (semicircular to truncated). Below we list other diagnostic morphological characters. Specimens of <i>P. amadoi</i> have snout with a small apical tubercle (absent) and two large anterior odontoids on both sides of the mandible (one larger odontoid). Specimens of <i>P. acuminatus</i> and <i>P. megatympanum</i> have a large tympanum, TD> 7 % of SVL, (small, TD ~ 6 % of SVL). Specimens of <i>P. brevirostris, P. edelmoi, P. kautskyi, P. luteolus</i> and <i>P. megatympanum</i> have an immaculate dorsum (spots and blotches on dorsum). Specimens of <i>P. gyrinaethes</i> have a hidden tympanum (distinct) and a mottled dorsal pattern (spots and blotches on dorsum). Male specimens of <i>P. kautskyi</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>maculosus</i> are larger, combined SVL = 38.0– 43.5 mm (SVL = 20.7–25.8 mm). Specimens of <i>P. luteolus</i> have a snout mucronated in dorsal view (semicircular to truncated) and acute in lateral view (vertical to truncated), rows of tubercles in the forearm (inconspicuous), venter with various rows of developed tubercles (only the two paramedial are well-developed). Specimens of <i>P. maculosus</i> have a deeply mottled dorsal pattern (spots and blotches on dorsum). Specimens of <i>P. megatympanum</i> have a bright yellow groin in live specimens (no conspicuous coloration). Specimens of <i>P. melanomystax</i> have a conspicuous large dark brown stripe on the snout and <i>canthus rostralis</i> (absent or thin faded stripe in <i>P. praeceptor</i>) and lack organized paramedial ventral rows of enlarged tubercles (present). Specimens of <i>P. punctatus</i> lack organized paramedial ventral rows of enlarged tubercles (present). Specimens of <i>P. tuberculosus</i> lack organized paramedial ventral rows of enlarged tubercles (present) and have supranumerary tubercles in the plantar surface (absent). Specimens of <i>P. wuchereri</i> have a dorsal pattern consisting of large black and white stripes and blotches (spots and blotches on dorsum).</p> <p> <b>Description of holotype.</b> An adult male in good state of preservation, with a piece of muscle removed from the right thigh for molecular analyses. Raw measurements are detailed in Table 1. Head wider than long (HL 89.5 % of HW; HW 37.7% of SVL; HL 33.8 % of SVL); snout truncated in dorsal and lateral views (Figs 1 and 2); nostrils small, rounded, slightly protuberant, situated dorsally and directed anteriorly, nearer to the tip of snout than to eye; internarial distance smaller than eye–nostril distance (IND 65.2 % of END), eyes large (ED 33.8% of HL; 30.2 % of HW; 113 % of END), prominent, situated laterally, directed anterolaterally; interorbital space and dorsum of snout flat; <i>canthus rostralis</i> distinct, rounded; loreal region oblique, slightly concave; tympanum evident, relatively large (TD 18.2 % of HL), nearly circular, separated from posterior border of eye by approximately the diameter of tympanum; tympanum diameter smaller than internarial distance (TD 93.3 % of IND, eye to nostril distance (TD 60.9 % of END), eye diameter (TD 53.8 % of ED), and interorbital distance (TD 31.8 % of IOD); its diameter slightly larger than width of discs on third finger (TD/DF3 = 116.7 %) and of fourth toe (TD/4TD = 127.3 %); tympanic annulus evident; supratympanic fold developed, covering dorsal edge of tympanum, nearly straight, slightly curved downwards and extending until the insertion of arm; vocal sac externally developed, subgular, single; vomerine teeth forming a straight line behind small, rounded, widely separated choanae; each side of mandible with one anterior, large, and smaller subequal odontoids; pupil horizontal.</p> <p>Forelimbs not hypertrophied, forearms slightly larger (in cross-section) than arms, with four outer tubercles in the forearm near to the hand being the closest to the hand the larger. Hands large (HAL 84.4 % of HL), outer and inner carpal tubercles developed, elliptical; fingers not webbed, small fringe present between fingers III and IV, and IV and V; fingers in crescent order of size, II <V <III <IV; adhesive discs developed (adhesive discs diameter approximately two times finger width), transversally elliptical; disc on finger II, smaller than of other fingers; prepollex indistinct; nuptial pad on the internal base of the finger II, no dark nuptial excrescence; subarticular tubercles large, rounded, single; no supernumerary tubercles.</p> <p>Hind limbs long (THL+TBL+TAL+FL equals 155.3 % SVL, not hypertrophied; thigh length smaller than tibia length (THL 94.4 % of TBL; THL 44.3 % of SVL; TBL 46.9 % of SVL); sum of thigh and tibia lengths smaller than SVL (THL+TBL 91.2 % of SVL); a single large tubercle on posteroventral internal margin of tarsus, near to the junction with shank. Tarsal length smaller than foot length (TAL 73.8 % of FL). Foot length smaller than thigh and tibia lengths (FL 83.2 % of THL; FL 78.5 % of TBL). Plantar surface without supernumerary tubercles; inner metatarsal tubercle large, rounded; outer metatarsal tubercle small and rounded; toes fringed; discs on toe I, smaller than of other toes; plantar formula, I 0+ – 2½ II 1 – 2 III 1 ½ – 2½ IV 3 ½ – 2 V.</p> <p>Dorsal surfaces smooth; calcar appendage and supra-cloacal crest absent. Venter and ventral surfaces of thighs warty, each thigh with a large mesal pericloacal tubercle; remaining ventral surfaces smooth.</p> <p>In preservative, dorsum uniformly creamy with small, irregular dark patches; wide brown stripe extending from the posterior corner of the eye to the insertion of arm; all ventral surfaces white, with the exception of a few minute dark flecks in the mental region and the undersides of the jaws, tarsus, tibia and palmar, plantar surfaces.</p> <p> <b>Variation.</b> The type specimens are alike in morphological traits, although the female (n = 1) is larger than the males. Variation in measurements is presented in Table 1. Lateral dark brown stripe may extend from the eyes until or after the insertion of the arm. The amount of spots on the dorsum is variable. Only one specimen has no spots on the dorsum (MZUESC 17845). Some specimens (<i>e.g.</i>, MZUESC 7298; 10498; 11584; 13026) have black spots on limbs, especially more evident on the hind limbs. A thin faded brown stripe on snout and <i>canthus rostralis</i> extending to the eyes can be found in some individuals (<i>e.g</i>., MZUESC 9175; MZUESC 11610; MZUESC 14207; MZUESC 14212). Snout in dorsal and lateral views vary from semicircular to truncate.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The specific epithet is a Latin word meaning “teacher” or “instructor”. The name is given as homage to Dr. Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues for his continuous formation of herpetologists.</p> <p> <b>Geographic distribution.</b> Known from the coastal lowlands of Bahia, from municipality of Maragogipe to the south of the state in the municipality of Una. Specimens are also known from higher areas such as in Serra da Jiboia (684 m a.s.l), Santa Terezinha municipality (Fig. 4).</p> <p> <b>Advertisement call</b>. The advertisement call (Fig. 5) of <i>Phyllodytes praeceptor</i> has a total duration of 3.02– 9.41 s (5.34 ± 1.53, n = 28). It is emitted at intervals of 29.5– 99.2 s (48.5 ± 21.2, n = 27) and with a dominant frequency of 2928.5–3273.0 Hz (3045.4 ± 115.3, n = 28). Each call is composed of 6–12 notes (8.39 ± 1.55, n = 28) with structured pulses lasting 0.141– 0.538 s (0.295 ± 0.075, n = 235), emitted at intervals of 0.236– 1.057 s (0.389 ± 0.102, n = 207), resulting in a note rate of 1.28–2.02 (1.61 ± 0.2, n = 28) notes/s. The interval between the final two notes of the call is generally much larger than the previous intervals. The notes dominant frequency range is 1378.1–3617.6 Hz (2998.1 ± 275.1, n = 235).</p> <p>Notes are composed by isolated pulses and/or by 1–11 pulse groups with 2–8 pulses in each group. Usually, the last pulse group is the largest among them and always composed of 6–15 more aggregated pulses. The total number of pulses per note is 17–58 (28.7 ± 9.4, n = 89) and pulse emission rate is 67.2–141.8 pulses/s (98.9 ± 15.8, n = 89). The notes exhibit amplitude modulation, usually starting with low intensity and increasing during the note.</p> <p> <b>Bioacoustic comparisons with other species.</b> The advertisement call of <i>Phyllodytes praeceptor</i> has a pulsed structure being readily distinguishable from the call of <i>P. acuminatus</i>, <i>P. kautskyi</i>, <i>P. megatympanum</i> and <i>P. melanomystax</i>, which show unpulsed structure (Campos <i>et al.</i>, 2014; Nunes <i>et al.</i>, 2007; Simon & Gasparini, 2003, Marciano Jr. <i>et al.</i> 2017).</p> <p> The calls of <i>Phyllodytes amadoi, P. luteolus</i>, <i>P. edelmoi</i>, <i>P. tuberculosus</i>, <i>P. gyrinaethes</i> and <i>P wuchereri</i> (Weygoldt 1981; Lima <i>et al.</i> 2008; Juncá <i>et al.</i> 2012; Roberto & Ávila 2013 Cruz <i>et al.</i> 2014; Magalhães <i>et al.</i> 2015; Vörös <i>et al.</i> 2017) are more similar to <i>P. praeceptor</i> because all of them consist of a series of multipulsionated notes and present overlap in some acoustic parameters, mainly in dominant frequency and call duration (except <i>P. gyrinaethes</i>, with shorter call and <i>P. amadoi</i> with high dominant frequency).</p> <p> The number of notes per call is higher in <i>P. edelmoi</i> (22–29), <i>P. amadoi</i> (13-17) and <i>P. tuberculosus</i> (14–23), and their ranges do not overlap with the variation of <i>P. praeceptor</i> (6–12). The mean number of notes of <i>P. praeceptor</i> (8.39 ± 1.55, 6–12) is smaller than the mean of <i>P. wuchereri</i> (16.18±3.25, 10–21) and larger than of <i>P. gyrinaethes</i> (4.90 ± 0.60, 4–6).</p> <p> The note duration in <i>P. praeceptor</i> (0.295 ± 0.075) is longer than in all species of the genus with described calls: <i>P. luteolus</i> (0.125, no range available), <i>P. edelmoi</i> (0.10 ± 0.003, 0.04–0.16), <i>P. tuberculosus</i> (0.17 ± 0.047, 0.07–0.25), <i>P. gyrinaethes</i> (0.04 ± 0.01, 0.02–0.07), <i>P. wuchereri</i> (0.19 ± 0.04, 0.11–0.32 and 0.12 ± 0.013, 0.04–0.14), <i>P. kautskyi</i> (0.08 ± 0.012, no range available), <i>P. melanomystax</i> (0.07 ± 0.04, no range available), <i>P. acuminatus</i> (0.10 ± 0.03, 0.03–0.17), <i>P. megatympanum</i> (0.092 ± 0.08, 0.009–0.24) and <i>P. amadoi</i> (0.043 ± 0.02, 0.008–0.119).</p> <p> Finally, the call of <i>Phyllodytes praeceptor</i> differs from all species of the genus by having an accentuated increase in amplitude from the first to the last pulse of each note (Fig. 5), concentrating energy at the last cluster of pulses.</p> <p> <b>Molecular data.</b> Uncorrected pairwise genetic distances of 803 pb of 16S generated in this study are 1 % in relation to <i>Phyllodytes</i> sp. (AY843722; voucher MRT 6144) and 9.6 % to <i>P. luteolus</i> (AY843721). Given this results, we conclude that the specimen MRT 6144, sequenced by Faivovich <i>et al.</i> (2005), should be identified as <i>P. praeceptor</i>.</p>Published as part of <i>Orrico, Victor G. D., Dias, Iuri R. & Marciano-Jr, Euvaldo, 2018, Another new species of Phyllodytes (Anura: Hylidae) from the Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil, pp. 101-110 in Zootaxa 4407 (1)</i> on pages 102-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4407.1.6, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/1216486">http://zenodo.org/record/1216486</a>
Phyllodytes megatympanum Marciano-Jr, Lantyer-Silva & Solé, 2017, sp. nov.
