12 research outputs found
Interferencije prethodnog znanja španjolskog jezika (L1, L2) na učenje portugalskog jezika kao L3 obilježja međujezične produkcije pri usvajanju srodnog jezika
No full textA presente tese baseia se na análise das influências do espanhol, tanto como língua materna (L1) quanto como segunda língua (L2), na aprendizagem do português como terceira língua (L3). Com foco nas línguas cognatas, est a tese investiga os processos de aquisição de português por parte de falantes de espanhol, com ênfase na produção interlíngua.
Primeiro, apresenta se uma introdução ao tema, delineando os objetivos e a estrutura da tese. Logo, define se o conceito de línguas cognatas, com especial ênfase nas semelhanças e diferenças entre o português e o espanhol defin e se o conceito de terceira língua (L3) e explicase a sua importância no contexto da aquisição de línguas. Explora se o processo d a aquisição de português por parte de falantes de espanhol, examinando os desafios e as estratégias envolvidos nesse processo . Depois, analisa se a interlíngua de hispanofalantes e descrevem se os diferentes tipos de transferências. Por último, a autora desta tese apresenta a sua jornada pessoal de aprendizagem do português e descreve as interferências pessoais.Ovaj diplomski rad bazira se na analizi utjecaja španjolskog, kako kao materin jeg jezika (L1) tako i kao drugog jezika (L2), na usvajanje portugalskog jezika kao trećeg jezika (L3). Usredotočivši se na srodn e jezi ke , ovaj diplomski rad istražuje procese usvajanja portugalskog jezika od strane govornika španjolskog jezika, s naglaskom na međujezičnu produkciju. Prvo se pruža uvod u temu, gdje se opisuju ciljevi i struktura rada . Zatim definira se pojam srodnih jezika, s posebnim naglaskom na sličnosti i razlik e između portugalskog i španjolskog jezika. Također se definira pojam trećeg jezika (L3) i objašnjava njegova važnost u kontekstu usvajanja jezika. Istražuje se proces usvajanja portugalskog jezika od strane govornika španjolskog jezika, analizirajući sve poteškoće i izazove koji su dijelom tog proces a . Nakon toga, analizira se međujezik govornika španjolskog jezika i opisuju se različite vrste transferencija . Na posljetku , autorica rada opisuje svoje osobno iskustvo u učenju portugalskog jezika i opisuje vlastite interferencije.This thesis
is based on the analysis of the influences of Spanish, both as a native language (L1)
and as a second language (L2), on the acquisition of Portuguese as a third language (L3). With
a focus on cognate languages , this thesis investigates the processes of Portuguese acquisition
by Spanish speakers, with an emphasis on the interlanguage production
First, an introduction to the topic is presented, outlining the objectives and structure of the
thesis. Then, the concept of cognate languages is defined, with special emphasis on the
similarities and differences between Portuguese and Spanish. The concept of third language
L3 is also defined, explaining its importance in the context of language acquisition. The
process of acquiring Portuguese by Spanish speakers is explored, examining the challenges and
strategies involved in this process. Subsequently, the interlanguage of Spanish speakers is
analyzed, and the different types of transfers are described. Lastl y, the author of this thesis
presents their personal journey of learning Portuguese and describes the personal interferences
Interferencije prethodnog znanja španjolskog jezika (L1, L2) na učenje portugalskog jezika kao L3 obilježja međujezične produkcije pri usvajanju srodnog jezika
No full textA presente tese baseia se na análise das influências do espanhol, tanto como língua materna (L1) quanto como segunda língua (L2), na aprendizagem do português como terceira língua (L3). Com foco nas línguas cognatas, est a tese investiga os processos de aquisição de português por parte de falantes de espanhol, com ênfase na produção interlíngua.
