405 research outputs found
Patula jessica Hutton 1883
No full textPatula jessica Hutton, 1883 Pl. 3, fig. C Hutton, 1883. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 475. Type material. Lectotype (designated here), NMNZ M.34443 [ex M.125544], and paralectotypes, AIM MA72976 [formerly AM25433] (1), CMNZ M72 (5), CMNZ M1058 [ex ZS 715] (13), NMNZ M.125544 [ex H. Suter colln.] (9), (dry shells). Details in the CMNZ molluscan catalogue indicate that lot M9924 [ex M72] is also primary type material of Patula jessica Hutton, 1883, and it was listed by Freeman et al. (1997: 31), but was not found during a search of the CMNZ molluscan collection in 2017. Label details. AIM MA72976—‘ Ptychodon jessica (Hutton), Bealey (Idt. H. Suter) (syntypes)’ in A.W.B. Powell’s handwriting; CMNZ M72—‘68. Patula jessica Hutton, Bealey’, pillbox label in Hutton’s handwriting; NMNZ M.125544—‘2039. Endodonta jessica, Hutton, Co-type specim., Hutt., Bealey’, in H. Suter’s handwriting. CMNZ molluscan catalogue details. M1058—‘ Endodonta jessica Hutton, Bealey (old number ZS 715)’. Type locality. ‘Bealey (Haast)’ (Hutton 1883g: 475), ‘Bealey, Canterbury (Dr. v. Haast)’ (Hutton 1884b: 174). Previous illustrations of type material. Shell(s) illustrated by Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: pl. 24, figs. 24–27, ‘H. Suter, del.’) and Suter (1915: pl. 9, figs. 15, a–c) may be from the type series. Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1883, but publication was delayed until May 1884 (Hutton 1884b: 174), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1883g: 475). Hutton’s descriptions of Patula jessica were based on more than one specimen, and he did not designate a holotype. Climo (1969: 193) incorrectly stated that the ‘holotype’ was in Canterbury Museum, but this is not a valid lectotype fixation according to either Art. 74.5 or Art. 74.6 of the ICZN (1999) Code, because he was aware that the type material consisted of more than one specimen, and did not explicitly indicate that he was selecting a particular specimen to serve as the name-bearing type. Three paralectotype lots of P. jessica are mixed species assemblages: CMNZ M72 contains four specimens that are conspecific with the lectotype and one specimen of Charopidae sp. 45 (sensu Spencer et al. 2009); CMNZ M1058 contains ten specimens that are conspecific with the lectotype and three specimens of Charopidae sp. 45; and NMNZ M.125544 contains eight specimens that are conspecific with the lectotype and two of Charopidae sp. 45. Current taxonomy. Fectola jessica (Hutton, 1883) — Climo (1978a: 186, 1989: 589), Spencer et al. (2009: 215). Distribution. New Zealand; northern South Island (Climo 1978a: 186, fig. 3; 1989: fig. 1B).Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on pages 28-29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/442842
Leptopoma calva Hutton 1882
No full textLeptopoma calva Hutton, 1882 Pl. 1, fig. C Hutton, 1882. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 282. Type material. Single shell formerly in the collection at Canterbury Museum, Christchurch (Hutton 1898 – 1900: 5; Suter 1913: 179) but reported missing by Freeman et al. (1997: 36), and not found subsequently. Neotype selected by Marshall & Barker (2007: 60 — NMNZ M.174790). Type locality. listed as ‘Greymouth (R. Helms)’ by Hutton (1882p: 282, 1883d: 140); neotype from ‘South Island, N of Arthur’s Pass, Jacksons, near roadside on Otira–Kumara highway, 200 m (NZMS 260, K33/870283)’ (Marshall & Barker 2007: 60). Previous illustrations of type material. Suter (1915: pl. 35, fig. 1), Marshall & Barker (2007: fig. 4C). Remarks. Hutton submitted a description of this species to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1882, but publication was delayed until May 1883 (Hutton 1883d: 140), and was preempted by a brief description in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1882p: 282). A re-description and illustration of Leptopoma calva by Suter (1913: 179, pl. 35, fig. 1) was based on the type material from Canterbury Museum. Suter (1913: 179) and Dell (1955: 