No full textPhyllodytes megatympanum sp. nov. (Figs. 1, 3) Holotype. MZUFBA 14088, adult male collected in an epiphytic bromeliad in an arboreal restinga habitat of the Boa União Reserve (15°04’S, 39°03’W; 95 m above sea level), municipality of Ilhéus, state of Bahia, August 0 8th 2013 by E. Marciano-Jr and M. Solé. Paratopotypes. MZUESC 11671–11672, adult males collected on July 17th 2013, by E. Marciano-Jr, I. Jaloretto, M. Solé and H.R. Silva; MZUESC 16056, collected on April 0 7th 2015, by M. Solé and MZUESC 16061, collected on March 14th 2016 in an epiphytic bromeliad at ~ 5m height by I.R. Dias. Paratype. MZUESC 10336, adult male collected in an epiphytic bromeliad in the municipality of Uruçuca (14°35’S, 39°17’W; 90 m above sea level), state of Bahia on January 28th 2011, by M. Solé, I.R. Dias and C.V.M. Mendes. Diagnosis. A small sized species (SVL 21.3–23.7 mm in males) characterized by: (1) dorsum of body, arms, and legs uniformly light brown; (2) a dark brown stripe extending from the posterior corner of the eyes, upper contour of the tympanum, and reaching the inguinal region; (3) groin yellow; (4) snout pointed in dorsal view, protruding in profile; (5) tympanum large with round distinct tympanic annulus; (6) supratympanic fold well marked extending to shoulder; (7) vomerine teeth in two dense patches almost unified, horizontally positioned, behind the choanae; (8) two anterior large odontoids followed by a series of indistinct, smaller odontoids on each side of the mandible of adult; (9) dorsal skin slightly rough; (10) venter cream with two paramedial rows of developed tubercles parallel to which run additional rows of indistinct tubercles; (11) well-developed tubercle near tibio-tarsal joint. Comparisons with other species. The dorsal color pattern (immaculate brown) distinguishes Phyllodytes megatympanum from P. gyrinaethes, P. melanomystax, P. punctatus, P. tuberculosus, P. wuchereri and P. maculosus (all have some kind of dorsal pattern). The absence of distinct lateral dark stripes distinguishes P. megatympanum from P. kautskyi and P. luteolus. The yellow groin distinguishes P. megatympanum from all species of Phyllodytes (red groin in P. gyrinaethes and with no highlighted color in all remaining species). The small size ( 39 mm) and P. maculosus (> 39 mm). The large tympanum, corresponding to 7.73 % of SVL, distinguishes P. megatympanum from all congeners, in which this ratio is less than 7 %. Only P. acuminatus presents a higher value for this same ratio (8.16 %). However, the latter presents a highly granulated venter (only two marked rows of tubercles in P. megatympanum). Two large anterior odontoids on each side of the mandible distinguish P. megatympanum from P. edelmoi, P. kautskyi, and P. punctatus which possess only one large odontoid, and from P. brevirostris and P. melanomystax which have no large odontoid. Description of holotype. Body robust. Head wider than long, its width exceeding the body width; snout pointed in dorsal view, protruding in profile. Nostril small, elliptical, slightly directed posterodorsally; canthus rostralis distinct, mainly near the eyes; loreal region oblique, not concave; eyes large, directed anterolaterally. Eye diameter 30.7 % (29.1–32.7 % in the paratypes) of head length; interorbital space and dorsum of snout flat; tympanum large, with tympanic annulus distinct and round; its diameter is 18.7 % of head length and 61.1 % of eye diameter; supratympanic fold distinct, covering upper quarter of tympanum. Vocal sac subgular, poorly developed; vocal slits near angle of jaws, at posterior border of tongue; tongue large, almost cordiform, fixed behind; two groups of vomerine teeth, almost uninterrupted in straight line behind and between choanae; each side of mandible with two large odontoids, remaining odontoids small, discrete; horizontal pupil divides the iris into dorsal and ventral parts. Forearms slightly more robust than upper arms; fingers slender, relative lengths I <II = IV <III; subarticular tubercles discrete, round; supernumerary tubercles few, small, low; palmar and thenar tubercles well developed, the first one spatulate, projecting laterally, triangular; the latter elongate, elliptical; discs of fingers well developed, diameter of third finger disc 44.4 % (44.4–46 % in the paratypes) of eye diameter; webbing absent between fingers I and II, very reduced between fingers II–III–IV. Legs slender; tibia longer than thigh; sum of thigh and tibia lengths 98.6 % (98.6–109.4 % in the paratypes) of SVL. Foot with distinct, round subarticular tubercles; supernumerary tubercles few, round, low; inner metatarsal tubercle ovoid, spatulate, projecting laterally; outer metatarsal tubercle round; a row of distinct tubercles on the outer margins of tarsus; toes slender, relative lengths I <V <II <III <IV; discs on toes almost equal in size to discs of fingers; webbing absent between toes I–II; webbing formula I – II 2 + – 3- III 2+ – 3+ IV 3 – 2 + V. Dorsal surfaces of body shagreen, less so on limbs, venter, throat, and ventral surface of thighs; two medial indistinct series of round tubercles, accompanied by a few others, dispersed over venter; two distinct round tubercles at insertion of thigh. Ventral surface of forelimbs smooth. Measurements of holotype (mm). SVL 21.3; HL 8.8; HW 9.4; UEW 2.0; END 2.3; ED 2.7; TD 1.65; THL 9.7; TBL 11.3; FL 14.22. Color in preservative. Dorsum and dorsal surface of limbs brown. Brown stripe present behind the eyes, passing over the supratympanic fold and reaching the flanks. The color fades until it reaches the flanks. Ventral body and limb surfaces cream. Color in life. Dorsum uniformly brown; laterally, a dark brown stripe crossing the eye, tympanum, and reaching the inguinal region; venter white; upper half of the iris yellow or reddish and lower half yellow. Groin and concealed parts of the thigh are yellow. Variation. The type specimens present little variation in morphological aspects and color pattern. The measurements of the specimens from the type series are summarized in Table 1. Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the prominent tympanum, one of the largest in relation to SVL among the other species of the genus. Megatympanum is a Latin vernacular name meaning “big tympanum”. Natural History. We found Phyllodytes megatympanum in syntopy with other Phyllodytes spp. (P. maculosus, P. melanomystax, and two other undescribed species) at the type locality. Yet, the former could be heard calling from bromeliads at heights of two to more than 10 meters, while the remaining species (except P. maculosus) call from bromeliads at ground level or in lower heights. Advertisement call. The advertisement call of Phyllodytes megatympanum is composed of a series of 10 to 19 unpulsed notes (n = 19 calls analyzed) with harmonic structure. Each note has seven visible harmonics and crescent modulation frequency. The first notes are shorter than the following ones, which are more intense. Notes show amplitude modulation from the beginning to the middle, when it decreases. The mean duration of each call is 5.913 ± 4.556 s (3.206– 23.633 s; n = 19 calls) emitted in intervals of 30.904 ± 10.313 s (6.960– 47.580 s; n = 15 intervals). The notes present mean duration of 0.092 ± 0.080 s (0.009– 0.245 s; n = 254 notes) and are emitted at intervals of 0.305 ± 0.100 s (0.105–0.619; n = 235 intervals). The mean dominant frequency is 3.985 ± 0.136 kHz (3.562–4.125 kHz; n = 113 notes analyzed) and corresponds to the second harmonic. Due to its ascendant modulation, the frequency at the beginning of the second harmonic is lower than the frequency towards the end of it, raising a mean bandwidth of 0.8 kHz. Advertisement call comparisons. Phyllodytes megatympanum, as the majority of the species within the genus Phyllodytes, has calls with more than one note. Out of the nine species whose advertisement call is available, only P. acuminatus and P. melanomystax have calls with one note. Based on its unpulsed structure, the call of P. megatympanum is readily distinguished from the pulsed calls of P. luteolus, P. edelmoi, P. tuberculosus, P. gyrinaethes and P. wuchereri (Weygoldt 1981; Lima et al. 2008; Juncá et al. 2012; Roberto & Ávila 2013; Cruz et al. 2014). Among the other species of Phyllodytes with unpulsed structure, P. megatympanum can be distinguished from P. kautskyi by the higher mean dominant frequency: 3.985 ± 0.136 kHz (3.562–4.125) in P. megatympanum vs. 1.37 kHz (0.87–1.81) in P. kautskyi, according to the first description of the latter. After the original description of the advertisement call from P. kautskyi by Simon & Gasparini (2003), Simon & Peres (2012) presented additional bioacoustic details from populations of P. kautskyi from southern Bahia. However, there is evidence that leads us to conclude that the studied populations could be actually assigned to P. maculosus (Marciano-Jr et al. in prep). Thus, the differences assigned to polymorphisms in the Bahian populations of P. kautskyi would represent diagnostic features of P. maculosus. The lower number of notes per call in Phyllodytes megatympanum (10–19) distinguishes it from P. kautskyi (21–22; Simon & Gasparini 2003; Simon & Peres 2012), P. tuberculosus (14–23; Juncá et al. 2012) and P. edelmoi (22–29; Lima et al. 2008). The higher number of notes can distinguish P. megatympanum from P. gyrinaethes (4–6; Roberto & Ávila 2013) and P. luteolus (8–15; Weygoldt 1981). The longer call duration in P. megatympanum 5.91 ± 4.56 s (3.20– 23.63 s) distinguishes it from P. acuminatus (0.03– 0.17 s; Campos et al. 2014), P. melanomystax (0.07 ± 0.04 s; Nunes et al. 2007), P. kautskyi (3.55 ± 0.19 s; Simon & Gasparini 2003; 3.48– 3.90 s in Simon & Peres 2012), P. gyrinaethes (1.7 ± 0.3 s; Roberto & Ávila 2013) and P. edelmoi (5.2 ± 0.44 s; Lima et al. 2008). The mean interval between notes of P. megatympanum 0.350 ± 0.10 s is longer than between notes of P. tuberculosus (0.214 ± 0.048 s; Juncá et al. 2012), P. kautskyi (0.060– 0.120 s; Simon & Gasparini 2003) and P. wuchereri (0.120 ± 0.019 s; Magalhães et al. 2015), but not longer than in P. gyrinaethes (0.400 ± 0.030 s; Roberto & Ávila 2013). Calls from P. maculosus, P. brevirostris and P. punctatus remain undescribed.Published as part of Marciano-Jr, Euvaldo, Lantyer-Silva, Amanda Santiago F. & Solé, Mirco, 2017, A new species of Phyllodytes Wagler, 1830 (Anura, Hylidae) from the Atlantic Forest of southern Bahia, Brazil, pp. 135-142 in Zootaxa 4238 (1) on pages 136-141, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4238.1.11, http://zenodo.org/record/34506