Primeiro, apresenta se uma introdução ao tema, delineando os objetivos e a estrutura da tese. Logo, define se o conceito de línguas cognatas, com especial ênfase nas semelhanças e diferenças entre o português e o espanhol defin e se o conceito de terceira língua (L3) e explicase a sua importância no contexto da aquisição de línguas. Explora se o processo d a aquisição de português por parte de falantes de espanhol, examinando os desafios e as estratégias envolvidos nesse processo . Depois, analisa se a interlíngua de hispanofalantes e descrevem se os diferentes tipos de transferências. Por último, a autora desta tese apresenta a sua jornada pessoal de aprendizagem do português e descreve as interferências pessoais.Ovaj diplomski rad bazira se na analizi utjecaja španjolskog, kako kao materin jeg jezika (L1) tako i kao drugog jezika (L2), na usvajanje portugalskog jezika kao trećeg jezika (L3). Usredotočivši se na srodn e jezi ke , ovaj diplomski rad istražuje procese usvajanja portugalskog jezika od strane govornika španjolskog jezika, s naglaskom na međujezičnu produkciju. Prvo se pruža uvod u temu, gdje se opisuju ciljevi i struktura rada . Zatim definira se pojam srodnih jezika, s posebnim naglaskom na sličnosti i razlik e između portugalskog i španjolskog jezika. Također se definira pojam trećeg jezika (L3) i objašnjava njegova važnost u kontekstu usvajanja jezika. Istražuje se proces usvajanja portugalskog jezika od strane govornika španjolskog jezika, analizirajući sve poteškoće i izazove koji su dijelom tog proces a . Nakon toga, analizira se međujezik govornika španjolskog jezika i opisuju se različite vrste transferencija . Na posljetku , autorica rada opisuje svoje osobno iskustvo u učenju portugalskog jezika i opisuje vlastite interferencije.This thesis
is based on the analysis of the influences of Spanish, both as a native language (L1)
and as a second language (L2), on the acquisition of Portuguese as a third language (L3). With
a focus on cognate languages , this thesis investigates the processes of Portuguese acquisition
by Spanish speakers, with an emphasis on the interlanguage production
First, an introduction to the topic is presented, outlining the objectives and structure of the
thesis. Then, the concept of cognate languages is defined, with special emphasis on the
similarities and differences between Portuguese and Spanish. The concept of third language
L3 is also defined, explaining its importance in the context of language acquisition. The
process of acquiring Portuguese by Spanish speakers is explored, examining the challenges and
strategies involved in this process. Subsequently, the interlanguage of Spanish speakers is
analyzed, and the different types of transfers are described. Lastl y, the author of this thesis
presents their personal journey of learning Portuguese and describes the personal interferences
Interferencije prethodnog znanja španjolskog jezika (L1, L2) na učenje portugalskog jezika kao L3 obilježja međujezične produkcije pri usvajanju srodnog jezika
No full textA presente tese baseia se na análise das influências do espanhol, tanto como língua materna (L1) quanto como segunda língua (L2), na aprendizagem do português como terceira língua (L3). Com foco nas línguas cognatas, est a tese investiga os processos de aquisição de português por parte de falantes de espanhol, com ênfase na produção interlíngua.
Primeiro, apresenta se uma introdução ao tema, delineando os objetivos e a estrutura da tese. Logo, define se o conceito de línguas cognatas, com especial ênfase nas semelhanças e diferenças entre o português e o espanhol defin e se o conceito de terceira língua (L3) e explicase a sua importância no contexto da aquisição de línguas. Explora se o processo d a aquisição de português por parte de falantes de espanhol, examinando os desafios e as estratégias envolvidos nesse processo . Depois, analisa se a interlíngua de hispanofalantes e descrevem se os diferentes tipos de transferências. Por último, a autora desta tese apresenta a sua jornada pessoal de aprendizagem do português e descreve as interferências pessoais.Ovaj diplomski rad bazira se na analizi utjecaja španjolskog, kako kao materin jeg jezika (L1) tako i kao drugog jezika (L2), na usvajanje portugalskog jezika kao trećeg jezika (L3). Usredotočivši se na srodn e jezi ke , ovaj diplomski rad istražuje procese usvajanja portugalskog jezika od strane govornika španjolskog jezika, s naglaskom na međujezičnu produkciju. Prvo se pruža uvod u temu, gdje se opisuju ciljevi i struktura rada . Zatim definira se pojam srodnih jezika, s posebnim naglaskom na sličnosti i razlik e između portugalskog i španjolskog jezika. Također se definira pojam trećeg jezika (L3) i objašnjava njegova važnost u kontekstu usvajanja jezika. Istražuje se proces usvajanja portugalskog jezika od strane govornika španjolskog jezika, analizirajući sve poteškoće i izazove koji su dijelom tog proces a . Nakon toga, analizira se međujezik govornika španjolskog jezika i opisuju se različite vrste transferencija . Na posljetku , autorica rada opisuje svoje osobno iskustvo u učenju portugalskog jezika i opisuje vlastite interferencije.This thesis
