920,604 research outputs found
Faunal Diversity during the Harappan Period in Haryana: A Review
No full textSeveral scholars have paid attention to the study of animals in Harappan culture since the first idea of animals at Mohenjo daro was given by Sewell and Guha in 1931. Also, a few reviews are available:Sahu (1988), Possehl (1999), Thomas and Joglekar (1994), Thomas (2002), Chattopadhyaya (2002), Meadow and Patel (2002), Joglekar (2006), and Joglekar and Goyal (in press). All these reviews have aptly recognised the importance of archaeo faunal studies in reconstructing human animal interactions on environment in the past. For a long period of time the archaeofaunal record from Harappan sites located in the plain of Haryana was scanty. However, in recent years several sites such as Farmana, Girawad, Mitathal, Bhirrana, Karsola, Masudpur, Burj, Bahola, Rakhigarhi, Rupnagar(Ropar) and Lohat were excavated. Moreover, some of the faunal material from all of these sites has been made available for faunal study. These studies have shown the nature of human animal interactions during the Harappan cultural context. This paper reviews faunal studies from all these sites and presents a summary of findings, particularly those related to faunal diversity.The Harappan people of Haryana Plain utilized domestic and wild mammals, as well as non mammalian resources such as the birds, reptiles, fish and molluscs. This paper focuses on examining overall faunal diversity noticed at the Harappan sites in Haryana
Multivariate to Bivariate Reduction for Noncommutative Polynomial Factorization
No full textBased on a theorem of Bergman [Cohn, 2006] we show that multivariate noncommutative polynomial factorization is deterministic polynomial-time reducible to the factorization of bivariate noncommutative polynomials. More precisely, we show the following:
1) In the white-box setting, given an n-variate noncommutative polynomial f ∈ ⟨X⟩ over a field (either a finite field or the rationals) as an arithmetic circuit (or algebraic branching program), computing a complete factorization of f into irreducible factors is deterministic polynomial-time reducible to white-box factorization of a noncommutative bivariate polynomial g ∈ ⟨x,y⟩; the reduction transforms f into a circuit for g (resp. ABP for g), and given a complete factorization of g (namely, arithmetic circuits (resp. ABPs) for irreducible factors of g) the reduction recovers a complete factorization of f in polynomial time.
We also obtain a similar deterministic polynomial-time reduction in the black-box setting.
2) Additionally, we show over the field of rationals that bivariate linear matrix factorization of 4× 4 matrices is at least as hard as factoring square-free integers. This indicates that reducing noncommutative polynomial factorization to linear matrix factorization (as done in [Vikraman Arvind and Pushkar S. Joglekar, 2022]) is unlikely to succeed over the field of rationals even in the bivariate case. In contrast, multivariate linear matrix factorization for 3×3 matrices over rationals is in polynomial time
Stenaelurillus vyaghri Sanap, Joglekar, & Caleb 2022, sp. nov.
No full textStenaelurillus vyaghri Sanap, Joglekar & Caleb, sp. nov. Figs. 94–115. Type material. INDIA: Maharashtra: Sinnar, 19.871°N 74.020°E, elev. 703 m asl, 2 July 2019, coll. R. Sanap & A. Joglekar. Holotype: ♂, (NRC-AA-2061). Paratypes: 2 ♂♂ (NRC-AA-2062 & NRC-AA-2063) & 3 ♀♀ (NRC-AA-2064–NRC-AA-2066). Etymology. The name is derived from the Sanskrit root word vyaghra. We call this species vyaghri, meaning “like a tiger”, as the male spider’s orange and black body colouration resembles that of a tiger. Diagnosis. Stenaelurillus vyaghri sp. nov. males have an orange abdomen, like S. metallicus, but lacks the latter’s pair of black spots and the bright orange-red laterally and medially. S. vyaghri sp. nov. further differs from S. metallicus and S. tamravarni sp. nov. in the short, thick embolus with a broad base having a retrolateral cusp, and in the inconspicuous TP. The females can be distinguished by the globular spermathecae (bean-shaped in S. sarojinae; globular and double-chambered in S. metallicus) and a well-developed, narrow, and deep epigynal pocket. Description. Male (based on holotype, specimen NRC-AA-2061). Measurements: Carapace 2.00 long, 1.50 wide. Abdomen length 2.01, width 1.35. Leg measurements: I—2.93 (1.01, 0.55, 0.64, 0.40, 0.33); II—2.83 (0.98. 0.53, 0.59, 0.41, 0.32); III—4.67 (1.53, 0.72, 0.93, 1.02, 0.47); IV—4.10 (1.22, 0.54, 0.86, 1.00, 0.48). Leg formula III-IV-I-II. Carapace narrow, as wide as abdomen. Anteriorly black covered with black and white scales and black hairs. Remaining black with some rusty brown to orange medially. Two longitudinal yellowish white stripes running down behind PLEs. Two yellowish-white bands on lateral margins. AMEs surrounded by white scales. Clypeus brownish, covered with white hairs. Chelicerae vertical, narrow, dark brown short brown hairs. Palp (Figs. 94, 95, 98, 99): Cymbium yellowish with brown. Embolus short, hook shaped. Femur with a distally located ventral process. RTA long with pointy tip. Legs robust, yellow with orange tint, covered with black and white scales. Tarsus, metatarsus I black. Tibia, patella I black ventrally. Femur I–II black prolaterally. Abdomen with orange