Faxonius roberti Fetzner Jr & Taylor 2018, new species
No full textFaxonius roberti, new species Figures 3–4, Table 3 Orconectes eupunctus Williams, 1952:334, pl. 1: figs. 1–8 [in part]; 1954:840, figs. 41–49 [in part].— Hobbs, 1974:19, fig. 116 [in part]. Orconectes (Crockerinus) eupunctus.— Fitzpatrick, 1987:51 [in part], Hobbs, 1989:36, fig. 154 [in part]. Faxonius eupunctus.—Crandall and De Grave, 2017:629 [in part]. Diagnosis. Body and eyes pigmented (Fig. 3). Rostrum deeply excavated, terminating in long acumen; median carina absent. Rostral margins thickened; straight, subparallel or slightly concave; terminating in spines (Fig. 4H). Areola 31.9–39.2% ( = 34.7%, n = 76, SD = 0.01) of total length of carapace, narrowest part at midpoint, 4.7–9.2 ( = 6.3, n = 76, SD = 0.9) times as long as wide, with one to three (mode = 2, n = 76, SD = 0.4) punctations across narrowest part (Fig. 4H). One (rarely zero (1.3%) or two (3.9%)) corneous cervical spine on each side of carapace (Fig. 4A). Postorbital ridges well developed, terminating in corneous spines (Fig. 4H). Suborbital angle obsolete (Fig. 4A). Antennal scale broadest distal to midlength, thickened lateral margin terminating in large corneous spine (Fig. 4G). Ischia of third pereiopods of males with hooks; hooks overreaching basioischial articulation in Form-I males only. Chela with two or three rows of tubercles (see Variation) along mesial margin of palm, usually five to 11 tubercles in mesialmost row and four to ten in dorsomesial row, third row, if present, with few scattered tubercles; dorsal surfaces of fingers lacking well defined longitudinal ridges (Fig. 4K). Mandible with serrateedged incisor region. Cephalomedian lobe of epistome subpentagonal to subtriangular without cephalomedian projection; epistomal zygoma forming weak arch. First pleopods of Form-I male symmetrical, extending to posterior edge of base of second pereiopods when abdomen flexed. First pleopod of Form-I male without shoulder on cephalic surface at base of central projection; central projection corneous, constituting 20.2–27.6% ( = 23.9, n = 27, SD = 0.02) of total length of first pleopod, continuous with main shaft of pleopod, tapering to a pointed tip, tip slightly arched caudolaterally; mesial process equal to or slightly subequal in length to central projection, noncorneous, tapering to an acute tip, tip arched cephalomesially (Figs. 4B, C, F). First pleopod of Form-II male noncorneous, extending to posterior edge of bases of second pereiopods when abdomen flexed forward; central projection straight, mesial process arched slightly cephalomesially and subequal in length; both elements tapering to rounded tips (Figs. 4D, E). Annulus ventralis immovable, subrhomboidal; cephalic half with wide median trough and two caudally directed weak protuberances overhanging centrally located fossa; sinuate sinus running from center of fossa to slightly raised caudal edge (Fig. 4I). Description of holotypic male, form I. Body slightly depressed dorsoventrally, carapace wider than abdomen (17.4 and 15.2 mm, respectively). Greatest width of carapace larger than height at caudodorsal margin of cervical groove (17.4 and 15.8 mm, respectively). Postorbital carapace length 78.1% of total length of carapace. Areola 5.3 times longer (11.4 mm) than wide (2.1 mm) with three punctations across narrowest part; length of areola 34.9% of total length of carapace. Rostrum deeply excavated dorsally, floor smooth, lacking carina; margins thickened, straight and slightly converging, terminating in corneous spiniform marginal tubercles. Acumen long and terminating in corneous spine, reaching posterior margin of third antennal peduncle. Postorbital ridges well developed, terminating in corneous spines. Suborbital angles obsolete. Two corneous cervical spines on righthand side, dorsal most spine less than half the length of more ventrally located spine, single spine on lefthand side broken off. Antennal scale as in Diagnosis. Right antennal scale 7.0 mm long, 2.5 mm wide. Epistome as in Diagnosis. Abdomen longer than carapace (34.7 and 32.5 mm, respectively). Cephalic section of telson bearing two spines in each caudolateral corner, more mesial pair movable. Proximal podomere of uropod with spine extending over mesial ramus and spine in caudolateral corner extending over lateral ramus. Caudal margin of cephalic section of lateral ramus with 18 (left) and 15 (right) fixed spines and one movable spine in caudolateral corner, lateral ramus with median ridge terminating in spine. Lateral margin of mesial ramus terminating in spine; mesial ramus with prominent median ridge terminating in premarginal spine. Dorsal surfaces of telson and uropods setiferous. Mesial surface of palm of left chela with two rows of tubercles, nine tubercles in each row, with an additional three interspersed tubercles between. Mesial and lateral surfaces of chela, and opposable margins of fingers, covered with punctations; dorsal surface with scattered punctations, ventral side with scattered puncations mostly along lateral edge. Dorsal surface of finger of propodus with slight submedian longitudinal ridge, more pronounced near tip of finger; basal half of opposable margin with six tubercles, first two roughly the same size, third tubercle from base of finger largest, remaining three tubercles slightly decreasing in size toward tip of finger. Dorsal surface of dactyl with weak submedian longitudinal ridge flanked by setiferous punctations; basal half of opposable margin with five tubercles, first three of roughly the same size, fourth tubercle largest, fifth slightly smaller than first three. Propodus and dactyl with subterminal corneous tip. Right carpus with deep oblique furrow dorsally; dorsal surface with one large corneous spine at distolateral corner; mesial margin with one large corneous procurved spine at midpoint; ventral surface with one large corneous spine just lateral to midpoint of distal margin, one large spine just mesial to midpoint of distal margin. Dorsodistal surface of merus with two large corneous spines; ventral surface with one large corneous spine at distolateral corner and mesial row of six spines, row terminating in large corneous spine. Ischium lacking corneous spine just proximal to midlength of mesial margin, one large tubercle on distal end of mesial margin. Hook on ischium of third pereiopod only; hook simple, overreaching basioischial articulation, not opposed by tubercle on basis. First pleopod of Form-I male without shoulder on cephalic surface at base of central projection; central projection corneous, constituting 20.2% of total length of first pleopod, parallel to main shaft of pleopod, tapering to pointed tip, tip directed caudomesially; mesial process slightly subequal in length to central projection, non-corneous, tapering to acute tip, tip arched cephalolaterally (Figs. 4B, C, F). Description of allotypic female. Except for secondary sexual characteristics, differing from holotypic male in the following respects. Areola constituting 34.6% of length of carapace and seven times longer than wide. Postorbital carapace length 79.7% of length of carapace. Abdomen wider than carapace (20.3 and 19.4 mm, respectively). Left cheliped regenerated. Mesial surface of palm of right chela with two rows of tubercles, nine tubercles in mesialmost row and eight tubercles in dorsomesial row. One small tubercle adjacent to distal-most tubercle in second row. Finger of propodus with basal half of opposable margin with eight tubercles, first two roughly the same size, third and sixth tubercles largest, remaining tubercles smaller and slightly decreasing in size toward tip of finger. Eighth tubercle offset mesially from others. Basal half of opposable margin of dactyl with seven tubercles, first four of roughly the same size, remaining four slightly decreasing in size toward tip of dactyl. Seventh tubercle offset slightly laterally. Caudal margin of cephalic section of lateral ramus of uropod with 17 fixed spines. Sternum between third and fourth pereiopods narrowly V-shaped. Postannular sclerite 64% as wide as annulus ventralis (described in Diagnosis). First pleopod uniramous, barely reaching caudal margin of annulus when abdomen flexed. Description of morphotypic male, form II. Differing from holotype as follows: Areola constituting 33.5% of length of carapace, 5.6 times longer than wide. Postorbital carapace length 76.8% of length of carapace. Ventral surface of right merus with mesial row of five spines. Hook on ischium of third pereiopod not overreaching basioischial articulation. First pleopod as described in Diagnosis. Type locality. Spring River just upstream of the AGFC Bayou Access boat ramp off County Road 2027, 7.0 km S Mammoth Spring, Fulton County, Arkansas (36.43396, -91.52714, WGS 84, 134 m) (Fig. 5). The type series was collected from a riffle with cobble, approximately 135 m upstream of the boat ramp. The Spring River is a large cool river that is directly fed by Mammoth Spring, which is the largest spring in Arkansas and the third largest in the Ozarks Plateau region. At the time of collection (15 April 2017), the river was 35–40 m wide near the type locality with a swift flow. Water temperature was 64.4°F (the temperature of water emerging upstream from Mammoth Spring is 58°F) and water depth at the riffle was roughly 0.5 m. The river was rocky, containing what appeared to be a gravel to cobble substrate and occasional larger rocks. Stream banks were well vegetated and the surrounding land was densely forested. The river at this access point receives a considerable amount of traffic from public users, including activities such a boating, camping, canoeing and fishing. Disposition of primary types. The holotypic male (form I), allotypic female, and morphotypic male (form II), are housed in the crustacean collection of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History (CMNH; accession numbers 38749, 38750, and 38751, respectively). Paratypes have also been deposited at CMNH (38758, 38759) and the Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS; catalog numbers: 6920, 10704, 10785, 12343, 12822). The localities and dates of collection are provided in the following range and specimens examined section. Range and specimens examined. Endemic to the Spring and Strawberry river drainages in the Ozark Highlands physiographic province of northern Arkansas and southern Missouri. This species can be found in Fulton, Lawrence, and Sharp counties Arkansas and Howell County, Missouri (Fig. 10). In both river drainages, the