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European Union
No full textDetermination of shadow notifications of domestic support for agriculture in the European Union under the WTO (World Trade Organization) Agreement on Agriculture, and consideration of the potential impact of an agreement in the Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations
The EU's Common Agricultural Policy at Fifty: An outside view
No full textTim Josling and Kym Anderso
Comentario a Tim Josling
No full textTim Josling presenta eficazmente una “primera ronda” de investigación sobre la agricultura bajo el TLC en un consenso cuidadosamente optimista. Éste es un logro en sí, dado lo poco que se sabe acerca de los objetivos de los negociadores y las diversas metodologías de estos estudios. Un importante punto de acuerdo es que la integración agrícola regional ofrece grandes ganancias potenciales para Estados Unidos y para México, quizá las mayores de cualquier grupo industrial. Estados Unidos y Canadá exportarán más grano y productos ganaderos, mientras que México producirá más frutas y legumbres. Esta expansión es particularmente importante para México, ya que estas cosechas emplean por lo menos el doble de mano de obra por acre que las cosechas de grano. El segundo punto de consenso es que, pese a las grandes ganancias potenciales, existen riesgos importantes en la transición. La mejor manera de evitar estos riesgos, se argumenta, es proceder despacio, con reducción en fases de las barreras comerciales, tanto en cosechas de granos como hortícolas.
Understanding International Trade in Agricultural Products: One Hundred Years of Contributions by Agricultural Economists
No full textThe study of international trade in agricultural products has developed rapidly over the past fifty years. In the 1960s the disarray in world agriculture caused by domestic price support policies became the focus of analytical studies. There followed attempts to measure the distortions caused by policies also in developing countries and to model their impact on world agricultural markets. Tools were advanced to explain the trends and variations in world prices and the implications of market imperfections. Challenges for the future include analyzing trade based on consumer preferences for certain production methods and understanding the impact of climate change mitigation and adaptation on trade. Copyright 2010, Oxford University Press.
William Coleman, Wyn Grant and Tim Josling, Agriculture in the New Global Economy. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, 2004
No full textPetit Michel. William Coleman, Wyn Grant and Tim Josling, Agriculture in the New Global Economy. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, 2004. In: Cahiers d'Economie et sociologie rurales, N°74, 1er trimestre 2005. Normes et marchés : le cas de la viande (XVIIIe-XXe siècles) pp. 139-141
Regulating biotechnology: comparing EU and US approaches. European Policy Papers #8
No full textThe United States and the European Union share a common desire to provide a safe food supply and credible regulatory systems. However, they have adopted two very different regulatory approaches to deal with the increasing numbers of GM (generically modified) food and feed products coming to market. Consequently, the transatlantic relationship has become fraught with conflict over the issue of GM foods. This paper explores the nature of the two regulatory systems and the underlying social, political, and institutional factors that contributed to the develoment of these systems. It then explores the potential impact of these two regulatory systems on international trade. We distinguish between producer protectionism, a commonly recognized trade impediment, and overprotection of consumers that can also have trade implications. Because the potential for trade conflicts over GM foods could result in serious consequences for both the transatlantic relationship and the multilateral system of trade rules, various attemps at bilateral and multilateral reconciliation have been made. Unfortunately, most of these attempts have stalled or failed. Finally, the paper explores product labeling as a possible solution to the conflict. We distinguish between positive and negative labeling and positive and negative attributes. The paper concludes that leaving the labeling to producers and retailers of food would allow the market to work effectively and could allow the EU and the US to reach consensus without resulting in major trade disruptions
European Union: Shadow WTO agricultural domestic support notifications
