231 research outputs found
Tuberculosis chemotherapy in the 21 st century: Back to the basics
No full textThe key to successful elimination of tuberculosis (TB) is treatment of cases with optimum chemotherapy. Poor chemotherapy over time has led to drug-resistant disease. Drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis develops by the selective growth of resistant mutants. The incidence of drug-resistant cases depends on the number of bacilli and the drug-resistant mutants in the lesion. The latter is low for individual drugs and even lower for two and three drugs. Therefore, use of combination chemotherapy with three or more drugs results in cure. However, irregular treatment, inadequate drugs, inadequate drug doses or addition of a single drug to a failing regimen allows selective growth of resistant mutants and acquired drug-resistant TB. Contacts of these resistant cases develop primary drug resistant TB. Thus, drug resistance in tuberculosis is a "man-made problem". Anti-TB chemotherapy must be given optimally by (i) ensuring adequate absorption of drugs, (ii) timely diagnosis and management of drug toxicities and (iii) treatment adherence. New classes of anti-TB drugs are needed; but are unlikely to become available soon. It is vital that the 21 st century physicians understand the basic principles of TB chemotherapy to ensure efficient use of available drugs to postpone or even reverse epidemics drug-resistant TB
Causes of inequality in health : who are you? where do you live? or who your parents were?
No full textData from the British National Child Development Study show that, among 33-year-olds, ill health (as measured by cardinalized responses to a question on self-assessed health) is concentrated among the worse off. The authors seek to decompose the inequalities in health status into their socioeconomic causes. In this decomposition, inequalities in health status depend on inequalities in each of the underlying determinants of health and on the elasticities of health status with respect to each of these determinants. The authors estimate these elasticities using regression models that allow for unobserved heterogeneity at the community level. They find that inequalities in unobserved community-level influences account for only 6 percent of health inequality, and inequalities in parental education and social class for only 4 percent. Inequalities in income and housing tenure account for most health inequality, though inequalities in educational attainment and in math scores at age seven also play a part.Health Systems Development&Reform,Public Health Promotion,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Early Child and Children's Health,Disease Control&Prevention,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems,Housing&Human Habitats,Gender and Health,Regional Rural Development
Development Of Nutritious Pizza Base.
No full textThis Dissertation / Report is the outcome of investigation carried out by the creator(s) / author(s) at the department/division of Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore mentioned below in this page
Mapping orthographic and phonological neighborhood density effects in visual word recognition in two distinct orthographies
No full textA central issue in word recognition is how readers retrieve and select the right
representation among others in the mental lexicon. Recently, it has been claimed that
recognition of individual words is influenced by the degree to which the words possess
unique vs. shared letters or sounds relative to other words, that is, whether the words
have few or several neighbors. Research on so-called neighborhood density effects
advances understanding of the organization and operation of the mental lexicon.
Orthographic neighborhood effects have been claimed to be facilitative, but recent
studies of visual word recognition have led to a revised understanding of the nature of
the orthographic neighborhood density effect.
Through a reexamination of orthographic and phonological neighborhood density
effects, the specific objective of the present research is to understand how orthographic
and phonological representations interact across two different writing systems, i.e.,
English (an alphabetic orthography) and Chinese (a morphosyllabic orthography). The
phenomena were studied using a joint behavioral (lexical decision) and neural imaging
approach (near infrared spectroscopy, or NIRS). Orthographic and phonological (more, specifically, homophone) neighborhood
density were manipulated in three lexical decision experiments with English and three
with Chinese readers. After different sources of facilitative inter-lexicon connections
were controlled, orthographic and phonological neighborhood density effects were found
to be inhibitory in both writing systems. Inhibitory neighborhood density effects were
also confirmed in two NIRS experiments of English and Chinese.
The present research provided a better control of lexical characteristics than was
the case in previous research on neighborhood effects and found a clear and consistent
pattern of neighborhood density effects. This research supports interactive-activation
models of word recognition rather than parallel-distributed models, given the evidence
for lateral inhibition indexed by inhibitory neighborhood density effects. As such, the
present study furthers the understanding of the organization and operation of the mental
lexicon
Engineering the Micro-Environment Niche of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Enhanced Cardiac Tissue Regeneration
No full textProblems in Task Scheduling in Multiprocessor System
No full textThis Contemporary computer systems are multiprocessor or multicomputer machines. Their efficiency depends on good methods of administering the executed works. Fast processing of a parallel application is possible only when its parts are appropriately ordered in time and space. This calls for efficient scheduling policies in parallel computer systems. In this work deterministic problems of scheduling are considered. The classical scheduling theory assumed that the application in any moment of time is executed by only one processor. This assumption has been weakened recently, especially in the context of parallel and distributed computer systems. This monograph is devoted to problems of deterministic scheduling applications or tasks according to the scheduling terminology requiring more than one processor simultaneously. We name such applications multiprocessor tasks. In this work the complexity of open multiprocessor task scheduling problems has been established. Algorithms for scheduling multiprocessor tasks on parallel and dedicated processors are proposed. For a special case of applications with regular structure which allow for dividing it into parts of arbitrary size processed independently in parallel, a method of finding optimal scattering of work in a distributed computer system is proposed. The applications with such regular characteristics are called divisible tasks. The concept of a divisible task enables creation of tractable computation models in a wide class of computer architectures such as chains, stars, meshes, hypercubes, multistage networks. Divisible task method gives rise to the evaluation of computer system performance. Examples of such performance evaluation are presented. This work summarizes earlier works of the author as well as contains new original results. Mukul Varshney | Jyotsna | Abhakiran Rajpoot | Shivani Garg "Problems in Task Scheduling in Multiprocessor System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2198.pd
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