species is known only from the mainstems, except in the Spring River drainage where it is also found in the mainstems of the more southern major tributaries (e.g., South Fork Spring River and West Fork Spring Creek). The collection lots from CMNH and INHS below are referenced using their museum accession numbers. MI=male Form-I, MII=male Form-II, F=female, MDC = Missouri Department of Conservation. A total of 76 specimens have been examined from the following nine localities: ARKANSAS: Fulton County: (1). Spring River at Many Islands, 0.4 km SSW Many Islands, 36.386, -91.5307 (WGS84), 25-May-2006, coll: BK Wagner, M Kottmyer, J Koppleman and Fry, INHS-10704, 1 MII, 1 F. (2). Spring River at Bayou Access, 7 km S Mammoth Spring, 36.433389, -91.528396 (WGS84), 20-May-2014, coll: C Ames, M Mabery, C Knerr and L Bachmann, CMNH-38782, 1 MI, 6 MII, 5 F; CMNH-38 751, 1 MII (Morphotype). (3). TYPE LOCALITY: Spring River upstream of Bayou Access boat ramp, 7 km S Mammoth Spring, 36.433396, -91.52714 (WGS84), 15-Apr-2017, coll: JW Fetzner Jr., CMNH-38759, 2 MI, 3 MII; CMNH-3 8749, 1 MI (Holotype); CMNH-38750, 1 F (Allotype). (4). Spring River just upstream of Big Creek confluence, 7.6 km SSE Mammoth Spring, 36.42934, -91.520324 (WGS84), 24-Oct-1998, coll: C Flinders, INHS-6920, 3 MI. Sharp County: (5). Strawberry River at Barnes Road crossing, 5.3 km W Poughkeepsie, 36.07815, -91.53805 (WGS84), 02-Oct-2014, coll: BK Wagner and A Daniel, CMNH-38765, 7 MI, 3 F. (6). Strawberry River at Barnes Road crossing, 7.3 km E Evening Shade, 36.07808, -91.5381 (WGS84), 21-Sep-2006, coll: BK Wagner, M Kottmyer and S Henry, INHS-10785, 8 MII, 9 F. (7). Strawberry River downstream of Barnes Road, 5.3 km W Poughkeepsie, 36.07624, -91.53778 (WGS84), 03- Sep-2010, coll: BK Wagner, CMNH-38766, 3 MII, 1 Fjuv. (8). Strawberry River upstream of Piney Fork, 6.9 km WNW Poughkeepsie, 36.09137, -91.55379 (WGS84), 09-Aug-2011, coll: BK Wagner, CMNH-38767, 1 MII, 1 F. MISSOURI: Howell County: (9). West Fork Spring Creek at Hwy-142 bridge, 4.9 km W Lanton, 36.5114, -91.85616 (WGS84), 18-Sep-1984, coll: WL Pflieger, INHS-12343, 13 MI, 8 F; 1984-03-22, coll: WL Pflieger and HV Wheeler, INHS-12822, 2 MI. Additional Collections (examined but not measured) : ARKANSAS: Fulton County: (10). South Fork Spring River at Sunrise Road crossing, 1.0 km ESE Sturkie, 36.455383, -91.86197 (WGS84), ??-???-2010, MDC Crayfish Crew, CMNH-38769, 1 MII, 1 F. (11). Spring River upstream of Bayou Access, 7 km S Mammoth Spring, 36.433396, -91.52714 (WGS84), 15-Apr-2017, coll: JW Fetzner Jr., CMNH- 38759, 2 MI, 3 MII. Lawrence County: (12). Spring River at the AGFC Imboden boat ramp, 0.6 km ENE Imboden, 36.203904, -91.167702 (WGS84), ??-???-2010, coll: MDC Crayfish Crew, CMNH-38768, 1 MII, 1 Fjuv. Sharp County: (13). Spring River at Hardy Beach, 1.0 km ESE Hardy, 36.31236, -91.4724 (WGS84), 24-Aug-2011, coll: MDC Crayfish Crew, CMNH-38770, 5 MII, 5 F. (14). South Fork Spring River at Griffith Park, 2.5 km WSW Hardy, 36.30947, -91.5097 (WGS84), 14-Apr-2017, coll: JW Fetzner Jr., BK Wagner and D Filipek, CMNH- 38758, 4 MII, 1 F; 36.30948, -91.50984 (WGS84), 24-Aug-2011, coll: MDC Crayfish Crew, CMNH-38771, 5 MII, 5 F. For a few additional published localities for this species (as Orconectes eupunctus) see Flinders & Magoulick (2005) and examine Figure 11 (gray dots) herein. Additional historical records from the Strawberry River depicted on the map (Fig. 10) are from the AGFC crayfish distribution database (B.K. Wagner, personal communication). Size. The largest specimen examined was a 38.1 mm CL Form-II male. Females (n = 29) ranged in size from 16.5 to 36.3 mm CL ( = 25.6 mm). Form-I males (n = 27) ranged from 16.1 to 32.5 mm CL ( = 23.2 mm). Form- II males (n = 20) ranged from 15.6 to 38.1 mm CL ( = 25.1 mm). Color. Base color of dorsal and lateral surfaces of cephalothorax dark brown to dark orange, fading to cream near ventral edges. Portion anterior to cephalic groove light brown to olivaceious green. Black saddle just anterior to cephalic groove, with black dot appearing just posterior to cephalic groove in center of triangle produced by the cephailc groove and the branchiocardial grooves (= areola). An additional black saddle crossing the juncture of posterior edge of carapace and anterior edge of abdomen, roughly equally divided onto both surfaces. Lateral sides of first abdominal pleuron with orangish, cream or yellowish patch that interrupts the saddle, making these patches stand out. Dorsal surface of abdomen with posteriorly tapering black stripe, fading out just before reaching tailfan. Lateral surfaces of abdomen light orange/brown to light yellowish orange. Tailfan olivaceous green with light orange highlights. Walking legs olivaceous green with hints of light orange at articulation joints, fading to light orange near junction with body. Chelae and carpus overall olivaceous green, with some individuals more infused with light orange closer to lateral margin of palm, thus making the dactyl and propodus appear a darker green than palm region. Tips of both fingers light orange to light red, then quickly transitioning into olivaceous green. Spines and tubercles on chela carpus same color as base color. First quarter of anterior part of merus olivaceous green, the remainder cream colored. Ventral surfaces of cephalothorax and abdomen cream to white with hints of light orange on basal segment of walking legs. Ventral surface of chelae are mostly cream colored, especially on lateral half, but mesial one third can be light olivaceous green. In Form-II males, the first and second pleopods have hints of light orange (similar to base of walking legs), with the tips of the first pleopod darker orange. On very rare occasion, variant individuals that are bright orange in color over the entire body surface have been reported in the Strawberry River basin (B.K. Wagner, personal communication). Habitat and life history notes. Faxonius roberti occurs in mainstem streams of fourth order or larger, with substrates of cobble and gravel. Within these streams, the species was most commonly encountered in cobble in areas with moderate to fast flow. The cobble under which the species occurred was variable in size, ranging from 5 cm 2 to 20 cm 2. It seemed to be most commonly encountered in riffle areas. While occurrence data are only limited to currently available museum collections, they indicate that Form-I males are present in the population during the months of March, April, May, September and October. Form-II males were recorded during April, May, August and September. No ovigerous females were available in collections, however, the Allotype female, which was collected in mid-April, did carry 212 young attached to the underside of her abdomen. Etymology. It is our great pleasure to name this species in honor of Robert (Bob) J. DiStefano of the Missouri Department of Conservation (MDC). Bob has worked tirelessly over his career to help understand and conserve the crayfish fauna of the Ozarks in general, and Missouri in particular, so it is fitting that this Ozarkian species be named in his honor. This new species should not be confused with “ Orconectes bobi ”, the ficticious species name assigned to Bob when he was wearing his full crayfish costume while conducting public outreach programs for the MDC. Crayfish associates. The following species were collected from habitats containing Faxonius roberti, new species: Faxonius ozarkae (Williams, 1952); Faxonius marchandi (Hobbs, 1948) and Cambarus hubbsi Creaser, 1931. Variation. In addition to the range of ratios and counts given in the Diagnosis section, several ontogenetic variations were observed in F. roberti new species, none of which show a geographic pattern of variation. The number of palmar tubercle rows is variable, usually with two but sometimes a partial third row being present. The marginal spines of the rostrum varied between pronounced spines, weak spines and tubercles. The cervical spines ranged from zero to two, with one being most common (95%). In one individual, the spine was replaced with a tubercle. Comparisons. Faxonius roberti, new species, differs from all other members of the genus by possessing a unique combination of Form-I first pleopod characters. The Form-I male pleopod of F. roberti, new species, is most similar in length and general shape to other members of the former subgenus Crockerinus Fitzpatrick, 1987, which occur throughout the central and eastern United States. This subgenus, and all other subgenera formerly in the genus Orconectes, were not recognized by Crandall and De Grave (2017) in their world classification of freshwater crayfish based on recent phylogenetic evidence. All members of the former subgenus Crockerinus generally possessed short, straight first pleopod elements which may or may not curve at their distal tips and a central projection accounting for between 20 and 33% of the total first gonopod length. Faxonius roberti differs from all other Crockerinus members occurring west of the Mississippi River in possessing a Form-I first pleopod mesial process that is equal in width at its base to the central projection, which tapers to an acute tip, and is not curved caudodistally. Relationships. See the Phylogenetics text in the Results section for a discussion of the relationships of this species to other taxa. See also Fig. 2. Common name. The suggested common or vernacular name for this species is the Spring River Crayfish, which is in reference to its affinity for the mainstem channels of the two spring-fed rivers where the species occurrs. Conservation status. Given F. roberti’ s limited distribution in only two major Black River drainages and the known introduction of the non-native Ringed Crayfish (F. neglectus) in portions of the Spring River drainage (Larson & Magoulick 2008), we recommend a status of Vulnerable following the criteria of the American Fisheries Society as outlined by Taylor et al. (2007). These same factors warrant a classification as Vulnerable following the criteria of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN).Published as part of Fetzner Jr, James W. & Taylor, Christopher A., 2018, Two new species of freshwater crayfish of the genus Faxonius (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from the Ozark Highlands of Arkansas and Missouri, pp. 491-520 in Zootaxa 4399 (4) on pages 500-507, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4399.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/120682
Oreobates remotus Jr, Amaro, Recoder, Sena & Rodrigues, 2012, sp. nov.