1136) stated that this species was known from the type specimen only. The latter author noted that Suter’s (1913) “description and figure are not highly diagnostic. Unfortunately the type cannot at present be located in the Canterbury Museum, and no topotypes appear to have been collected”. Dell (1955: 1136) identified material of “a moderately common shell in Fiordland” as Murdochia cf. calvum (Hutton), but noted that “until these shells can be critically compared with undoubted specimens of calvum, the identification cannot be certain”. Marshall & Baker (2007) redescribed Leptopoma calva Hutton, 1882 as part of a taxonomic review of Cytora Kobelt & Möllendorff, 1897, noting that the shell of this species is distinctive in having a maculate colour pattern, although the latter feature was not mentioned in the descriptions by Hutton (1882p, 1883d) or Suter (1913), and they identified ‘ Murdochia cf. calvum ’ of Dell (1955) as Cytora mayhillae Marshall & Barker, 2007. Marshall & Barker (2007: 60) selected a neotype of calva, NMNZ M. 174790 (pl. 1, fig. C), that “represents the only Cytora species occurring in the vicinity of Greymouth that is accordant with Hutton’s descriptions and Suter’s (1913) crude illustration of the holotype ”. This in itself is not sufficient justification for the designation of a neotype under ICZN Art. 75.3 but, given that previously there had been confusion over the identity of calva, we agree that a neotype was required to stabilise the nomenclature. The neotype selected by Marshall & Barker (2007: 60) was from the Otira-Kumara Highway, c. 45 km SE of Greymouth; they stated that they had “not seen any reliably localised specimens from Greymouth or the immediate vicinity of that town, so we have chosen the neotype from one of the nearest localities where the species is definitely known to occur”. Subsequently, C. calva has been found living in Omotumotu Bush, Greymouth, and on Peter Ridge, and near Point Elizabeth, on the southern and northern outskirts of the town, respectively (F. Brook pers. obs.). Current taxonomy. Cytora calva (Hutton, 1882) — Powell (1957: 90), Powell (1979: 85), Marshall (1995: 496), Marshall & Barker (2007: 60), Spencer et al., (2009: 203). Distribution. New Zealand; northwestern South Island, from Granity and Nelson Lakes southwest to Lake Kaniere (Marshall & Barker, 2007: fig. 8A; NMNZ collection records).Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on pages 12-13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/442842
Rhytida citrina Hutton 1882
No full textRhytida citrina Hutton, 1882 Pl. 6, fig. D Hutton, 1882. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1: 282. Type material. Three syntypes formerly in Canterbury Museum, Christchurch (Hutton 1898 – 1900, Suter 1913: 772), but reported as missing by Powell (1946: 129), and not found during a search of the CMNZ molluscan collection in 2017. However, the collection at CMNZ does contain a radula mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘ Rhytida citrina, Greymouth, XVI p. 167’, Hutton’s handwriting (i.e., CMNZ 2017.17.9), which is possibly primary type material (see radula descriptions by Hutton 1883d: 139, 1884b: 167, pl. 10, fig. R). Type locality. Listed as ‘Greymouth (R. Helms)’ by Hutton (1882p: 282, 1883d: 139); designated here as Mt Davy, Rewanui (see neotype designation below). Previous illustrations of type material. Radula teeth illustrated by Hutton (1884b: pl. 10, fig. R) possibly from type material; Suter (1915: pl. 30, fig. 14). Remarks. Hutton submitted descriptions of two new species of Rhytida from Greymouth, R. citrina and R. patula, to the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute issue for 1882, but publication was delayed until May 1883 (Hutton 1883d: 139), and was pre-empted by brief descriptions of both taxa in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (Hutton 1882p: 282). A description by Hutton (1884b: 167, pl. 10, fig. R) of a radula of citrina was possibly based on CMNZ 2017.17.9 mentioned above. Suter (1913: 772) stated that the type material of R. citrina in the