and black scales. Anteriorly covered with white scales and mix of black and white hairs. Two yellowish white spots middorsally. Two iridescent black spots posteriorly, just anterior to edge of abdomen. Lateral margins fringed with long white hairs. Spinnerets long, yellow with black tips. Female (based on paratype, specimen NRC-AA-2064). Measurements: Carapace 2.24 long, 1.72 wide.Abdomen length 2.78, width 2.20. Leg measurements: I—2.97 (1.10, 0.60, 0.61, 0.40, 0.26); II—3.06 (1.04, 0.59, 0.61, 0.43, 0.39); III—5.24 (1.73, 0.89, 1.09, 1.13, 0.40); IV—4.91 (1.54, 0.65, 1.02, 1.21, 0.49). Leg formula III-IV-II-I. Carapace narrower than abdomen. Anteriorly black, covered with black scales and hairs. Two longitudinal yellow stripes running down behind PLEs. AMEs surrounded by yellowish-orange scales. Clypeus brownish with two narrow transverse bands of white hairs. Chelicerae vertical, narrow, yellowish-brown, sparsely covered with white to brown hairs. Legs robust, yellow with some black, covered with white and black scales. I–II with dark brown annulations near joints. Abdomen brownish black, with two large yellow spots posteriorly. Anterior edge covered with white and black hairs. Sides yellow. Spinnerets yellowish brown. Epigyne (Figs. 96, 97, 100, 101): Posterior edge deeply incised with a notch, in front of which is a narrow and deep ECP. Copulatory openings are round. Natural history: Stenaelurillus vyaghri sp. nov. was mostly found inhabiting rocky patches in a scrub forest (Fig. 119). Both males and females were observed perching on or resting underneath rocks. Although the spiders were observed largely throughout the year, the maximum number of adult individuals was found in May and June (~30– 40 males and ~10– 12 females from 9:00 to 11:00 AM). The spiders were observed feeding on termites.Published as part of Marathe, Kiran, Sanap, Rajesh, Joglekar, Anuradha, Caleb, John T. D. & Maddison, Wayne P., 2022, Three new and notes on two other jumping spider species of the genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Salticidae: Aelurillina) from the Deccan Plateau, India, pp. 1-19 in Zootaxa 5125 (1) on page 14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5125.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/642041
Industry Concentration and Allocation of Resources to Basic Research
No full textWhile the mainstream of Western economic thought believes in competitive markets, the Schumpeterian school considers concentrated industry to be the ideal vehicle for the advancement of industrial technology. Empirical evidence on the Schumpeterian hypothesis that a concentrated industry allocates relatively more resources to its research and development (R&D) activities has been inconclusive. We believe the reason is that the Schumpeterian hypothesis is too general and vague. The fact is that there are several dimensions of industrial concentration, for example, total number of firms in an industry, interfirm differences on a variety of characteristics such as sales, assets, resources, and so forth. Similarly, R&D activities are of several types such as long-term or short-term research, and basic research or applied research and development. Unfortunately, modeling efforts focusing on resource allocation by specific types of concentrated industries to specific types of R&D activities are almost nonexistent, with the exception of Joglekar and Hamburg (Joglekar, P., M. Hamburg. 1986. A homogeneous industry model of resource allocation to basic research and its policy implications. Management Sci. (February) 225--236; Joglekar, P., M. Hamburg. 1987. Industry resource allocation to basic research under normally distributed benefits. Decision Sci. (Winter) 1--24.) who showed that industries consisting of smaller numbers of firms allocate relatively greater amounts of resources to their basic research than industries consisting of larger numbers of firms. Extending Joglekar and Hamburg's models here we find that when two industries consist of the same number of firms, in most cases, a heterogeneous industry falls as short of its Pareto optimal investment in basic research as its comparable homogeneous counterpart. Numerical examples suggest that in some cases, concentrated (heterogeneous) industries may do worse. Policy implications of the results as well as directions for further research are discussed.industry concentration, resource allocation, inappropriable research, heterogeneous industry, individually rational equilibrium, Pareto optimal allocation
Variations on the Author
No full text“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
On Efficient Noncommutative Polynomial Factorization via Higman Linearization
No full textIn this paper we study the problem of efficiently factorizing polynomials in the free noncommutative ring ∠{x_1,x_2,…,x_n} of polynomials in noncommuting variables x_1,x_2,…,x_n over the field . We obtain the following result:
- We give a randomized algorithm that takes as input a noncommutative arithmetic formula of size s computing a noncommutative polynomial f ∈ ∠{x_1,x_2,…,x_n}, where = _q is a finite field, and in time polynomial in s, n and log₂q computes a factorization of f as a product f = f_1f_2 ⋯ f_r, where each f_i is an irreducible polynomial that is output as a noncommutative algebraic branching program.
