108 research outputs found
Evaluation of a combined drought indicator against crop yield estimations and simulations over the Argentine Humid Pampas
No full textDroughts pose serious threats to the agricultural sector, especially in rainfed-dominated agricultural regions like those in Argentina’s Humid Pampas. This region was recently impacted by slow-evolving and long-lasting droughts as well as by flash droughts, resulting in losses reaching thousands of millions of US dollars. Improvements of drought early warning systems are essential, particularly given the projected increase in drought frequency and severity over southernSouth America. The spatial and temporal relationship between precipitation deficits, soil moisture and vegetation health anomalies are crucial for better understanding and representation of the agricultural droughts and their impacts. In this context, the Combined Drought Indicator (CDI) considers the causal and time-lagged relationship of these three variables.The study’s objective is twofold: (1) Analyze the time-lagged response between precipitation deficits, soil moisture and satellite fAPAR anomalies; and (2) Evaluate the CDI’s capability to characterize the severity of drought events on the Humid Pampas against agricultural yield estimations and simulations, as well as agricultural emergency declarations.The correlation among the variables shows strong spatial variability. The highest Pearson correlation values (r > 0.42) are observed over parts of the Humid Pampas for time lags of 0, 10, and 20 days between the variables. Although the CDI has limitations, such as its coarse spatial resolution and monthly temporal resolution of precipitation data, it effectivelytracks the progression of major drought events in the region. The CDI’s performance aligns well with estimations and simulations of soybean and corn yields, as well as official declarations of agricultural emergencies. Insights from this study also provide a basis for discussing potential improvements to the CDI. This study highlights the global and regional significance of evaluating and enhancing the CDI for effective drought monitoring, emphasizing the role of collaborativeefforts for future advancements in drought early warning systems.Fil: Spennemann, Pablo Cristian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Ministerio de Defensa. Secretaria de Planeamiento. Servicio Meteorológico Nacional; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tres de Febrero; ArgentinaFil: Naumann, Gustavo. European Research Executive Agency; Bélgica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Peretti, Mercedes. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomia. Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente. Cátedra de Climatología y Fenologías Agrícolas; ArgentinaFil: Cammalleri, Carmelo. Politecnico di Milano; ItaliaFil: Salvia, Maria Mercedes. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio. - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio; ArgentinaFil: Bocco, Alessio. Centro Regional del Clima para el Sur de
Sudamérica; ArgentinaFil: Fernández Long, María Elena. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomia. Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente. Cátedra de Climatología y Fenologías Agrícolas; ArgentinaFil: Maas, Martín Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Ministerio de Defensa. Secretaria de Planeamiento. Servicio Meteorológico Nacional; ArgentinaFil: Kim, Hyunglok. Gwangju Institute Of Science And Technology,; Corea del SurFil: Le, Manh Hung. Hydrological Sciences Laboratory; Estados UnidosFil: Bolten, John D.. Hydrological Sciences Laboratory; Estados UnidosFil: Toreti, Andrea. No especifíca;Fil: Lakshmi, Venkataraman. University of Virginia; Estados Unido
Participants\u27 Biographies
No full textHARVEY M. APPLEBAUM
THE HONORABLE THOMAS J. AQUILINO, JR
THELMA ASKEY
JUDITH HIPPLER BELLO
JOSHUA B. BOLTEN
SENATOR JOHN CHAFEE
PETER D. EHRENHAFr
GARY N. HORLICK
GARY C. HUFBAUER
HAROLD H. KOH
RICHARD C. LEVIN
ANDREAS F. LOWENFELD
JAMES P. MOORE, JR
REPRESENTATIVE BRUCE A MORRISON
THE HONORABLE JANE A RESTANI
RICHARD R. RIVERS
MICHAEL H. STEI
Participants' Biographies
No full textHARVEY M. APPLEBAUM THE HONORABLE THOMAS J. AQUILINO, JR THELMA ASKEY JUDITH HIPPLER BELLO JOSHUA B. BOLTEN SENATOR JOHN CHAFEE PETER D. EHRENHAFr GARY N. HORLICK GARY C. HUFBAUER HAROLD H. KOH RICHARD C. LEVIN ANDREAS F. LOWENFELD JAMES P. MOORE, JR REPRESENTATIVE BRUCE A MORRISON THE HONORABLE JANE A RESTANI RICHARD R. RIVERS MICHAEL H. STEI
H53E: Remote Sensing Applications for Water Resources Management, Including Droughts, Floods, and Associated Water Cycle Extremes I
No full textWater resources management can benefit from applications of remote sensing and hydrologic models. These tools can be especially valuable during extreme events and in data-sparse regions. Observational platforms include the GPM, SMAP, Terra, Aqua, Landsat, GRACE, and Sentinel satellites, and other satellite and airborne platforms. They can support the operational water resources management community in responding to climate change, increases in climate variability and the frequency of extreme events. This session will highlight advances in the use of satellite, airborne and ground-based sensor networks to: measure the quantity/quality of hydrologic resources in the U.S. and internationally; provide information to water managers to improve water resources management; and support risk-based decision making. Topics of interest include (1) extreme events such as floods and droughts; (2) water supply and snow water resource monitoring and forecasting; (3) evapotranspiration, soil moisture, groundwater, and agricultural water management; (4) water quality and (5) global water sustainability
