259 research outputs found
The role of functional excipients in solid oral dosage forms to overcome poor drug dissolution and bioavailability
No full textMany active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) exhibit poor solubility and low dissolution
rates in aqueous environments such as the luminal fluids of the gastrointestinal tract. The oral
bioavailability of these compounds is usually very low as a result of their poor solubility properties.
In order to improve the bioavailability of these poorly soluble drugs, formulation strategies have
been applied as a means to improve their aqueous solubility and dissolution rates. With respect to
formulation approaches, excipients can be incorporated in the formulation to assist in the dissolution
process of the drug, or specialized dosage forms can be formulated that improve dissolution rate
through various mechanisms. This paper provides an overview of selected excipients (e.g., alkalinizing
agents, surfactants and sugars) that can be used in formulations to increase the dissolution rate as well
as specialized dosage forms such as self-emulsifying delivery systems and formulation techniques
such as inclusion complexes and solid dispersions. These formulation approaches are discussed
with available examples with specific reference to positive outcomes in terms of drug solubility and
bioavailability enhancemen
AN INTERGENERATIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS IN MULTI-PROBLEM POOR FAMILES LIVING IN CAPE TOWN
No full textAt the time of the research the first author was employed as a social worker at a welfare organisation in the Cape Peninsula with a case load of over 300 clients. About 30 of these cases were multi-problem families who had been receiving social work services over at least three generations. The concern was that these multi-problem poor families seemed to be immobilised and found it difficult to break out of the cycle of poverty and welfare dependenc
Evaluating the Role of Judicial Oversight in the Context of the Post-2018 Emolument Attachment Order Legal Frame: Revisiting University of Stellenbosch Legal Aid Clinic V Minister of Justice 2015 5 Sa 221 (WCC)
No full textHistorically, mechanisms facilitating civil debt collection and its broader discipline of civil procedure have been an unpopular legal research area, not only in South Africa, but also abroad.[1] In recent years, one civil debt collection mechanism has, however, attracted some academic attention.[2] This attention has resulted from relatively rapid legal developments to counteract widespread debtor exploitation resulting from systemic abuses.[3] The emolument attachment order (hereafter, “EAO”) mechanism, sometimes also referred to as garnishee orders,[4] functions as a civil debt collection instrument, usually following the granting of a default judgment,[5] where the debtors are judged to be legally liable to their creditor.[6] Through the application of EAOs, debtors’ property, specifically their wages, are exposed to execution, in order to satisfy the creditors’ expectations of performance. In this manner, a portion of workers’ wages are withheld from them by the debtors’ employers (the garnishees) after being legally requested or reserved by creditors. The EAO mechanism is a popular debt-collection instrument affecting the lives of potentially millions of people.[7] Creditors favour debt collection through the EAO mechanism, as it offers a relatively convenient and secure form of debt enforcement.[8]
[1] De Vos 2002:236-237.
[2] See, for example, Coetzee & Van Sittert 2018; Van der Merwe 2019.
[3] Van der Merwe 2019:87-90.
[4] There is a slight, but important difference between garnishee orders, a term used to describe an order that empowers the creditor to attach any debt owed to the debtor by any third party, and EAOs, which are specific forms of garnishee orders applicable to the employer-employee relationship. See Van der Merwe 2019:78.
[5] Van der Merwe 2008:78.
[6] The definition of EAOs is apparent from their function, which is explained in sec. 65J(1)(b) of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 32/1944.
[7] As far as the author can ascertain, there are no statistics available on the exact number of EAOs currently in circulation. Haupt et al. 2008:85-104 experienced a similar challenge and relied on estimates to provide some indication of the extent of EAO use at the time. The author’s estimation of the number of lives affected by EAOs, including extended family members, is aligned with available data regarding the extreme scale of South African indebtedness (see, for example, Coetzee & Van Sittert 2018:110) and earlier indications of the prevalence of EAOs in circulation. See, for example, Van der Merwe 2019:80 at fn. 26, referring to an audit of a portion of the 1,75 million EAOs in existence in 2007.