- The algorithm works by first transforming f into a linear matrix L using Higman’s linearization of polynomials. We then factorize the linear matrix L and recover the factorization of f. We use basic elements from Cohn’s theory of free ideals rings combined with Ronyai’s randomized polynomial-time algorithm for computing invariant subspaces of a collection of matrices over finite fields
On Read-k Projections of the Determinant
No full textWe consider read-k determinantal representations of polynomials and prove some non-expressibility results. A square matrix M whose entries are variables or field elements will be called read-k, if every variable occurs at most k times in M. It will be called a determinantal representation of a polynomial f if f = det(M). We show that
- the n × n permanent polynomial does not have a read-k determinantal representation for k ∈ o(√n/log n) (over a field of characteristic different from two). We also obtain a quantitative strengthening of this result by giving a similar non-expressibility for k ∈ o(√n/log n) for an explicit n-variate multilinear polynomial (as opposed to the permanent which is n²-variate)
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Stenaelurillus tamravarni Marathe & Sanap & Joglekar & Caleb & Maddison 2022, sp. nov.
No full textStenaelurillus tamravarni Marathe & Maddison, sp. nov. Figs. 73–93, 115. Type material. INDIA: Andhra Pradesh: NW of Kuppam: Agastya Foundation campus. 12.825 to 12.826 °N 78.252 to 78.253 °E, elev. 800 m asl, 6 July 2019, coll. W. Maddison & K. Marathe, WPM#19-108. Holotype: ♂, IBC-BP300 / AS 19.6878. Paratypes: 9 ♂♂ IBC-BP302 / AS 19.6907; IBC-BP304 AS 19.6921; IBC-BP305 / DDKM21.003; IBC-BP306 – IBC-BP311 & 2 ♀♀ IBC-BP301 / AS 19.6947; IBC-BP303 / AS 19.6937. Etymology. The name is derived from Sanskrit, tamra meaning copper, varni meaning coloured, referring to the cupreous sheen on some of the body’s scales. Diagnosis. Of the fringed-abdomen species, Stenaelurillus tamravarni sp. nov. is unique for the muted colour of the male’s abdomen and the prolaterally-leaning embolus. The male abdomen appears as a brindled greyish brown in the anterior half, composed of a mix of cream and copper scales, much less colourful than the orange of S. metallicus and S. vyaghri sp. nov., and with longer fringes. The embolus differs from S. metallicus in being thicker, especially basally, and from S. vyaghri sp. nov. in leaning prolaterally and lacking a basal retrolateral cusp. The RTA of S. tamravarni sp. nov. is longer than that of S. metallicus, more pointed than that of S. vyaghri sp. nov.. The female of S. tamravarni sp. nov. has markings with less contrast than those of S. metallicus and S. vyaghri sp. nov. with abdominal spots quite indistinct. Description. Male (based on holotype, specimen IBC-BP300/ AS 19.6878). Measurements: Carapace 1.52 long, 1.06 wide. Abdomen length 1.8, width 0.92. Leg lengths: I—2.9 (1.1, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.4); II—3.2 (1.2, 0.5, 0.5, 0.6, 0.4); III—5.8 (1.8, 0.9, 1.2, 1.3, 0.5); IV—4.8 (1.5, 0.7, 0.8, 1.3, 0.6). Leg formula: III-IV-II-I. Carapace narrow, about as wide as the abdomen. Anteriorly somewhat black, covered with black and white scales. Orange scales on the sides, more densely around AMEs and ALEs. Medially brown and rust coloured. Posteriorly black. Two longitudinal creamy stripes running down behind PLEs. Two broad yellowish-white bands along the lateral margins. Clypeus brownish, sparsely covered with white hairs. Chelicerae vertical, narrow, yellowish brown, sparsely covered with white hairs. Palp (Figs. 73, 74, 77, 78): Cymbium yellowish with brown. Embolus short, slightly prolaterally leaning with bent tip. Femur with a distally located ventral process (see figs. 67–68, 78– 79 in Caleb et al. 2015). RTA curved apically. Legs robust, yellowish with some black. First leg darkest, with black from femur to tarsus. Femur I–II conspicuously black prolaterally. Legs covered with a mix of white, cream, and black scales. Abdomen with mosaic of reflective cream and copper-coloured scales in anterior half