Canterbury Museum consisted of three shells, the largest of which had a maximum diameter of 7.75 mm. This type material was apparently subsequently lost. Powell (1946: 129) stated that he had “not seen the types which Dr. Falla has been unable to locate in the Canterbury collections”, but mentioned the existence of “two of Hutton’s Greymouth specimens [of citrina] in the Canterbury Museum”, which he reported as having major diameters of 8.5 mm and 5.5 mm, respectively. These two specimens, both juvenile shells, correspond to lots CMNZ M1416 and M5456 [ex M1416], respectively. Freeman et al. (1997: 30) listed these two lots, and CMNZ M123 [ex ZS 818], as syntypes of R. citrina, but this does not stand scrutiny. The last-mentioned lot is from Buller River, which is not the type locality of citrina. The collector is not stated in the CMNZ molluscan catalogue but was probably Julius von Haast (see Hutton (1884c: 208). The catalogue indicates that lots M1416 and M5456 from Greymouth, along with M1417 from Balclutha, were all identified as citrina and were included in ‘old No. 122’ in Hutton’s collection. Hutton’s original labels for this material have been lost or destroyed. The register does not state who the material from Greymouth was collected by, and there is no indication that these two specimens are primary type material of citrina. The specimens from Balclutha (M1417) were evidently collected by Hutton himself, and were identified as R. patula by Hutton (1884b: 167, 1884c: 208), and R. otagoensis by Powell (1930). Hutton (1882p: 282, 1883d: 139, 1884b: 167, 1884c: 208) described citrina and patula as differing from one another in shell and animal colouration, and radula features, but there has been confusion over the identity and distributions of these two taxa. Hutton (1884c: 208) recorded citrina from Greymouth and Buller River, and patula from Greymouth and Balclutha, respectively. Suter (1913: 772) treated them as separate species, but noted that the type material of R. citrina consisted of juvenile shells only, and observed that “it is not easy to separate this species from R. patula by shell characters alone”. Powell (1946: 129) considered that they were separate species with partly overlapping distributions, noting that “from Greymouth to the Buller River two forms occur, a reddish-brown one with a greatly accelerated last whorl, which is definitely patula, and a yellowish-olive one with closely coiled whorls, which is almost certainly the adult of citrina ”. His interpretation of citrina was based mainly on the specimen from Buller River in CMNZ M123, mentioned above. Powell (1946: 129, text fig. C1) described this specimen, which has since been badly damaged, as “an adult or nearly so, of 18.5 mm diameter, with “closely coiled whorls and the yellowish-olive coloration of citrina ”. He recorded R. citrina from Maruia Springs, Rewanui, and Lake Kaniere, in addition to Hutton’s records from Greymouth and Buller River. Parkinson (1979: 10), Powell (1979: 345), Spencer & Willan (1996) and Spencer et al. (2009) all listed R. citrina and R. patula as separate species, though the firstmentioned author noted that citrina was rather poorly known. Conversely, Efford (1998: 11) cast doubt on the putative differences in shell coloration and coiling between R. citrina and R. patula, noting that he was unable to detect these “once allowance is made for age-related changes in shell shape”. He suggested that most previous records of citrina were referable to R. patula, but that some may have been based on R. perampla Powell, 1946. Recent field surveys and preliminary results of a phylogenetic study (F. Brook & M. Kennedy unpub. data) indicate that there are two species of Rhytida in the vicinity of Greymouth that correspond to Hutton’s citrina and patula, respectively. Given that the whereabouts of the type material of the former is not known, and in order to prevent further confusion over the identity of this species and stabilise the nomenclature, we designate a specimen from Mt Davy, Rewanui, illustrated in pl. 6, fig. D (NMNZ M.329343), as the neotype