No full textOreobates remotus sp. nov. (Figs. 1–3) Holotype. MZUSP 141708 (Figs. 1, 2), an adult male from “Rochedo” (15 ° 8 ' 43.80 "S, 44 ° 14 ' 29.04 "W, WGS 84, 624 m elevation), a large limestone outcrop crossed by a road, close to Fabião I village, at Cavernas do Peruaçu National Park, Januária municipality, Minas Gerais state, Brazil, collected on January 9 th, 2009 by M. Teixeira Jr., M. A. de Sena, R. S. Recoder and M. T. Rodrigues; field number MTJ 0 430. Paratopotypes. (Fig. 3) MZUSP 141710, an adult female, collected with the holotype; field number MTJ 0 426. MZUSP 141711 – 13, adult males, collected with the holotype; field numbers MTJ 0427– 29. MZUSP 141715, a juvenile, collected with the holotype; field numbers MTJ 0 431. Paratypes. MZUSP 141709, a juvenile, from the trail between Janelão Cave and Terra Brava farm old headquarters, at Cavernas do Peruaçu National Park, Januária municipality, Minas Gerais, Brazil, collected on January 24 th, 2008 by M. Teixeira Jr. and R. S. Recoder; field number MTJ 0 209. MZUSP 141715 – 24, juveniles, from an unpaved road that connects Terra Brava farm to Liasa farm, at Cavernas do Peruaçu National Park, Januária municipality, Minas Gerais state, Brazil, collected between January 10 th and January 23 th 2009 by M. Teixeira Jr., M. A. de Sena, R. S. Recoder; field numbers MTJ 0432– 34, 448, 493, 550 – 53, 567, 568. MZUSP 23306, an adult, from Pandeiros River, Minas Gerais state, Brazil, collected on 1935 by J. Blaser. MZUFV 5005 – 10, subadults, from Cavernas do Peruaçu National Park, Januária municipality, Minas Gerais, Brazil, collected between March 12 th and 19 th 2003 by R. Feio. Etymology. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition meaning “remote, distant, far off”, in Latin, in reference to the geographical gap of more than 1.000 km between the area of occurrence of the new species and that of all other Oreobates. Diagnosis. A medium-sized Oreobates with moderately robust body (SVL of adult males, 29.6–33.1 mm and female, 37.7 mm) characterized as follows: (1) skin on dorsum smooth; venter smooth; posterior surfaces of limbs smooth; discoidal fold slightly visible, thoracic fold absent; postrictal tubercle absent; (2) tympanic membrane and annulus distinct, about 3 / 5 of eye diameter; supratympanic fold weak; (3) head large, slightly longer than wide; snout subacuminate in dorsal view, slightly protruding in lateral view; canthal ridge straight in dorsal view, slightly concave in profile; (4) cranial crests absent; upper eyelid smooth; (5) dentigerous process of vomers distinct, situated posteromedial to choannae; (6) males with vocal slit and no nuptial pads; (7) hands with long and slender fingers, first finger longer than second; subarticular tubercles large, prominent, conical; supernumerary tubercles large, conical, smaller than subarticular tubercles; disks on Fingers III and IV large, broadly expanded, truncated, with circumferential groove and pad; lateral fringes weak; (8) ulnar tubercles absent; (9) no tubercles on heel and tarsus; (10) inner metatarsal tubercle sub-elliptical, prominent; outer metatarsal tubercle round, prominent; supernumerary tubercles small, weakly distinct; (11) toes long and slender, lateral fringes slightly visible distally, webbing absent; fifth and third toes reaching second subarticular tubercle of Toe IV; discs relatively small, slightly expanded, truncated in Toe IV, truncate to rounded in Toes V, III and II, and rounded in Toe I, circumferential grooves and pads present in Toes III, IV and V; (12) axillary gland absent; (13) dorsal coloration olive brown to reddish brown, with W-shaped occipital dark markings poorly evident, dorsolateral dark brown mark may form a longitudinal dark strip; throat and chest grey; belly cream with grey mottling or reticulations on anterior margin. Description of the holotype. An adult male, SVL 32.18 mm, with vocal slits and no nuptial pads; head slightly longer than wide, and slightly wider than body; snout moderate in length, subacuminate in dorsal view, slightly protruding in profile; nostril opening laterally, placed on an elevation on the side of snout; eye large, protruding, placed and directed laterally; canthal ridge straight in dorsal view and slightly concave in profile; loreal region slightly concave; no cranial crests; upper eyelid without tubercles; supratympanic fold present, but not well developed; tympanic membrane and annulus distinct, except on supratympanic region; tympanic membrane vertically elliptical, large, diameter about 3 / 5 of eye diameter; no postrictal tubercles; choanae small, slightly rounded, not concealed, and placed anterolaterally on roof of mouth, separate by a distance of about four times their diameter; dentigerous process of vomers present, elliptical, forming two small barely separated oblique clumps between, and slightly posterior, to choanae; vocal sac simple, subgular, scarcely developed; vocal slit present, slit-like, laterally to tongue, posteriorly on floor of mouth; tongue lanceolate, not notched posteriorly; Eustachian tube opening posteriorly on eye bulge; dorsal surfaces of head, back and limbs smooth; ventral surfaces of limbs, belly, chest and throat smooth; cloacal region slightly shagreen; no cloacal flap present; no scapular-occipital fold nor middorsal and dorsolateral tubercle or fold; discoidal fold slightly visible, no thoracic fold; arm and forearm slender; ulnar tubercles absent; palmar tubercle elliptical, large, prominent; thenar tubercle ovate, large, prominent; supernumerary tubercles present, large, conical with rounded bases; subarticular tubercles large, larger than supernumerary tubercles, conical and projecting, rounded in the base, distal ones are smaller than proximal ones; disks on Fingers III and IV large, broadly expanded, truncated; small, rounded slightly larger than finger width in Fingers I and II; circumferential groove and pad presents in Fingers III and IV; fingers slender and long, not webbed; fingers weakly fringed laterally; relative finger length II<I<IV<III; legs slender and moderately long; toes slender and long (foot length 49 % of SVL), not webbed; heel and tarsal tubercles absent, no tarsal fold; inner metatarsal tubercle slightly developed, longer than wide, sub-elliptical; outer metatarsal tubercle rounded, smaller than inner one; a few supernumerary plantar tubercles present, small, weakly distinct; subarticular tubercles conical, projecting, with rounded bases, subarticular tubercles from outer toes smaller than those from inner toes; discs relatively small, slightly expanded, truncated in Toe IV, truncate to rounded in Toes V, III and II, and rounded in Toe I, disk of Toe I as wide as digit width; circumferential grooves and pads present in Toes III, IV and V; toes slightly laterally fringed distally; relative toes length I<II<V<III<IV. Color in life. Interorbital bar dark brown, concave anteriorly, with an irregular posterior medial projection expanded across midline of head, and with irregular lateral borders; canthal stripe dark brown, extending longitudinally from tip of snout to anterior margin of eye, ventrally irregularly edged and dorsally sharply edged along canthal ridge. Supratympanic area blackish, extending along supratympanic fold, dark coloration extends ventrally approximately to the level of mid-tympanum length. Two diagonal labial bars dark brown, slightly faded, irregularly edged and discontinuous, one below eye and one crossing loreal region and connecting to canthal stripe, infralabial region with scattered irregular marks. Dorsal background coloration olive brown, with a large dark brown X-shaped mark over scapulae, connecting with the interorbital bar. Dorsal coloration also includes small scattered black dots. Arm light brown with irregular dark brown transversal marks; forearm light brown with transverse dark brown irregular bars and some flecks. Dorsal surfaces of legs light brown with transverse dark brown bars; hidden surfaces of thighs and shanks slightly translucid producing fleshy brown tonalities. Belly cream centrally, ventrolaterally and anteriorly with faint and fine dark brown flecks extending from dorsolateral coloration. Chest lighter than belly, and throat grey with inconspicuous faint vermiculations posteriorly. Color in preservative. Background color light grey, pattern of dark coloration as described above, but turned in to dark grey, and light ventral coloration whitish. Measurements of the holotype (mm). SVL = 32.18; HL = 11.76; HW = 10.93; EN = 4.14; EE = 5.8; ED = 4.5; TD = 2.54; THL = 16.5; TL = 17.03; FL = 15.94; IND = 2.44. Variation. We found little variation on morphological characters among the specimens, varying mainly in body size. Measurements are presented on Table 1. The only adult female has a larger SVL than adult males. The dorsum shows some variation in coloration and patterns, varying from yellowish brown background color with scattered dark marks to reddish brown with dorsolateral dark marks aligned marks, forming an irregular longitudinal stripe (Fig. 3). Some individuals also show a slightly visible middorsal fold. Advertisement call. Calls were recorded on 9 th January 2009 at 21: 16 h; air temperature was 21 ºC. Sixteen calls from four specimens were analyzed. The advertisement call consist on a series of single short pulsed notes averaging 104 ms in length (range = 89–142 ms) having 2–3 pulses each, however the poor quality of the recordings do not allow an accurate count of pulses. The calls show no harmonic structure, has no amplitude modulation and pulses are amplitude modulated. The average call repetition rate is 31.6 call/min (18–45 call/min). The average dominant frequency is 3150.7 Hz (2866.5–3395.7 Hz) (Fig. 4). FIGURE 4. Advertisement call of Oreobates remotus sp. nov.: (from up to down) Oscillogram of a whole track and; oscillogram of a section comprising one note; Spectrogram of the same note; Amplitude spectrum of the note on the left. The call was recorded about 21: 16 h on 9 th January 2009, air temperature was 21 ºC. Comparison with other species (data for species other than Oreobates remotus in parenthesis). Oreobates remotus can be distinguished from O. barituensis, O. choristolemma, O. cruralis, O. granulosus, O. lehri, O. madidi, O. pereger, O. quixensis, O. sanctacrucis, O. sanderi, O. saxatilis, O. simmonsi, and O. zongonensis by having dorsal skin smooth and broadly enlarged truncate discs on Fingers III and IV (dorsal skin shagreened to granular and discs on Finger III and IV not enlarged). From O. ibischi by having dorsal skin smooth, broadly enlarged truncated discs on Fingers III and IV, nuptial pads absent and advertisement call notes having 2–3 pulses each (dorsal skin granular, discs on Finger III and IV only slightly enlarged, nuptial pads present and advertisement call notes having 6–8). From O. discoidalis by the absence of toe webbing, larger discs on Fingers III and IV, and advertisement call consisting of a single short pulsed note with 104 ms in length, dominant frequency of about 3150 Hz and 2–3 pulses per note (toes basally webbing, proportionally smaller discs on Fingers III and IV, and call composed of a single longer pulsed note with 582 ms in length, dominant frequency of about 2200 hz and 8–11 pulses per note). Oreobates remotus is more similar to O. heterodactylus, from which it can be distinguished by absence of nuptial pads, subacuminated snout in dorsal view, and shorter advertisement call with dominant frequency of about 3150 Hz, no harmonic structure and 2–3 pulses per note (nuptial pads present, slightly truncated snout in dorsal view and call is a single pulsed note with dominant frequency of about 3950 hz, having 3 to 5 harmonics and 5–9 pulses per note). Additionally O. remotus has, proportionally to body size, a larger hand than any other species of Oreobates. EN 3.9 ± 0.3 (3.6 –4.1.0) 4.6 3.2 ± 0.2 (2.8–3.5) EE 5.8 ± 0.2 (5.6 –6.1.0) 7.2 5.4 ± 0.5 (4.9–6.1) ED 4.2 ± 0.2 (3.9 –4.5.0) 4.6 3.4 ± 0.2 (3.0– 3.7) TD 2.5 ± 0.1 (2.4–2.5) 3.1 2.0 ± 0.3 (1.6–2.8) IND 2.5 ± 0.1 (2.4–2.7) 3.3 2.2 ± 0.2 (1.9–2.5) THL 16.2 ± 0.8 (15.3–17.1) 18.8 13.4 ± 1 (12.4–15.1) TL 16.9 ± 0.6 (16.2–17.7) 19.2 14.1 ± 1.1 (13–15.6) FL 15.5 ± 0.4 (15.1–15.9) 17.6 12.9 ± 1.4 (10.7–14.4) Natural history and distribution. All individuals of Oreobates remotus sp. nov. were found only during the rainy seasons. During our first expedition to Peruaçu valley, only one juvenile was found at a semideciduous forest. However that rainy season was atypical as the precipitation was very low (about 500 mm 3). The second sampled rainy season was a typical one (about 1000 mm 3) and individuals became very abundant. Many juveniles were found in pitfall traps and along the dry forest floor jumping over the leaf-litter. No individual was found in non-forest environments (e.g. savanna and carrasco). All adults were found in wet limestone outcrops covered with mosses on the roadside within the dry forest (Fig. 5). Males where heard calling at night from the wet walls and crevices of the outcrops, especially during rainy days. The new species is currently known only from the vicinities of the type locality, Peruaçu river valley, and from Pandeiros River, both at northern Minas Gerais state, Brazil (Figs. 6 and 7). Although geographical information for this latter record is imprecise, Pandeiros River is also located at the left margin of São Francisco River, about 70 km SW from Peruaçu region. Both areas lie at the southernmost end of the Atlantic Dry Forest. Phylogenetic relationships. Both individual and combined analyses of mitochondrial genes cytochrome b (cyt b) and 16 S recovered Oreobates remotus sp. nov. deeply embedded within Oreobates and sister to O. heterodactylus (Fig. 8), with 10 % of interspecific divergence for 16 S and 16–17 % for cyt b between them. The clade comprising O. cruralis, O. discoidalis and O. madidi is recovered as sister to that containing O. remotus sp. nov. and O. heterodactylus, while O. quixensis and O. sanderi are recovered in a basal position. The remaining relationships within Strabomantinae were poorly supported, similar to results of Padial et al. (2008 b, 2009).Published as part of Jr, Mauro Teixeira, Amaro, Renata Cecília, Recoder, Renato Sousa, Sena, Marco Aurélio De & Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut, 2012, A relict new species of Oreobates (Anura, Strabomantidae) from the Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests of Minas Gerais, Brazil, and its implication to the biogeography of the genus and that of South American Dry Forests, pp. 37-52 in Zootaxa 3158 on pages 40-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20980
Stilobezzia (Stilobezzia) tobiasi Huerta & Grogan Jr 2021, n. sp.