An Evaluation of Soil Moisture Retrievals Using Aircraft and Satellite Passive Microwave Observations during SMEX02
No full textThe Soil Moisture Experiments conducted in Iowa in the summer of 2002 (SMEX02) had many remote sensing instruments that were used to study the spatial and temporal variability of soil moisture. The sensors used in this paper (a subset of the suite of sensors) are the AQUA satellite-based AMSR-E (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer- Earth Observing System) and the aircraft-based PSR (Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer). The SMEX02 design focused on the collection of near simultaneous brightness temperature observations from each of these instruments and in situ soil moisture measurements at field- and domain- scale. This methodology provided a basis for a quantitative analysis of the soil moisture remote sensing potential of each instrument using in situ comparisons and retrieved soil moisture estimates through the application of a radiative transfer model. To this end, the two sensors are compared with respect to their estimation of soil moisture
The institutionalization of treasury note and bond auctions, 1970-75
No full textThe substitution of auctions for fixed-price offerings was expected to lower the U.S. Treasury's cost of financing the federal debt. Despite this and other potential benefits, the Treasury failed in both 1935 and 1963 in its attempts to introduce regular auction sales of coupon-bearing securities. This article examines the Treasury's third and successful attempt between 1970 and 1975. The author identifies three likely reasons why the Treasury succeeded in the early 1970s: it closely imitated its successful and well-understood bill auction process, it extended the maturity of auction offerings gradually, and it was willing to modify the auction process when shortcomings became apparent.Auctions ; Treasury notes ; Treasury bonds ; Debts, Public
Socioeconomic Impact Evaluation for Near Real-Time Flood Detection in the Lower Mekong River Basin
No full textFlood events pose a severe threat to communities in the Lower Mekong River Basin. The combination of population growth, urbanization, and economic development exacerbate the impacts of these events. Flood damage assessments, critical for understanding the effects of flooding on the local population and informing decision-makers about future risks, are frequently used to quantify the economic losses due to storms. Remote sensing systems provide a valuable tool for monitoring flood conditions and assessing their severity more rapidly than traditional post-event evaluations. The frequency and severity of extreme flood events are projected to increase, further highlighting the need for improved flood monitoring and impact analysis. In this study we integrate a socioeconomic damage assessment model with a near real-time flood remote sensing and decision support tool (NASA’s Project Mekong). Direct damages to populations, infrastructure, and land cover are assessed using the 2011 Southeast Asian flood as a case study. Improved land use/land cover and flood depth assessments result in rapid loss estimates throughout the Mekong River Basin. Results suggest that rapid initial estimates of flood impacts can provide valuable information to governments, international agencies, and disaster responders in the wake of extreme flood events
Educating for the future : a critical discourse analysis of the field of intercultural business communication
No full textThe investigation analyzes critically the discursive and generic make-up, the conceptual base and educational goals of a new interdisciplinary academic field of enquiry called Intercultural Business Communication as it is pursued in the context of the Germany higher education system. Its purpose is twofold: Firstly, it attempts to bring to light and debate the actual validity claims made by these authors in respect to socio-economic changes and the educational promise of intercultural understanding through intercultural training. Secondly, it shows how aspects of context (e.g. interdisciplinary relations, disciplinary intricacies, hegemonic discourses, changes in the higher educational system and its relation to other social spheres) can impact upon the discourse and genre of social science in general and this particular field in particular. By drawing upon Critical Discourse Analysis as a theoretical stance and a methodological path, a corpus of 24 academic articles published in this area is analyzed in relation to the recontextualization of socio-economic changes (presences and absences of social actors, processes and evaluation), the legitimation of educational goals through reference to these changes, the conceptualization of key terms (like culture, the other etc.), the implications of these theoretical decisions for the possibility of increased, mutual understanding and the form of academic writing (argumentation, debate, genre change). While the thesis aims to identify specific discursive and generic patterns, open them to contestation, and to explain their presence in these texts, it is also strongly normative and discusses questions related to the changing understanding of the nature, form and function of academic knowledge production in society