[8] South African labour laws are relatively protective of employees and EAO debtors are specifically safeguarded from employer retaliation as a result of EAO deductions. See Smit & Van Eck 2010:47, 65-66. In terms of sec. 185 of the Labour Relations Act 66/1995, every employee has the right not to be unfairly dismissed
Factors influencing a memorable game viewing experience
No full textNot on Sherpa or Masterfile. On journal website it says: This is an open-access journal - free use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium is allowed, provided that the journal, and original author/s are credited.One of the most important aspects in selling tourism products is to provide tourists with a memorable experience. In the case of South Africa, most of the tourism product offerings are nature or wildlife based, with South African National Parks as one of the biggest contributors to the wildlife tourism product offering. The two most preferred methods to engage with wildlife is self-drive game viewing and making use of operators in safari vehicles for guided game viewing. The purpose of this article is therefore to determine which factors determine a memorable game viewing experience in each of the abovementioned options, namely self-drive and guided viewing. A quantitative research method was used by means of a web-based survey.
The survey was posted on the official website of South African National Parks. A total of 387 usable questionnaires were received back during this time frame. The results indicated that wildlife ambiance and interpretation are fundamental in having a memorable game viewing experience for self-drive game viewing and guided game viewing in safari vehicles, respectively. This article makes two main contributions to the current literature: Firstly, it has found that national park management do have limited control over some factors (for example species variety, species numbers and infrastructure) which require good management in order to provide tourists with a memorable experience; and secondly, it is the first time that memorable wildlife experience has been determined concerning land-based wildlife and within South African National Parks.http://www.ajhtl.com/uploads/7/1/6/3/7163688/article_7_vol._3_2_july.pd
Assessing selected determinants of the success of small and medium-sized family businesses
No full textMBA (Business Administration), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015South Africa has a social capital economic system that establishes various opportunities for individuals to start their own businesses, this creates a climate for entrepreneurs to explore the business market and start their own business. If family businesses are that important and fundamental to the sustainability of countries it is definitely relevant to asses and monitor these businesses over a wide range of issues. The field of this study falls within the subject discipline of entrepreneurship and focuses on gaining insight into small and medium-sized family businesses. The study has not restricted to a particular trade and all participants who fall under the definition of Ibrahim and Ellis (2004: 5) have been recognised to take part in this study. In this study the author set out to determine the causes affecting the success of family businesses, as well as identifying a few variables that had to be measured to better understand their impact and influence on the success of family businesses. The author also examined other aspects regarding the subject, in order to get a better understanding concerning family businesses, and to understand what they have to offer. The definition that has been used in this study is supplied, as well as the advantages and disadvantages regarding family businesses. This has been done to ensure that the researcher understand what type of business constitutes a family business. The empirical study has been conducted by means of a field study, using a structured questionnaire as the main component. The purpose of the literature review was to gain insight into selected determinants of family business success, according to a structured questionnaire developed by Prof. Stephan van der Merwe (NWU).Master
Biblical happiness and baptismal identity
No full textCITATION: Van der Merwe, I. J. 2015. Biblical happiness and baptismal identity. Stellenbosch Theological Journal, 1(2):695–710, doi:10.17570/stj.2015.v1n2.a33.The original publication is available at http://ojs.reformedjournals.co.zaIn this essay the author makes a theological contribution to the happiness discourse, by i) exploring the etymology of some terms used for happiness in the Old and New Testament, by ii) valuing the contribution of Ellen Charry on biblical happiness as “Asherism” and iii) emphasizing the sacraments, in particular baptism, as identity marker, constituting a calling to a flourishing life, which includes being a flourishing agent enabling the flourishing of others and God’s creation.http://ojs.reformedjournals.co.za/index.php/stj/article/view/1281Publisher's versio