is based on the analysis of the influences of Spanish, both as a native language (L1)
and as a second language (L2), on the acquisition of Portuguese as a third language (L3). With
a focus on cognate languages , this thesis investigates the processes of Portuguese acquisition
by Spanish speakers, with an emphasis on the interlanguage production
First, an introduction to the topic is presented, outlining the objectives and structure of the
thesis. Then, the concept of cognate languages is defined, with special emphasis on the
similarities and differences between Portuguese and Spanish. The concept of third language
L3 is also defined, explaining its importance in the context of language acquisition. The
process of acquiring Portuguese by Spanish speakers is explored, examining the challenges and
strategies involved in this process. Subsequently, the interlanguage of Spanish speakers is
analyzed, and the different types of transfers are described. Lastl y, the author of this thesis
presents their personal journey of learning Portuguese and describes the personal interferences
AMPLITUDA - digitalno vizuelni čin - ISTRAŽIVANJE ZVUKA KAO GLAVNOG NOSIOCA DRAMSKE RADNJE U AUDIOVIZUELNOJ PREDSTAVI
No full text“Amplituda” je audiovizuelna predstava, koja se bavi istraživanjem zvuka i tela kao glavnog nosioca dramske radnje u predstavi. Ova audiovizuelna predstava se bazira na korišćenju “nesvesnog”, koji je pokretač telesnog, koji rezultira zvukom. Predstava gradira kroz ova tri “mozaika” gde je zvuk glavni nosilac dramske radnje i preuzima ulogu glumaca. Dramski sukob je predstavljen kroz sintetički i akustični zvuk koji su rezultat korišćenja tela publike u kontaktu sa kinetičkim instrumentima. Kao medijator sam takođe koristila svoje telo kao zvučnu osnovu, kroz prethodni korak istraživanja putem holtera i zabeleške elektro kardio talasa (EKG) pretvorenih u tonsku bazu same zvučne slike audiovizuelne predstave. Time se uloga čiji je nosilac uglavnom bio glumac, prebacuje na publiku i time se otvara poglavlje interaktivnog teatra, simultano koristeći i generišući um, telo i dušu individua iz publike i sebe kao medijatora i autora. Nesvesno, koje postaje telesno, koje postaje auditivno jeste psihoanalitička geneza tri boje audiovizuelnog mozaika, gde sam večitu borbu Erosa i Tanatosa prikazala putem zvuka. Komponenta koja je upotpunila čitav auditivni momenat jeste vizualizacija, koja je scenografski bila video dokumetarac procesa istraživanja i rada na prikupljanju telesno - auditivnog materijala za zvučnu osnovu predstave. Sintetički zvuk prikazan kroz interakciju publike i kinetičkog instrumenta i akustični zvuk kroz moje stvaralaštvo na klaviru i vokalu jesu dualizam, koji stvara dramsku, romantičnu priču o sukobu svetla i mraka, ljubavi i mržnje i malopređašnje pomenutih Erosa i Tanatosa. Ovime sam prikazala kako je “Amplituda” umetničko - psihoanalitički eksperiment, koji kroz svoj proces istraživanja, realizacije i dokumentovanja ima za cilj da predstavi jedan novi vid dramskog izražavanja, koji povezuje telesno i duševno kroz medije bliske audiovizuelnoj realizaciji dramskog dela. “Amplituda” je moj omaž umetnicima i ljudima koji su me inspirisali kroz čitavo moje postojanje i stvaralaštvo do sada, da istražim i proniknem u umetničku realizaciju simbioze trija - nesvesnog, telesnog i auditivnog - prikazujući njom upravo tu oscilativnu nit zvanu život."Amplitude" is an audiovisual play, which deals with the research of sound and body as the main carrier of dramatic action in the play. This audiovisual performance is based on the use of the "unconscious", which is the mover of the body, which results in sound. The play is graded through these three "mosaics" where sound is the basic sound of the play and takes on the role of actors. The dramatic conflict is presented through synthetic and acoustic sound that are the result of the use of the audience's body in contact with kinetic instruments. As a mediator, I used my body as a sound base, through the previous step of research through holter and electrocardiographic wave (ECG) notes converted into the tonal base of the audio image of the audiovisual performance itself. The role played mainly by the actor is transferred to the audience and thus I open the chapter of interactive theater, simultaneously using and generating the mind, body and soul of individuals from the audience and myself as a mediator and author. The unconscious, which becomes bodily, which becomes auditory, is the psychoanalytic genesis of the three colors of the audiovisual mosaic, where I have shown the