Leveraging Google Earth Engine for Drought Assessment Using Global Soil Moisture Data
No full textSoil moisture is considered to be a key variable to assess crop and drought conditions. However, readily available soil moisture datasets developed for monitoring agricultural drought conditions are uncommon. The aim of this work is to examine two global soil moisture datasets and a set of soil moisture web-based processing tools developed to demonstrate the value of the soil moisture data for drought monitoring and crop forecasting using the Google Earth Engine (GEE). The two global soil moisture datasets discussed in the paper are generated by integrating the Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) missions' satellite-derived observations into a modified two-layer Palmer model using a one-dimensional (1D) ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) data assimilation approach. The web-based tools are designed to explore soil moisture variability as a function of land cover change and to easily estimate drought characteristics such as drought duration and intensity using soil moisture anomalies and to intercompare them against alternative drought indicators. To demonstrate the utility of these tools for agricultural drought monitoring, the soil moisture products and vegetation- and precipitation-based products were assessed over drought-prone regions in South Africa and Ethiopia. Overall, the 3-month scale Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) showed higher agreement with the root zone soil moisture anomalies. Soil moisture anomalies exhibited lower drought duration, but higher intensity compared with SPIs. Inclusion of the global soil moisture data into the GEE data catalog and the development of the web-based tools described in the paper enable a vast diversity of users to quickly and easily assess the impact of drought and improve planning related to drought risk assessment and early warning. The GEE also improves the accessibility and usability of the earth observation data and related tools by making them available to a wide range of researchers and the public. In particular, the cloud-based nature of the GEE is useful for providing access to the soil moisture data and scripts to users in developing countries that lack adequate observational soil moisture data or the necessary computational resources required to develop them
Onderzoek naar de mogelijkheid van afsluiting van de Oosterschelde met een gedeeltelijk geprefabriceerde stormvloedkering. Deelrapport 1: Milieuaspecten en morfologische ontwikkelingen
No full textDit deelrapport handelt over de eisen zoals die in de periode november 1974 - mei 1976 vanuit het milieu en de visserij zijn geformuleerd voor de constructie van een stormvloedkering in de mond van de Oosterschelde. Deze eisen zijn geformuleerd en onderbouwd -op basis van de toen beschikbare kennis- in nota DDM/75-72, \u84Milieu-randvoorwaarden voor het gedempte getijgebied in de Oosterschelde" (J.M.J. Terwindt, november 1975). Tevens zijn deze eisen samengevat in de nota \u84Stormvloedkering Oosterschelde, eindrapport" (Rijkswaterstaat, mei 1976). Op de keuze voor het uiteindelijke compartimenteringsmodel C3 (met Philipsdam en Oesterdam) met verbeterd Kanaal door Zuid-Beveland wordt in dit deelrapport niet ingegaan. Deze keuze is uitvoerig onderbouwd, in het \u84Rapport Commissie Compartimentering Oosterschelde" (april 1975) en het hieraan voorafgaande \u84Rapport van de ad-hoc werkgroep Oosterschelde" (september 1974). Tevens kan verwezen worden naar de aan het eerste rapport ten grondslag liggende deelrapporten \u84De waterhuishoudkundige aspecten van de compartimentering van de Oosterschelde" (april 1975) en \u84De milieukundige aspecten van de compartimentering van de Oosterschelde" (Commissie Compartimentering Oosterschelde, werkgroep Milieu, november 1975). Een beschrijving van de consequenties van de bouw van een stormvloedkering in de Oosterschelde, in vergelijking met de alternatieven \u84open Oosterschelde" (A-3) en \u84gesloten Oosterschelde" (D-4) is gegeven in het rapport \u84Analyse Oosterschelde Alternatieven" (Rijkswaterstaat, mei 1976). Een uitvoerige beschrijving van een deel van de milieuconsequenties van de bouw van een stormvloedkering is gegeven in \u84Protecting an Estuary from Floads - a Policy analysis of the Oosterschelde, Volume III- Assessment of Long-run ecological Balances (R-2121/3-neth, J.H. Bigelow, J.C. de Haven, C. Dritzer, P. Eilers, J.C.H. Peeters, april 1977) and Vol. IV - Assesment of Algae Blooms, a potential ecological Disturbance (R-2121/4 neth, J.H. Bigelow, J.G. Bolten, J.C. Havens, april 1977); deze rapporten zijn geschreven in een samenwerkingsverband van Rijkswaterstaat en RAND-corporation (U.S.A.). In figuur 2.1 is aangegeven hoe de hiervoor genoemde rapporten ten opzichte van elkaar en in de tijd geplaatst moeten worden.Deltawerken, Oosterscheld
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