No full text"The notification of the level of domestic support to the World Trade Organization (WTO) is intended to reflect compliance with obligations entered into at the time of the Uruguay Round. WTO members have often been slow to provide notification of domestic support levels. This makes the process of notification less useful as an indicator of the degree to which changes in policy have or have not benefited the trade system as a whole and exporting countries in particular. The notification of domestic support in the E.U. illustrates the value of a measure that reflects current policies and can therefore act as a basis for negotiation of further disciplines where these are necessary. The E.U. has made major changes in its Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) over the period since 1992 when the MacSharry reforms were implemented. Payments originally notified in the blue box (related to supply control) have over time been changed until in their present form they are unrelated to current production or price levels, and hence can satisfy the criteria for the green box. The E.U. has therefore much more latitude in trade talks to agree to reductions in the allowable trade-distorting support. This paper reproduced the E.U. notifications relating to 2003/04 and extends these with official statistics to the year 2006/07. It then projects forward the components of domestic support until the year 2013/14, based on forecasts of future production and estimates of policy parameters. The impact of a successful Doha Round is simulated, showing that the constraints envisaged in the WTO draft modalities document of May 19, 2008, would be binding by the year 2013, at about the time the next budget cycle in the E.U. starts. Without the Doha Round constraints, further reform might still happen for domestic reasons, but the framework provided by the WTO for domestic policy spending would be less relevant. In that case, much could hinge on the legitimacy of the Single Farm Payment system under the current rules governing the green box." from authors' abstractAgricultural policies, WTO Doha round, WTO compliance, notification of domestic support, India agricultural support policies, Globalization, Markets, CAP,
A Critique of Computable General Equilibrium Models for Trade Policy Analysis
No full textThe paper will deal in turn with three sets of modelling issues: the question of 'data'; the 'micro' problem of specifying market behaviour, and the. 'macro' issue of 'closing' the models in aggregate. I will conclude with some suggestions for future research. The basic theme of the paper is this: CGE modelling is essentially a conservative or 'neoclassical' scientific endeavour, and exhibits the strengths and weaknesses of neoclassicism. And as for the recent injection of apparently nonneoclassical imperfect competition or industrial organization (IO) concepts into CGE, though, as an 10 specialist myself I certainly welcome this in principle, I have doubts about the usefulness of the practice.International Relations/Trade,
Seeking a fair basis for trade
No full text"Farm support is contentious in international negotiations. This in-depth assessment of the legal compliance and economic evaluation issues raised by the WTO Agreement on Agriculture presents consistent support data and forward-looking projections for eight developed and developing countries (EU, US, Japan, Norway, Brazil, China, India, Philippines), using original estimates where official notifications are not available. Variations over time in notified support in some cases reflect real policy changes; others merely reflect shifts in how countries represent their measures. The stalled Doha negotiations presage significantly tighter constraints for developed countries that provide the highest support, but loopholes will persist. Developing countries face fewer constraints and their trade-distorting farm support can rise. Pressure points and key remaining issues if a Doha agreement is reached are evaluated. Vigilant monitoring for compliance of farm support with WTO commitments will be required to lessen its negative consequences whether or not the Doha Round is concluded"-- Provided by publisher.CONTENTS: Part I. Overview of Domestic Support Issues and WTO Rules: 1. Introduction / David Orden, David Blandford and Tim Josling; 2. The WTO disciplines on domestic support / Lars Brink -- Part II. Developed Countries: Have High Levels of Support Come Down?: 3. European Union / Tim Josling and Alan Swinbank; 4. United States / David Blandford and David Orden; 5. Japan / Yoshihisa Godo and Daisuke Takahashi; 6. Norway / Ivar Gaasland, Roberto Garcia and Erling Vårdal -- Part III. Developing Countries: Will Low Levels of Support Rise?: 7. Brazil / André Nassar; 8. India / Munisamy Gopinath; 9. China / Fuzhi Cheng; 10. Philippines / Caesar B. Cororaton -- Part IV. Looking Forward: Can Fair Markets Be Achieved?: 11. The difficult task of disciplining domestic support / David Orden, David Blandford and Tim Josling -- Appendix A. Domestic support provisions of the Agreement on Agriculture -- Appendix B. Domestic support provisions of the Doha draft modalities.PRIFPRI5MTIDxxiv, 494 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm
Do dolphins benefit from nonlinear mathematics when processing their sonar returns?
No full textAn interview with author Tim Leighton about the paper
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