No full textStilobezzia (Stilobezzia) tobiasi Huerta & Grogan n. sp. (Figs. 1–16) Stilobezzia (Stilobezzia) femoralis Lane & Forattini, 1956: 212. Huerta, 2002: 57 (male, female diagnosis; in key; figs.; Mexico record); Borkent & Spinelli, 2007: 87 (in Neotropical catalog; Mexico (Yucatan), Panama); Huerta & Grogan, 2017: 407 (in key to Stilobezzia of Mexico). Diagnosis. The only Neotropical species of Stilobezzia (S.) with the following combination of characters. Males with dark brown thorax; fore coxa pale brown, mid and hind coxae dark brown; fore femur and tibia yellowish; mid femur dark brown on proximal 2/3, distal 1/3 yellowish, mid tibia yellowish with a narrow dark brown basal band; hind femur dark brown with yellow subapical band, hind tibia yellowish with narrow dark brown apical band; and gonocoxite with a pair of mesally directed finger-like lobes. Females with similar coloration of males; claws slightly shorter than their respective tarsomeres 5, mid claws longer than fore claws, fore claws longer than hind claws; and one ovoid spermatheca with short neck. Male. Head (Fig. 1) pale yellow. Eyes narrowly separated, without interommatidial spicules. Antennal scape, pedicel (Fig. 2) yellowish; flagellomeres 1–10 brown, 11–13 pale brown; flagellomeres separated, 11–13 elongated; plume dense, dark brown; antennal ratio 1.06–1.08 (1.07; n=2). Mouthparts short, light brown. Palpus pale brown; segment 3 cylindrical, with capitate sensilla on subapical mesal surface; segment 4 short; segment 5 darker, slightly shorter than segment 3; palpal ratio 4.0–4.8 (4.5; n=3). Clypeus rhomboid with 3 pairs of long, thin submarginal setae. Thorax (Fig. 6). Dark brown; scutellum glossy with 2 marginal, 2 central long setae. Paratergite without seta, with lateral suture; anepisternum well developed, not bilobed posteriorly; pleura dark brown, without setae. Legs (Fig. 6). Fore coxa pale brown, mid and hind coxae dark brown; fore femur, tibia yellowish; mid femur dark brown on basal two thirds (ca 0.72 of total length), extreme narrow base and apical 1/3 yellowish, tibia with a narrow faint pale brown band, remainder yellowish; hind femur dark brown, with very narrow basal and subapical yellowish band, apex dark brown, tibia yellowish with dark brown apical band; tarsi of all legs pale yellow; tarsomeres 1–2 of fore, mid legs with one row, 1–2 of hind leg with two rows of ventral palisade setae; claws small, equal-sized; hind tibial comb with 8 spines; prothoracic TR 2.09–2.45 (2.32, n=3); mesothoracic TR 2.61–3.09 (2.84, n=3); metathoracic TR 1.91–2.27 (2.06, n=3). Wing (Fig. 11) membrane hyaline, with fine microtrichia; anterior veins pale brown; 1st radial cell very small, 2nd radial cell 4.2X longer than 1st; M forking at level of distal ½ of 2 nd radial cell; cubital fork at level of base of 2 nd radial cell; wing length 1.20–1.32 (1.26, n=4) mm, width 0.36–0.38 (0.37; n= 4) mm; costal ratio 0.67–0.68 (0.68; n=4). Halter dark brown. Abdomen (Fig. 13). Tergites dark brown; tergite 1 posterior margin with narrow sclerotized distal band; sternites pale brown. Genitalia (Figs. 14‒16). Tergite 9 longer than broad, anterior, posterior margins straight (very short, with medial cleft in 1 paratype); sternite 9 3.5X broader than long, posterior margin slightly curved, membrane spiculate; sternite 10 spiculate, cerci short, setose. Gonocoxite stout, twice as long as broad, with a pair of finger-like lobes mesally directed. Gonostylus 0.66 length of gonocoxite, curved, base stout, with slender sharply pointed tip. Parameres large, heavily sclerotized; basal apodeme stout, laterally curved, sub-basally joined by a narrow, sclerotized band; main stems straight, becoming more widely separated posteriorly, apices tapered, bent 90º laterally, tips sharply pointed. Aedeagus composed of a pair of long, straight, heavily sclerotized bars that are connected to the base of the gonocoxite, but, they are more anteriorly situated than the parameres. Female. Similar to male with the following notable sexual differences. Antennal flagellomeres dark brown (Fig. 3), except basal 2/3 of 1–8 pale yellow; antennal ratio 1.1 (n=1). Palpus (Fig. 4) dark brown; palpal ratio 3.0 (n=2). Mandible (Fig. 5) with 6 large, coarse medial teeth. Thorax (Fig. 7). Scutellum with 6 large setae. Legs similar to male; mid tibia yellowish with narrow dark brown basal band and very narrow dark brown apical band; hind tibial comb with 7 spines; prothoracic TR 2.4 (n=2); mesothoracic TR 2.7 (n=2); metathoracic TR 2.1 (n=2); tarsomeres 5 of all legs (Figs. 8–10) with a pair of sub-basal, blunt spines; claws slightly shorter than their respective tarsomeres 5, with smaller inner claw; mid claws longer than fore claws, fore claws longer than hind claws. Wing (Fig. 12) membrane light brown, without brown spot; vein M 1+2 4.7X the length of r-m crossvein; 2 nd radial cell 4.5X longer than 1 st; wing length 1.30–1.31 (1.30, n=2) mm, width 0.48–0.50 (0.49, n=2) mm; CR= 0.71 (n=2). Abdomen. Tergites shining black; tergite 1 with anterior margin not sclerotized, V-shaped, white; sternites shining dark brown. Sternite 8 not in position to describe. One ovoid spermatheca, 0.09 by 0.05 mm, with short neck. Type material. HOLOTYPE Male. MEXICO: Yucatan, Reserva Natural de Ria Lagartos: Km 10 carretera Ria Lagartos-Las Coloradas, al este de la estación Ria Lagartos, vegetacion Peten “Tucha”. GPS: [21° 35´46´´ N; 88° 08´47´´W], 8–Jul–1996, Malaise trap, Cols. Paz-Rodriguez, R. & Huerta, H., on slide. Colección de Artrópodos con Impor- tancia Médica (CAIM), Mexico City. ALLOTYPE Female: same data as holotype except, 15-Oct-1996, on pin. PARATYPES: same data as holotype except 30-Nov-1995, light trap, on pin, 1 female; Tizimin, entrada a Zacbo, 4.2 km al sur de la estacion “El Cuyo”, GPS: [21° 28´58´´ N; 87° 42´2´´W], selva baja, light trap, 1-Apr-1997, Cols. Ibáñez-Bernal, S, Manrique-Saide, P., 1 male; Estación Ria Lagartos, entronque sobre las carreteras Las Coloradas-San Felipe, GPS: [21° 34´17´´ N; 88° 09´38´´W], light trap, 31-Aug-1995, Col. Huerta, H, 1 female. Reserva Natural de Ria Celestún: Rancho Loma Bonita, Km 15 carretera Celestún-Kinchil, sobre terraceria, vegetacion Peten, GPS: [20° 50´56´´ N, 90° 15´40´´ W], 5-Sep-1995, CDC trap, Cols. Navarro-Correa, C, Manrique-Saide, P., Paz-Rodriguez, R., 1 male; Ecoparaiso, Km 12 carretera Celestun-Sisal, 12 km al noroeste de Celestun, duna costera, GPS: [20° 58´38´´ N, 90° 21´18´´ W], Malaise trap, 17-Jul-1996, Cols. Navarro-Correa, C., Paz-Rodriguez, R., 1 male; Dumac, 1 km al este de Celestun, carretera Celestun-Kinchil, mangle, GPS: [20° 51´30´´ N, 90° 23´0´´ W], 3-Jul-1997, light trap, Cols. Manrique-Saide, P., Paz-Rodriguez, R., Huerta, H. 1 male. Morelos: Puente de Ixtla, San Jose Vista Hermosa, sobre la calle Josefa Ortiz de Dominguez, sitio “La Cañada”, 4-Aug to 3-Sep 2013, Malaise trap, Col. Sergio Hernandez-Tobias, 1 male. Discussion. This new Mexican species is distinguished from other Neotropical Stilobezzia (Stilobezzia) by its mid femur that is dark brown on basal 2/3 and the apical 1/3 is yellowish, mid tibia yellowish with narrow dark brown basal band and very narrow dark brown apical band; hind femur dark brown with yellow subapical band and dark brown apex; and male gonocoxite with a pair of finger-like lobes mesally directed. In the similar Nearctic and Neotropical Stilobezzia (S.) antennalis (Coquillett), their mid and hind femora are also black, but their fore femur and all tibiae are yellow; the male parameres are sinuate and their apices are curved inwardly, the gonocoxite with a large irregular basal lobe, the aedeagus is much shorter and broader basally; and, females have two spermathecae, but, the much smaller 2 nd spermatheca is round. In males S. (S.) femoralis Lane & Forattini (1956), the mid femur is only brown on the basal 2/3, but the distal 1/3 is yellow; the gonocoxite is slender with only a small short, inner triangular lobe on the distal 2/3; the gonostylus is much shorter; and the wing is much longer (length 2.0 mm); however, females are unknown. In S. (S). wygodzinskyi Lane (1947), the proximal 2/3 of the mid tibia and femora are dark brown, but, their distal 1/3 are yellow, however, males are unknown (Lane & Forattini 1961). In S. (S). chaconi Macfie (1938), the mid tibia and mid and hind femora are entirely dark brown; the gonocoxite is slender with a small short, inner triangular lobe on its distal 1/3 and it also has a sharp seta-like medial lobe. Etymology. This species is named after Sergio Hernández-Tobias for his collaboration during the collection of the specimens from Morelos and for sharing his experience with the identification of parasites of birds transmitted by species of Culicoides.Published as part of Huerta, Heron & Grogan Jr, William L., 2021, A new species of predaceous midge in the genus Stilobezzia Kieffer from Mexico (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), pp. 297-300 in Zootaxa 4908 (2) on pages 297-298, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4908.2.11, http://zenodo.org/record/443822
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF DEWAR VOLUME AND COLD FINGER SIZE IN A STIRLING CRYOCOOLER LIQUID AIR ENERGY STORAGE (LAES) SYSTEM
No full textThis paper uses an experimental approach to evaluate two design characteristics for a liquid air energy storage (LAES) and generation system as part of the verification and validation of system component design for a microgrid power system. The LAES subsystem evaluated utilized a Stirling engine–based cryocooler that employs a cold finger placed into Dewar, which allows the pumping of heat out of a Dewar. As the heat is pumped out, the air temperature in the Dewar cools to below the condensation point and the air in the Dewar liquifies and is stored in the Dewar. Using a design of experiments, the cold finger surface area and Dewar volume were evaluated to determine the criticality and significance of changing their dimensions on the total liquid air production mass and average liquid air production rate during the experiments. This analysis found that changing the surface area of the cryocooler cold finger was a statistically significant design characteristic that affected total liquid air production and average production rate while changing the volume of the Dewar was not statistically significant. Additional responses relative to the time when the first gram of liquid air was produced and the minimum cold tip temperature that the cryocooler was able to achieve provided additional insight into design characteristics that can be used to inform the engineer when making design tradeoffs for specific microgrid operational environments.Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.Lieutenant Colonel, United States Arm
Mobility of the SecA 2-helix-finger is not essential for polypeptide translocation via the SecYEG complex
No full textThe bacterial ATPase SecA and protein channel complex SecYEG form the core of an essential protein translocation machinery. The nature of the conformational changes induced by each stage of the hydrolytic cycle of ATP and how they are coupled to protein translocation are not well understood. The structure of the SecA-SecYEG complex revealed a 2-helix-finger (2HF) of SecA in an ideal position to contact the substrate protein and push it through the membrane. Surprisingly, immobilization of this finger at the edge of the protein channel had no effect on translocation, whereas its imposition inside the channel blocked transport. This analysis resolves the stoichiometry of the active complex, demonstrating that after the initiation process translocation requires only one copy each of SecA and SecYEG. The results also have important implications on the mechanism of energy transduction and the power stroke driving transport. Evidently, the 2HF is not a highly mobile transducing element of polypeptide translocation
Guitonia leimomi Jr, Mendoza & Ng, 2010, n. sp.