of Rhytida citrina Hutton, 1882. As interpreted here R. citrina is considerably more widely distributed in the northwestern South Island than was previously recognised (below). Assigned to genus Rhytida Albers, 1860 by Hutton (1882) and subsequent authors, but this placement requires re-evaluation (M. Kennedy & T. King unpub. data). Current taxonomy. Rhytida citrina Hutton, 1882 — Hutton (1884b: 167, 1884c: 208), Hedley & Suter (1893: 631), Suter (1894b: 286, 1913: 772), Powell (1946: 129, 1979: 345), Parkinson (1979: 10), Spencer et al. (2009: 218). Distribution. New Zealand, South Island from Cape Farewell south to Greymouth and Poplars Range, Lewis Pass (AIM and NMNZ collection records).Published as part of Brook, Fred J., Kennedy, Martyn, King, Tania M., Ridden, Johnathon, Shaw, Matthew D. & Spencer, Hamish G., 2020, Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4865 (1) on pages 47-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/442842
De la «Teoría de la Tierra» de James Hutton a la «Hipótesis Gaia» de James Lovelock
No full textIn order to understand to what extent James Hutton (1726-1797) can in fact be considered as one of the first forerunners of the Gaia Hypothesis, his Theory of the Earth is analysed into contextof the three basic traditions of science: organismic, magical and mechanistic. In the some authors’ opinion, Hutton should have written in his theory the Earth was a superorganism and its properstudy should be by physiology. These supposed assertions are merely a misinterpretation of the Huttonian philosophy, since were never held by this author. Hutton has nevertheless an holistic view which is closer to the Alfred N. Whitehead's organic mechanicism than the James Lovelock'sGaia Hypothesis, being therefore a clear forerunner of Ludwig von Bertalanffy and his SystemGeneral Theory.Para comprender en qué medida James Hutton (1726-1797) puede ser considerado en realidad como uno de los primeros precursores de la Hipótesis Gaia, se analiza su Theory of the Earth en el contexto de las tres tradiciones básicas de la ciencia: la organísmica, la mágica y la mecanicista. Para algunos autores, Hutton habría sugerido en su teoría que la tierra era un superorganismo y que la forma más correcta para estudiarla era la fisiología. Estas supuestas afirmaciones son simplemente una interpretación errónea del pensamiento huttoniano, puesto que este autor nunca las hizo. Sin embargo, Hutton posee de hecho una visión holística que está más próxima al mecanicismo orgánico de Alfred N. Whitehead que a la Hipótesis Gaia de James Lovelock, siendo por tanto un claro precursor de Ludwig von Bertalanffy y su Teoría General de Sistemas
Sertularella simplex Hutton 1873
No full textSertularella simplex (Hutton, 1873) Synonyms in the area:? Sertularella ellisii f. lagenoides —Leloup 1974 p. 28 [polyp]; Sertularella peregrina —Leloup 1974 p. 31–32 [polyp]. Remarks: Galea & Schories (2012a p. 46) considered that “Leloup’s (1974) material assigned to both S. ellisi f. lagenoides and S. peregrina may belong to either this species [Sertularella sp.] or S. mixta, since no measurements allowing a reliable comparison were provided by this author”. Moreover, Sertularella peregrina Bale, 1926 is considered a synonym of Sertularia simplex in WoRMS (Schuchert 2016). Given the uncertainties about these records, we conservatively include them in the synonym of S. simplex, pending more detailed study. Distribution in South America: polyp—Pacific Ocean, Chile, at north of Coquimbo and in Puerto Melinka, Guaitecas Archipelago (Leloup 1974 p. 28, 31–32). Habitat: polyp—on algae (Leloup 1974 p. 28, 31–32).Published as part of M. P. Oliveira 1,16, S P. Miranda 2, *,, Es W. Mianzan 10,, Ro E. Migotto 11,, Ne B. Nascimento 2,11, Eli Nogueira Júnior 12,, Er Quiñones 13,, Izio Scarabino 14,, Tín Schiariti 10,, Io N. Stampar 15,, Tronolone 2, , Quíria B. & Onio C. Marques 2,11, 2016, Census of Cnidaria (Medusozoa) and Ctenophora from South American marine waters, pp. 1-256 in Zootaxa 4194 (1) on pages 121-122, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4194.1.