with long black hairs near anterior edge, darkening posteriorly to a patch of black scales that reflects green in alcohol. Lateral edge fringed with lustrous black and white hairs. Spinnerets somewhat long, black and yellow. Female (based on paratype, specimen IBC-BP301/ AS 19.6947). Measurements: Carapace 1.58 long, 1.15 wide. Abdomen length 1.92, width 1.15. Leg lengths: I—3.4 (1.3, 0.6, 0.7, 0.5, 0.4); II—3.6 (1.3, 0.7, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4); III—6.7 (2.1, 0.9, 1.4, 1.6, 0.7); IV—6.1 (1.9, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 0.7). Leg formula: III-IV-II-I. Carapace narrower than abdomen. Anteriorly black, covered with black scales and hairs. Medially reddish-brown. Black on sides. Two longitudinal brownish stripes running down behind PLEs. Two cream-coloured bands on lateral margins. Clypeus brownish, three narrow transverse bands of white hairs including anterior to ALEs. Chelicerae vertical, narrow, black with some brown. Legs robust, yellowish orange with black, covered with black, orange, and few white scales. Femur I black prolaterally. Black near III–IV joints. Abdomen melange of rust colour and black with two faint creamish-white spots posteriorly.Anterior edge with white and black hairs. Epigyne (Figs. 75, 76, 79, 80): ECP broad and shallow. Copulatory openings are slit shaped. Natural history. Within dry scrubland habitat, they were found on open sunny rocky or grassy patches (Figs. 116–118). We often observed them perching on small rocks (Fig. 112) or grass blades. They appear to be locally common.Published as part of Marathe, Kiran, Sanap, Rajesh, Joglekar, Anuradha, Caleb, John T. D. & Maddison, Wayne P., 2022, Three new and notes on two other jumping spider species of the genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Salticidae: Aelurillina) from the Deccan Plateau, India, pp. 1-19 in Zootaxa 5125 (1) on pages 11-14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5125.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/642041
The construction of Karen Karnak: The multi-author-function
No full textThis thesis is situated within the comparatively recent developments of Web 2.0 and the emergence of interactive WikiMedia, and explores the mode of authorship within a Read/Write culture compared to that of a Read/Only tradition. The hypothesis of this study is that the role of the audience has become merged with the author, and as such, represents new functions and attributes, distinct from a more conventional concept of authorship, in which the roles of audience and author are more separate. Read/Write and participatory culture, as defined by this study, is focused on collaboration, and includes the influences of D.I.Y. culture, Open-Source practices and the production of text by multiple authors. Multi-authorship presents a re-thinking of several concepts which support the notion of the individual author, since the focus of multi-authorship is not on attribution and ownership of a finished text, but on the continued malleability of a text. Modes of multi-authorship, demonstrated in the use of the pseudonyms Alan Smithee and Karen Eliot, represent declarative authors whose names signify multiple origins, whilst concurrently indicating a distinct body of work. The function of these names form an important context to this study, since primary research involves the construction of an experimental mode of multi-authorship utilising WikiMedia technology and the interaction of thirty nine participants, who are invited to create a body of work under the collective pseudonym Karen Karnak. The data generated by this experiment is analysed using aspects of Michel Foucault's author-function to identify and determine power structures inherent in the WikiMedia context. The interplay of power structures, including concepts such as identity, ownership and the body of work, affect the resulting mode of authorship and contribute to the construction of Karen Karnak, suggesting further areas of research into the emerging multi-author
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