eternal struggle of Eros and Thanatos through sound. The component which completed the entire auditory moment is visualization, which was a video documentary of the process of research and work on collecting body - auditory material for the sound basis of the performance. The synthetic sound shown through the interaction of the audience and the kinetic instrument and the acoustic sound through my work on piano and vocals are dualism, which creates a dramatic, romantic story about the conflict of light and darkness, love and hate and the aforementioned Eros and Thanatos. I presented how "Amplitude" is an artistic-psychoanalytic experiment, which through its process of research, realization and documentation aims to present a new type of dramatic expression, which connects physically and mentally through media close to the audiovisual realization of the play. "Amplitude" is a homage to artists and people who have inspired me throughout my existence and work so far, to explore and penetrate the artistic realization of the symbiosis of the trio - unconscious, bodily and auditory - showing it exactly that oscillating thread called life
AMPLITUDA - digitalno vizuelni čin - ISTRAŽIVANJE ZVUKA KAO GLAVNOG NOSIOCA DRAMSKE RADNJE U AUDIOVIZUELNOJ PREDSTAVI
No full text“Amplituda” je audiovizuelna predstava, koja se bavi istraživanjem zvuka i tela kao glavnog nosioca dramske radnje u predstavi. Ova audiovizuelna predstava se bazira na korišćenju “nesvesnog”, koji je pokretač telesnog, koji rezultira zvukom. Predstava gradira kroz ova tri “mozaika” gde je zvuk glavni nosilac dramske radnje i preuzima ulogu glumaca. Dramski sukob je predstavljen kroz sintetički i akustični zvuk koji su rezultat korišćenja tela publike u kontaktu sa kinetičkim instrumentima. Kao medijator sam takođe koristila svoje telo kao zvučnu osnovu, kroz prethodni korak istraživanja putem holtera i zabeleške elektro kardio talasa (EKG) pretvorenih u tonsku bazu same zvučne slike audiovizuelne predstave. Time se uloga čiji je nosilac uglavnom bio glumac, prebacuje na publiku i time se otvara poglavlje interaktivnog teatra, simultano koristeći i generišući um, telo i dušu individua iz publike i sebe kao medijatora i autora. Nesvesno, koje postaje telesno, koje postaje auditivno jeste psihoanalitička geneza tri boje audiovizuelnog mozaika, gde sam večitu borbu Erosa i Tanatosa prikazala putem zvuka. Komponenta koja je upotpunila čitav auditivni momenat jeste vizualizacija, koja je scenografski bila video dokumetarac procesa istraživanja i rada na prikupljanju telesno - auditivnog materijala za zvučnu osnovu predstave. Sintetički zvuk prikazan kroz interakciju publike i kinetičkog instrumenta i akustični zvuk kroz moje stvaralaštvo na klaviru i vokalu jesu dualizam, koji stvara dramsku, romantičnu priču o sukobu svetla i mraka, ljubavi i mržnje i malopređašnje pomenutih Erosa i Tanatosa. Ovime sam prikazala kako je “Amplituda” umetničko - psihoanalitički eksperiment, koji kroz svoj proces istraživanja, realizacije i dokumentovanja ima za cilj da predstavi jedan novi vid dramskog izražavanja, koji povezuje telesno i duševno kroz medije bliske audiovizuelnoj realizaciji dramskog dela. “Amplituda” je moj omaž umetnicima i ljudima koji su me inspirisali kroz čitavo moje postojanje i stvaralaštvo do sada, da istražim i proniknem u umetničku realizaciju simbioze trija - nesvesnog, telesnog i auditivnog - prikazujući njom upravo tu oscilativnu nit zvanu život."Amplitude" is an audiovisual play, which deals with the research of sound and body as the main carrier of dramatic action in the play. This audiovisual performance is based on the use of the "unconscious", which is the mover of the body, which results in sound. The play is graded through these three "mosaics" where sound is the basic sound of the play and takes on the role of actors. The dramatic conflict is presented through synthetic and acoustic sound that are the result of the use of the audience's body in contact with kinetic instruments. As a mediator, I used my body as a sound base, through the previous step of research through holter and electrocardiographic wave (ECG) notes converted into the tonal base of the audio image of the audiovisual performance itself. The role played mainly by the actor is transferred to the audience and thus I open the chapter of interactive theater, simultaneously using and generating the mind, body and soul of individuals from the audience and myself as a mediator and author. The unconscious, which becomes bodily, which becomes auditory, is the psychoanalytic genesis of the three colors of the audiovisual mosaic, where I have shown the eternal struggle of Eros and Thanatos through sound. The component which completed the entire auditory moment is visualization, which was a video documentary of the process of research and work on collecting body - auditory material for