No full textGuitonia leimomi n. sp. (Figs. 1 A, B, 3 A, E, F, 4) Material Examined. Holotype: male, 15.5 × 9.7 mm (ZRC 2010.0277), cave wall, 2–9 m, South Kona, island of Hawaii, Hawaiian Is., coll. Gustav Paulay, 2002. Diagnosis. Anterolateral margin with teeth broad at base, spiniform. Anterior regions of carapace lined with high rows of basally fused granules. Corneas, eyestalks greatly reduced. Area lateral to orbits with 2 granular ridges linking at level of exorbital angle, first anterolateral tooth, enclosing small, depressed area. Frontal margin straight, median notch relatively small. Chelae subequal, nearly homomorphic; dactylus of major chela without enlarged subproximal tooth; fixed finger, dactylus of minor chela smooth. Ambulatory legs relatively short, stout; distal end of merus of fourth ambulatory leg not reaching last anterolateral tooth when apposed against carapace. Male telson subtriangular. G 1 moderately stout; proximal half nearly straight; distal half sigmoid, twisted 180 ° on long axis, curving laterally then medially, tip pointing dorsomedially; with lateral flange; inner surface of tip hollowed, cup-shaped, outer surface pointed with rounded tip, elongate, concave. Description. Carapace (Fig. 1 A) broader than long, transversely ovate, all regions granular; 1 M to 1 F depressed; 1 F with anterior disjunct transverse row of conjoined granules; 2 F with borders undefined; 1 M with anterior, elevated row of transverse conjoined granules, lower, shorter, posterior row or rows, border between 1 M, 2 M indistinct; 2 M with several transverse rows of conjoined granules, single granules, partial longitudinal division on anterior half, external branch wider than internal with 1 row of granules higher along anterior border, borders demarcated; 3 M, 4 M demarcated; 1 L with border undefined; regions 1 L, 2 L, 3 L without borders, with 3 transverse rows of conjoined granules, 1 anterior, 2 posterior; 4 L demarcated anteriorly with diagonal furrow; 5 L, 6 L combined, lined with transverse rows of conjoined granules angled slightly towards anterior, anterior rows more elevated; 1 R undefined; border between 2 R, 3 R marked by slight furrow; 1 P slightly elevated; 2 P undefined; posterior border with transverse furrow followed by transverse row of granules, then unarranged granules; anterior carapace granules higher, more robust, decreasing in size posteriorly. Front (Fig. 1 B) about 0.25 times carapace width, advanced over arc of anterolateral margins, bilobed; rim sinuous, curving anteriorly to meet at median V-shaped cleft, lined with minute granules. Medial recessed pit between border, incomplete row of transverse conjoined granules of F 1. Front separated from orbital margin by recessed pit. Eyes greatly reduced, cornea pigmented, eyestalks granular. Orbits small, parallel to front; supraorbital margin granular, projecting at junction with recessed pit; infraorbital margins granular, more or less straight. Area lateral to orbits with upper, lower granular ridges linking at level of exorbital angle, first anterolateral tooth, enclosing small, depressed area; lower ridge comprising 3 robust suborbital teeth. Suborbital, pterygostomial, subhepatic regions granular. Epistome granular, transversely depressed, medial sulcus extending from posterior margin to anterior margin, with medial notch; posterior margin concavely arched from medial sulcus until suture 2 / 3 distance to junction with pterygostomial region, with flattened convex arches laterally. Basal antennal segment rectangular, filling orbital hiatus; antennal flagellum greater than twice width of orbit; antennules folding transversely. Endostome without distinct longitudinal ridges. Postorbital region with slight indication of marginal ridge connecting to first anterolateral tooth. Anterolateral margins arcuate, with 4 distinct teeth roughly equal in size; first tooth blunt; second to fourth broadly triangular with acute tips, curving anteriorly, tooth 4 slightly smallest; teeth granular, separated by denticles. Merus of third maxilliped (Fig. 4 A) granular, subquadrate, anteroexternal angle slightly produced, anterior margin concave; with depression near insertion of carpus; median length approximately half that of ischium; ischium granular with longitudinal medial sulcus; internal margin with depressed lip, thin setae lining internal border of lip, continuing to junction with basis, separated from basis by slight suture; exopod granular. Surface of thoracic sternum (Fig. 3 A) granular. Sternites 1, 2 completely fused into triangular plate, separated from sternite 3 by deep transverse suture; suture between sternites 3, 4 deep laterally, only slightly indicated medially; sternite 4 with distinct median longitudinal line; suture between sternites 4, 5 distinct; suture between sternites 5, 6 slightly indicated; suture between sternites 6, 7 deep; sternite 8 small, hidden behind abdomen. Abdominal cavity deep, sternal push button midway between anterior, posterior sutures of sternite 5, telson almost reaching imaginary line joining cheliped coxae. Chelipeds (Fig. 3 E, F) similar, subequal. Fingers with tips crossing, about as long as palm. Dactylus curved ventrally, posteriorly; dorsal surface granular proximally, smooth with punctuations distally, with two longitudinal grooves fading distally; anterior, posterior surfaces each with longitudinal row of punctuations; cutting edge of major chela with 3 small teeth interdigitating with 3 teeth of fixed finger, denticles lining margin to tip; minor chelae with denticles along cutting edge. Fixed finger with teeth, denticles lining margin to upturned tip, with anterior, posterior longitudinal row of punctuations, less defined row of punctuations near anterior margin of cutting edge. Outer, upper surfaces of propodus granular entirely with distinct dorsal longitudinal groove, lesser inner longitudinal groove; inner, lower surfaces of major chela smooth, ventral margin relatively straight. Carpus granular; dorsal granules larger than ventral, single or clustered, sometimes pointing toward propodus; with groove near dorsal junction with propodus forming collar; inner distal angle with triangular projection. Merus granular; dorsal surface with larger granules; outer margin with few prominent conical granules. Ambulatory legs relatively long, slender; P 3, P 4 longest, P 4 coxa-to-dactylus length 1.09 times carapace width, P 5 shortest. Merus long, fusiform in cross section, length ca. 3.5 times width, granular with sparse simple setae, distal end of merus of fourth ambulatory leg not reaching last anterolateral tooth when apposed against carapace; dorsal edge with row of short spines; ventral surface with row of short spines forking distally, low or indistinct in P 4, P 5; anterior surface smooth; length approximately equal to length of propodus, carpus combined; not reaching last anterolateral tooth when apposed against carapace. Carpus granular with sparse simple setae; dorsal surface with larger, distally pointing conical granules, absent along posterior longitudinal groove. Propodus granular with sparse, simple setae; granules conical, distally pointing; anterior, posterior surfaces with furrow lacking conical granules. Dactylus long, slender, granular; dorsal, ventral surfaces with short stiff setae; terminates distally in curved chitinous claw. External surface of male abdomen (Figs. 3 A, 4 B) with sparse, fine setae, 5 discernable somites, including telson. Somite 1 longer at lateral edges with concave distal margin; granules larger laterally. Somite 2 subtrapezoidal; lateral margins proximally convex, distally concave; proximal margin convex; distal margin concave. Somites 3–5 immovably fused, lateral margins concave, sutures indiscernible except laterally between somites 3, 4. Somite 3 with larger granules laterally, minute medially. Somites 4, 5 with minute granules; central region raised. Somite 6 subquadrate, central region slightly raised; telson subtriangular. G 1 (Fig. 4 C–E) moderately stout; proximal half nearly straight; distal half sigmoid, curving laterally then medially, twisted 180 ° on long axis, tip pointing dorsomedially; with several long, stout distal setae; ventral, dorsal margins lined with short spines; median groove for G 2 (Fig. 4 F); lateral flange; inner surface of tip hollowed, cup-shaped, outer surface pointed with rounded tip, elongated, concave. Etymology. The specific epithet leimomi is derived from the Hawaiian words for “pearl” and “necklace,” lei and momi, respectively, alluding to the conjoined rows of granules on the carapace. Used as a noun in apposition. Distribution. Known so far only from the Hawaiian Is. Remarks. Guitonia leimomi n. sp., is described based on only one male specimen from the Hawaiian Is. (see also Remarks for Guitonia). Guitonia leimomi n. sp., differs from both G. troglophila and G. paulayi n. sp., in having anterior regions of the carapace lined with prominent, basally-fused, transverse rows of granules (Fig. 1 A) (few low or indiscernible anterior basally-fused, transverse rows of granules in G. paulayi n. sp., and G. troglophila, Fig. 1 C, E), and greatly reduced corneas and eyestalks (Fig. 1 B) (well developed in G. paulayi n. sp., and intermediate in G. troglophila, Fig. 1 D, F). It differs from G. troglophila in having similar, subequal chelae without a basal differentiated tooth on the dactylus of the major chela (Fig. 3 E, F) (unequal chelae with a differentiated basal tooth in G. troglophila, fig. 3 G, H) and narrower, anteriorly pointing anterolateral teeth (Fig. 1 A) (broader, lower anterolateral teeth in G. troglophila, Fig. 1 E). See remarks for Guitonia and G. paulayi n. sp., regarding interspecific differences.Published as part of Jr, Robert Murray Lasley, Mendoza, Jose Christopher E. & Ng, Peter K. L., 2010, Two new species of Guitonia Garth & Iliffe, 1992 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Xanthidae) from the central and western Pacific Ocean, pp. 1-13 in Zootaxa 2684 on pages 9-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19940
Guitonia paulayi Jr, Mendoza & Ng, 2010, n. sp.