Six Bricks®
No full textThe Six Bricks® initiative is a teaching and learning method that encourages focused engagement in the classroom by all learners, from the foundation phase to adulthood. By using six simple, colourful DUPLO® bricks, an element of play is introduced into a situation that inevitably leads to all individuals focusing and interacting. This is one of the major contributions to all teaching and learning disciplines and promotes the audience to learn with enjoyment, enthusiasm and concentration. Along with this, communication is promoted, sparking unimaginable creativity and creation. This book provides the reader with an alternative focus to the original educational application of the Six Bricks® activities. This Six Bricks® initiative focuses on the therapeutic application and processes in communities, schools and within individuals themselves. As each author has had an intimate connection with Six Bricks® initiative, they are all more than qualified to provide their autoethnographic reflections on this initiative, which holds so much promise and excitement for learning and teaching. Therefore, each author’s contributions were original and personalised, providing a new field in the avenues of research in the South African context, as South Africa does not have – as yet – much research on this topic. The methodology used in this qualitative research study was primarily from each author’s perspective; thus, their self-reflection and anecdotal personal experiences form the core of these chapters. Therefore, this autoethnographic is a self-reflective form of writing which involves self-observation and reflective investigation in the context of ethnographic fieldwork and writing
Correction: Corrigendum: Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neutrophil Dysfunction Following Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Stent Shunt (TIPSS) Insertion is Associated with Organ Failure and Mortality
No full textScientific Reports 7: Article number: 40157; published online: 04 January 2017; updated: 28 April 2017 Schalk van der Merwe was omitted from the author list in the original version of this Article. This has been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article, as well as the Supplementary Information that now accompanies this Article.</jats:p
Aspekte van die kortkuns van Abraham H De Vries
No full textDissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 1983.Onder letterkundiges word De Vries vandag allerweë as een van die belangrikste Afrikaanse kortkunsbeoefenaars beskou. Uitgaande van 'n ondersoek na die vertellersperspektief as orienterende element, wil hierdie studie De Vries se ontwikkeling van bundel tot bundel volg en vasstel of hy die aandag verdien wat hom vandag te beurt val. In Hoog teen die heuningkrans (1956) is De Vries se talent op sy ongevormdste. Hiervan is die naïwe benutting van die vertellersperspektief, soos veral blyk in "Alles vir die klein dingetjies" en "Die rooi vaas", duidelike bewys. Verlore erwe (1959) vertoon nie 'n beduidende vooruitgang op sy debuutbundel nie. Wat hierin wel opval, is die eerste tekens om d.m.v. suggestie die lesersbetrokkenheid (in "'n Kloof soos Varingkloof" en "Pêrels voor die swyne") te verhoog. Hierop bou De Vries voort in Vetkers en neonlig (1960). Hierdie bundel vertoon ook 'n duideliker merkbare ontginning van die verteller as struktuurelement, soos uit 'n ontleding van "Die gusooi", "Vader en seun" en "Skoenemaker , diepe water" duidelik word. Daarbenewens tree daar met hierdie bundel tematiese vernuwing in De Vries se werk in: die lokale realisme van vroeër maak plek vir 'n meer fantastiese ( "Skoenemaker") en gewelddadig/ makabere ("Die turksvyrant", "Die gusooi" en "Vader en seun") bewerking van sy stof. Met Dubbeldoor (1963) sit De Vries hierdie stygende ontwikkelingslyn voort. Hy beheer die vertellersperspektief met groter gemak en sy verhale vertoon 'n fyner afgerondheid. Die bundel se hoogtepunte is geleë in die verhale in die eerstepersoon bv. "Brood: variasie op 'n tema" en "Stamme vir die ruimte". Vliegoog (1965) is De Vries se hoogtepunt uit die jare sestig. In verhaal na verhaal, deur die hantering veral van verskillende vertellersperspektiewe, blyk sy bekwame vakmanskap. Verhale wat hier uitgesonder word, is "Vlieë soek nie", "Jy moet jou by kry voor die kanon skiet", "Stasie" en "Huisbesoek van 'n grapjas". Na 'n ondersoek van die vier "Kort verhale in die eerste persoon" - uit Twee maal om die son (1969) - word tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat De Vries onder eerste persoon ook die abstrakte outeur insluit. 