the sound basis of the performance. The synthetic sound shown through the interaction of the audience and the kinetic instrument and the acoustic sound through my work on piano and vocals are dualism, which creates a dramatic, romantic story about the conflict of light and darkness, love and hate and the aforementioned Eros and Thanatos. I presented how "Amplitude" is an artistic-psychoanalytic experiment, which through its process of research, realization and documentation aims to present a new type of dramatic expression, which connects physically and mentally through media close to the audiovisual realization of the play. "Amplitude" is a homage to artists and people who have inspired me throughout my existence and work so far, to explore and penetrate the artistic realization of the symbiosis of the trio - unconscious, bodily and auditory - showing it exactly that oscillating thread called life
Valorization of Olive Leaf Extract via Tailored Liposomal Carriers: Comparative Analysis of Physicochemical Features, Antioxidant Capacity, and Stability
No full textBackground/Objectives: Olive leaf (Olea europaea L.), a by-product of olive oil production, is rich in bioactive phenolics but limited in application due to poor solubility and stability. To improve their bioavailability, this study presents a comparative encapsulation strategy using three phospholipid-based liposomal systems (AL, PG90, and PH90) loaded with ethanolic olive leaf extract. Methods: Liposomes were characterized by physicochemical parameters, encapsulation efficiency (EE), antioxidant activity, morphology, release kinetics under simulated physiological conditions, and 60-day stability. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first direct comparison of AL, PG90, and PH90 matrices for olive leaf extract encapsulation. Results: HPLC and GC-MS confirmed successful encapsulation, with oleuropein showing the highest EE (up to 76.18%). PH90 favored retention of non-polar triterpenes, while AL and PG90 preferentially encapsulated polar flavonoid glycosides. FT-IR analysis verified extract integration into phospholipid bilayers. Antioxidant activity remained high in all loaded formulations, with negligible activity in empty liposomes. Extract-loaded systems exhibited reduced particle size, higher viscosity, and more negative electrophoretic mobility, enhancing colloidal stability. PG90 liposomes displayed the most stable mobility profile over 60 days. Transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis revealed formulation-dependent vesicle morphology and concentration profiles. Release studies demonstrated significantly prolonged polyphenol diffusion from PG90 liposomes compared to the free extract. Conclusions: Phospholipid composition critically governs encapsulation selectivity, stability, and release behavior. Tailored liposomal systems offer a promising strategy to enhance the stability and delivery of olive leaf polyphenols, supporting their application in bioactive delivery platforms
Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Hypericum Species—H. hirsutum, H. barbatum, H. rochelii
No full textSt. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum, Hypericaceae) is the most well-known species in the genus Hypericum, which comprises several hundred species. This study investigates the biological and phytochemical potential of the under-researched Hypericum species, H. hirsutum, H. barbatum, and H. rochelii. A high level of similarity between the chemical profiles of H. hirsutum and H. barbatum and the official source of the herbal drug (H. perforatum) was shown, but a higher content of quercetin and rutin was also found in all three evaluated species (116–230 µg/g dry herb). The highest amount of phenolics (195 mg GAE/g) was recorded in H. hirsutum extract, while the highest amount of flavonoids (47 mg QE/g) was recorded in H. barbatum extract. The evaluated species were excellent scavengers of DPPH, OH, and NO radicals, as well as strong ferric ion reducers in the FRAP test. Prominent monoamine oxidase A and α-glucosidase inhibition was observed, compared to modest inhibition of monoamine oxidase B, α-amylase, and acetylcholinesterase. High activity against Gram-positive MRSA S. aureus was demonstrated for the tested species, with MIC/MBC values recorded at 12.5 µg/mL. Antifungal activity against Candida strains was not observed. The obtained results emphasize the need for further investigation of species of the genus Hypericum to discover potentially new sources of biologically active compounds
Clinical Evidence on Expansion of Essential Oil-Based Formulation’s Pharmacological Activity in Bovine Mastitis Treatment: Antifungal Potential as Added Value