No full textGuitonia paulayi n. sp. (Figs. 1 C, D, 2, 3 B, C, D) Material examined. Holotype: male, 11.2 × 7.3 mm (ZRC 2010.0278), under rocks, 8–11 m, Glass Breakwater, Apra Harbor, Guam, Mariana Islands, coll. H. T. Conley, August 1998. Paratypes: 1 male, 10.9 × 7.1 mm (UF 1291), among rocks and dead coral, 3–6 feet, Orote Peninsula east of Neye I., Guam, Mariana Is., coll. H. T Conley, August 1984; 1 male, 10.1 × 6.8, 1 female, 11.4 × 7.3 mm (ZRC 2010.0280), among rocks and silt, 8–20 ft, Agat Bay, N of Alutom I., Guam, Mariana Is., coll. H. T. Conley, 2000; 1 male, 9.2 × 6.3 mm, 1 female, 9.4 × 6.4 mm (UF 26254), among rocks, 15–25 feet, near harbor entrance, Glass Breakwater, Apra Harbor, Guam, Mariana Is., coll. H. T. Conley, 22 August 1984; 2 males, 9.4 × 6.4 mm to 9.5 × 6.7 mm (USNM), among rocks and silt, 8–20 feet, Agat Bay, N of Alutom Island, Guam, Mariana Islands, coll. H. T. Conley, 2000; 1 male, 9.0 × 6.1 mm (UF 1967), among rocks, 15–30 ft, near harbor entrance, Glass Breakwater, Apra Harbor, Guam, Mariana Islands, coll. H. T. Conley, 5 April 2002. Diagnosis. Anterolateral margin with teeth narrow, spiniform. Anterior regions of carapace with weak rows of basally fused granules. Corneas, eyestalks well developed. Area lateral to orbits lacking granular ridges, without small, depressed area. Frontal margin straight, median notch relatively small. Chelae subequal, nearly homomorphic; fixed finger, dactylus of minor chela smooth. Ambulatory legs relatively long, slender; distal end of merus of fourth ambulatory leg almost reaching last anterolateral tooth when apposed against carapace. Male telson subtriangular with rounded tip. G 1 moderately stout; proximal half nearly straight; distal half sigmoid, twisted 90 º on long axis, curving laterally then ventrally, pointing ventromedially; tip bifurcate, pointing medially, dorsal tip twisting distally, ventral tip lanceolate, concave toward dorsal tip. Description. Carapace (Fig. 1 C) broader than long, transversely ovate, granular; 1 F with anterior transverse row of granules forming upper rim of front; 2 F with borders undefined; depressed from 1 M to 2 F; 1 M with 2 transverse rows of conjoined granules; 2 M demarcated, but slightly anteriorly, with faintly marked partial longitudinal division on anterior half, external branch wider than internal, anterior of internal branch fused with 1 M; 3 M, 4 M demarcated; 1 L depressed, borders undefined; 2 L borders undefined with high anterior row of about 5 transverse, conjoined granules, low posterior row of fewer transverse conjoined granules; 3 L with borders undefined except slightly at border with 4 L, with row of transverse, conjoined granules intersecting border with 2 L; 4 L slightly defined, small; 5 L demarcated with exception of lateral, posterior borders, with long, transverse row of conjoined granules at anterior border; 6 L demarcated slightly at anterolateral border, otherwise undefined; 1 R with borders undefined; border between 2 R, 3 R demarcated; other regions not demarcated; regions granular, sparsely setose; posterior regions with smaller, lower granules. Front (Fig. 1 D) about 0.25 times carapace width, slightly advanced over arc of anterolateral margins, bilobed; anterior margin doubly rimmed; lower rim bilobed, slanting ventromedially, lobes convex anteriorly, joining at medial V-shaped cleft, with low granules; upper rim formed by row of conjoined granules; medial recessed pit between upper, lower rims; separated from orbital margin by recessed pit. Eyestalks granular. Orbits slanting ventrolaterally; supraorbital margin granular, produced adjacent to recessed pit; infraobital margin granular, projecting at inner, outer angles, forming teeth. Suborbital, pterygostomial, subhepatic regions granular. Epistome transversely depressed, medial sulcus extending from posterior margin halfway to anterior margin; posterior margin with concave arches on either side of medial sulcus until notches 2 / 3 distance to junction with pterygostomial region. Basal antennal segment rectangular, filling orbital hiatus, antennal flagellum greater than twice width of orbit; antennules folding transversely. Endostome without distinct longitudinal ridges, row of minute granules along anterior border. Anterolateral margins arcuate, with 4 distinct teeth; margin anterior to tooth 1 poorly defined; first tooth tuberculiform; second through fourth acute, narrow, curving anteriorly; teeth 1, 4 small, 2, 3 larger; teeth separated by 3 to 5 marginal denticles. Outer surface of third maxilliped granular; merus (Fig. 2 A) granular, subquadrate, anteroexternal angle slightly produced, anterior margin sinuous, median length less than half that of ischium, with depression near insertion of carpus; ischium subrectangular with longitudinal medial sulcus; internal margin with depressed lip, thin setae lining internal border of lip, separated from basis by distinct suture; exopod granular distally, anteroexternal angle projecting. Surface of thoracic sternum (Fig. 3 B) granular. Sternites 1, 2 completely fused into triangular plate; suture between sternites 2, 3 distinct; suture between sternites 3, 4 deep laterally, gradually less distinct medially; sternite 4 with faint, shallow diagonal groove medial to condyle of chelipeds; sutures between sternites 4, 5, 5, 6 distinct; suture between sternites 6, 7 deep; sternite 8 small, hidden behind abdomen. Abdominal cavity deep, press-button on sternite 5, nearer to suture with sternite 4, abdomen reaching beyond imaginary line joining posterior edge of cheliped coxae. Chelipeds (Fig. 3 C, D) subequal. Major chela more robust, with more pronounced teeth, varying in size, placement, sometimes with robust, differentiated basal tooth on dactylus, otherwise similar to minor chela; ventral margin smooth with punctuations, sinuous, proximal half convex; fingers with tips crossing; margin of fixed finger lined with teeth or denticles of varying size, placement, proximal tooth usually bicuspid; tip upturned. Outer surface of chelae with dorsoproximal half granular; ventroproximal half smooth with punctuations; granulation ending abruptly in diagonal line. Dactylus usually with 2 or 3 large basal teeth, first of which is often differentiated. Propodus with dorsal surface granular with two narrow grooves, strong basally, fading distally; more distinct in minor chela; palm smooth. Carpus granular on dorsal, external surfaces with triangular projection on inner angle. Merus granular dorsally with smaller granules anteriorly, smooth ventrally. Ambulatory legs relatively long, slender, P 2 to P 3 longer than P 5, ratio of P 4 (coxa to dactylus length) to carapace width is 1.29. Merus subrectangular, long, length ca. 3.5 times width, distal end of merus of fourth ambulatory leg almost reaching last anterolateral tooth when apposed against carapace; anterior, posterior margins lined with low laterally pointing spines, spines less distinct ventrally on P 5; with sparse, simple or plumose setae; dorsal, ventral surfaces with minute granules; length equal or greater than length of propodus, carpus combined; almost reaching last anterolateral tooth when apposed against carapace. Anterior margin of carpus with short, laterally pointing spines; anterior surface with granules, spines, sparse setae; anterodorsal surface with longitudinal furrow; ventral surface smooth. Propodus with scattered setae, granular, with weak anterior, posterior longitudinal furrows. Dactylus long, slender, straight; anterior, posterior with scattered, robust simple setae, short spines; small tip pointed, slightly curved. External surface of male abdomen (Figs. 2 B, 3 B) with sparse, fine setae, with 5 discernible somites, including telson. Somite 1 longer at lateral edges with concave distal margin. Somite 2 subtrapezoidal with small granules; proximal margin convex; distal margin concave. Somites 3–5 immovably fused, lateral margins concave, smooth, sutures indiscernible except laterally between sternites 3, 4; small lateral notch between somites 4, 5; central region raised. Somite 6 subquadrate, central region slightly raised, anterolateral angles slightly raised. Telson subtriangular with rounded tip. G 1 (Fig. 2 C–E) moderately stout; proximal half nearly straight; distal half sigmoid, curving laterally then ventrally, twisted 90 º on long axis, pointing ventromedially; with several long, stout distal setae; ventral, dorsal margins lined with short spines; groove for G 2 (Fig. 2 F) dorsal in position; with distal ventral ridge; tip bifurcate, pointing medially, dorsal tip twisting distally, ventral tip lanceolate, concave toward dorsal tip. Vulva of mature females circular, moderate in size, in middle of sternite 6; aperture opens medially; operculum papillate. Etymology. The species is named for the distinguished invertebrate biologist Gustav Paulay, who mentored the first author. Distribution. Known only from Guam. Remarks. Guitonia paulayi n. sp., is only known from Guam, Mariana Islands, where it is apparently common among coral rubble and rocks. It shares more similarities with G. leimomi n. sp., than G. troglophila, which is not surprising considering G. troglophila is only found in anchialine caves in the Galápagos Is., whereas G. leimomi n. sp., and G. paulayi n. sp., occur in the Western Pacific, on the other side of the East Pacific biogeographic barrier (Paulay 1997) (see also Remarks for Guitonia). Guitonia paulayi n. sp., can be distinguished from G. troglophila and G. leimomi n. sp., by its relatively smaller, more acute, anterior pointing anterolateral teeth, the first of which is reduced to a small knob (Fig. 1 C) (relatively wider, more triangular anterolateral teeth, the first of which is complete in G. troglophila and G. leimomi n. sp., Fig. 1 A, E) and its fully developed corneas and eyestalks (Fig. 1 D) (reduced corneas and eyestalks in G. troglophila and G. leimomi n. sp., Fig. 1 B, F). Furthermore, it can be distinguished from G. troglophila by its higher transverse, conjoined rows of granules on the carapace, especially evident on regions 1 M and 2 L (Fig. 1 C) (low or indiscernible transverse conjoined rows in G. troglophila, Fig. 1 E) and double rimmed front formed by a row of granules on the anterior border of the carapace region F 1 (Fig. 1 D) (a single rimmed front in G. troglophila, Fig. 1 F) (Garth & Iliffe 1992). Guitonia paulayi n. sp., can be distinguished from G. leimomi n. sp., by having a merus of the third maxilliped with a sinuous anterior margin (Fig. 2 A) (arched in G. leimomi, Fig. 4 A), fewer and lower conjoined rows of granules on the carapace (Fig. 1 C) (numerous raised, transverse, conjoined granules in G. leimomi n. sp., Fig. 1 A), an abdominal telson with a relatively broader and more rounded tip (Fig. 2 B) (more triangular telson in G. leimomi n. sp., Fig. 4 B), and a male G 1 with the distal half twisted 90 ° on the long axis and a narrower, medially pointed tip (Fig. 2 C–E) (a male G 1 with the distal half twisted 180 ° and a broader, laterally pointed tip, Fig. 4 C–E).Published as part of Jr, Robert Murray Lasley, Mendoza, Jose Christopher E. & Ng, Peter K. L., 2010, Two new species of Guitonia Garth & Iliffe, 1992 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Xanthidae) from the central and western Pacific Ocean, pp. 1-13 in Zootaxa 2684 on pages 4-9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19940
- …