'n Analise van "Terug na die natuur" bring aan die lig dat die konkrete outeur, d.m.v. subtiele manipulering van die abstrakte outeur, as karakter in die verhaal ingebring word. In hoofstuk vyf word gekyk na die eenheidskeppende elemente in De Vries se kontreikuns, waar onder Dorp in die Klein Karoo (1966), Briekwa (1973) en afdeling twee van Bliksoldate bloei nie (1975) ingesluit word. Hierin speel veral die kontrei en die persoon van die konkrete outeur 'n belangrike rol. Daar word ook uitgewys dat Briekwa, naas die kortverhale wat deur 'n brief aan mekaar verbind word, demonstrasie is van 'n skrywer se "oorlewing van die winter in hom". Met De Vries se jongste bundel, Die uur van die idiote (1980), bevestig hy sy meesterskap. Daar word bevind dat die verhaal "Raam" 'n hoogtepunt vorm t.o.v. die hantering van die vertellersperspektief. Die persoon van die konkrete outeur word op verbluffende wyse in die verhaal geïntegreer. Ten slotte word besluit dat De Vries se talent die aandag wat hom te beurt val, regverdig. ENGLISH : Amongst men of letters Abraham H. de Vries is today widely regarded as one of the most important Afrikaans short story writers. With research into the point of view as orientating element, as vantage point, this study purposes to follow De Vries's development from collection to collection to ascertain whether he deserves the attention accorded him today. In Hoog teen die heuningkrans (1956) De Vries's talent is at its most untrained. Proof is the naïve utilisation of point of view in e.g. "Alles vir die klein dingetjies" and "Die rooi vaas". Verlore erwe (1958) does not show significant improvement on his début. What is striking here, however, is the first indications of heightening readers' participation through suggestion in "'n Kloof soos Varingkloof" and "Pêrels voor die swyne". On this De Vries builds in Vetkers en neonlig (1960). This collection shows a more marked exploitation of the narrator as structural element, as is clearly indicated in an analysis of "Die gusooi", "Vader en seun" and "Skoenemaker, diepe water". In addition to this, De Vries's work also shows thematic novelties in this collection: the local realism of earlier work makes way for the more fantastic ("Skoenemaker") and violent/macabre ("Die Turksvyrant", "Die gusooi" and "Vader en seun"). With Dubbeldoor (1963) De Vries continues this ascending course of development. He commands the point of view with greater ease and his stories show a finer finish. The highlights of this collection are the stories told in the first person e.g. "Brood: variasie op 'n tema" and "Stamme vir die ruimte". Vliegoog (1965) is De Vries's peak performance in the Sixties. In story after story his mastership is indicated by especially his handling of the various points of view. Stories warranting exception here, are "Vlieë soek nie", "Jy moet jou by kry voor die kanon skiet", "Stasie" and "Huisbesoek van 'n grapjas". After research into the four "Kort verhale in die eerste persoon" from Twee maal om die son (1969) the conclusion is reached that De Vries also includes the implied author under first person. An analysis of "Terug na die natuur" shows that the concrete author, by subtle manipulation of the implied author, is brought as character into the story. In chapter five the unity of the creative elements in De Vries's "kortkuns" (regional stories), including Dorp in die Klein Karoo (1966), Briekwa (1973) and section two of Bliksoldate bloei nie (1980), are looked at. In these stories the "kontrei" (region) and the person of the concrete author play important parts. It is also shown that Briekwa, in addition to the short stories linked together by a letter, demonstrates a writer's "survival" of the "winter in himself". With De Vries's newest collection, Die uur van die idiote (1980), hy consolidates his mastership. It is found that the story "Raam" constitutes a definite pinnacle as far as handling of the point of view is concerned. The person of the concrete author is astonishingly integrated into the narrative. In conclusion it is decided that De Vries's talent warrants the attention accorded him.Afrikaansunrestricte
Truth
No full textTRUTH is an international co-operative creation by Ilexa Yardley, USA author of The Circular Theory, and award winning South African land artist and photographer Strijdom van der Merwe. It demonstrates and proves (teaches you in twenty minutes) Conservation of a Circle as the most basic (and, technically, the only) dynamic in Nature. A definite paradigm change that takes all of us to a much-needed 'supra-conscious state' (a better way of thinking abut human Nature) (and Nature in general). It exposes the constant (but not always obvious) geometry of Nature. Known, technically, as Metaphysical Naturalism. This was the original book (2011) which has since been updated (2025) as INTELLIGENT DESIGN. Stunning photography. Unusual, but easy to read, text
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