No full textBovine mastitis, as a significant and prevalent health problem in dairy herds, is primarily attributed to bacterial infections. Yeasts, although considered relatively rare causative agents, have also been associated with mastitis in dairy cattle. Current mastitis treatment predominantly relies on antibiotics, with limited emphasis on antifungal treatment. However, mycotic mastitis is challenging to treat, since these fungi are often resistant to antibiotics and may even utilize them for energy. In the current research, the in vivo antimicrobial activity of the essential oil-based formulation (Phyto-Bomat), as a possible alternative mastitis treatment associated with yeasts, was studied. This study involved a total of 68 animals from two dairy farms with diagnosed mastitis, and three treatment groups were established: conventional antibiotic treatment, Phyto-Bomat treatment, and the combination of both. The findings suggest significant variations in the presence of Candida samples based on the treatment administered, and the most significant difference was noted in cows treated with the combination (Phyto-Bomat and antibiotics). Yet, it is important to note that the results reveal that, regardless of the treatment type, there are statistically significant differences in the presence of Candida samples across the examined time points. These results aim to provide valuable insights into the potential of EOs as an alternative therapy in bovine mastitis, specifically targeting yeasts. Such findings could offer new strategies in the mycotic mastitis control and reducing the occurrence of secondary infections following antibiotic treatment
The Therapeutic Potential of Galium verum for Psoriasis: A Combined Phytochemical, In Silico, and Experimental Approach
No full textPsoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder involving oxidative stress and immune dysregulation. Given the limitations and adverse effects of conventional therapies, interest in natural treatments with anti-oxidant and immunomodulatory properties is increasing. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the therapeutic potential of Galium verum extract in an imiquimod-induced rat model of psoriasis. The extract was chemically characterized by HPLC and evaluated for anti-oxidant activity using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Molecular docking studies targeted psoriasis-related proteins (IL-17, IL-22, IL-23, JAK2, MAPK2, NF-κB, STAT3), revealing strong binding affinities for rutin and quercetin, the extract’s dominant bioactives. In vivo, 18 Wistar albino male rats were divided into control (CTRL), psoriasis (PSORI), and psoriasis treated with Galium verum (PSORI + GV) groups. A seven-day topical application of 5% imiquimod cream was used for the induction of psoriasis. The PSORI + GV group received 250 mg/kg Galium verum extract orally for 7 days. Morphometric and redox analyses were performed. Histological and morphometric analyses showed reduced epidermal thickness, inflammation, and collagen content. Redox analysis revealed lowered oxidative stress biomarkers and enhanced anti-oxidant defenses. These findings suggest that Galium verum extract exerts anti-psoriatic effects through antioxidative and immunomodulatory mechanisms, supporting its potential as a natural adjunct therapy for psoriasis
Cardioprotective and Hepatoprotective Potential of Silymarin in Paracetamol-Induced Oxidative Stress
No full textSilymarin, derived from Silybum marianum, has been used in traditional medicine for various ailments. In this study, the cardioprotective and hepatoprotective effects of silymarin against paracetamol-induced oxidative stress were examined in 28 male Swiss Webster mice, divided into four groups and treated for 7 days (via the oral route) with (a) saline 1 mL/kg (control group), (b) saline 1 mL/kg + single dose of paracetamol 110 mg/kg on the 7th day; (c) silymarin 50 mg/kg; and (d) silymarin 50 mg/kg + single dose of paracetamol 110 mg/kg on the 7th day. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity together with liver enzyme activity were evaluated. Histopathological and immunohistochemical assessment was performed. Silymarin mitigated paracetamol-induced liver injury by reducing oxidative stress markers such as lipid peroxidation and restoring antioxidant enzyme activity. Silymarin treatment resulted in a significant decrease in liver enzyme levels. Reduced necrosis and inflammatory infiltrate in liver tissues of silymarin-treated groups were detected as well. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated reduced expression of inflammatory markers (COX2, iNOS) and oxidative stress marker (SOD2) in the liver tissues of the silymarin-treated groups. Similar trends were observed in cardiac tissue. These results suggest that silymarin exerts potent hepatoprotective and cardioprotective effects against paracetamol-induced oxidative stress, making it a promising therapeutic agent for liver and heart diseases associated with oxidative damage