Multinational corporations in the Arab world with particular reference to the contribution of industrial joint ventures to development in the Gulf region
No full textThis thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel University.This thesis investigates the status and the role of Multinational Corporations in the Arab World. Its main hypothesis is that the Multinationals today represent a permanent feature as the major world-wide source of modern technology. As such, the Arab countries will continue relying, into the foreseeable future, upon technology produced, owned or controlled by these global firms.
The research finds that a century of increasing integration with the western industrialised countries, primarily shaped by the activities of the multinational corporations, has nevertheless left the Arab region less industrialised and more technologically and institutionally backward than many other parts of the world. The Arab Nation as a whole, in all its diversity of countries and regions, has failed to economically or industrially advance at the same rate as other newly industrialising regions. The lack of commitment to national and regional development needs in the Arab World on the part of most multinationals, is matched by an equal absence of any clear sense of purpose and dedication on the part of the Arab countries themselves.
Despite the proposition by some Arab professionals and elites that the Arab States must consider breaking with any development strategy that substantially relies on access to capital and technology provided by foreign multinationals, the research contends that, in view of the current underdeveloped state of indigenous technology in the Arab World, the contemplation of the option of "de-linking" from the multinationals is neither possible nor desirable. The fact is, that the Arab States, individually or as whole, are not as yet prepared for the challenges that such a go-it-alone development strategy would imply.
The research also finds that, as the multinational' behaviour is governed by diverse objectives, helping out the developing countries of the Arab World to build-up their technological base is not generally one of their distinctive goals. They have their own "growth" strategy while each of the individual Arab States has its own "development" policy. The objectives of each differ, as shown in this thesis, and are often incompatible. Yet, for a multinational corporation to secure profit, growth and security, it will need the goodwill of the Arab countries, while the latter, in order to start building their technological base, need the multinationals. Thus, objectively, they need each other and a fruitful cooperation between the two parties depends on the convergence of two strategies, which usually need to undergo many changes in order to accommodate each other's diverse interests.
This means that, what a foreign multinational can really offer depends on how much an Arab country, individually or in collaboration with other Arab countries, may actually be prepared or able to take. From the latter's viewpoint, the ability to take is dependent on the extent to which the Arab countries can cooperate effectively together. The recent trend in the region towards forging economic integration, in the form of regional groupings among neighbouring Arab countries, is widely heralded to be an essential step in the right direction. However, in view of the considerable variations in natural resource endowments which exist among the countries of the Arab World, it has been increasingly suggested by the Arab participants of our main survey, that inter-Arab multinational joint ventures constitute a highly desirable form of organising economic activity, and of accomplishing effective economic cooperation among the countries of the region.
Most importantly, the thesis demonstrates that there are many areas in which conventional economic theories are deficient in explaining multinationals' behaviour and impact on the Arab World. Deficiencies between theory and practice arc referred to throughout the work and discussed in particular detail in Chapters 4 and 12.
A major conclusion of this study is that, the Arab governments which once feared the multinationals are now actively interested in seeking to court and accommodate them more effectively to local development needs. There is increasing evidence that the Arab countries have learned to bargain with multinationals to make them better serve their specific objectives and interests. Through more contacts and interactions, previously contrasting positions have softened and a wave of pragmatic attitudes on both sides is emerging to promote greater recognition of the mutual interests involved.
It is the hope of the author of this thesis that his work will encourage even greater mutual understanding and cooperation between the Arab States and multinational partners in the future. Indeed it is only through such cooperation that joint efforts can be effectively used to promote beneficial development and growth for the future prosperity of the Arab Nation as a whole
Iron cyclopentadienyl mediated 2-alkyl-2-arylphenylsulfonylacetonitrile synthesis.
No full textA unique route to the synthesis of 2-alkyl-2-arylphenylsulfonylacetonitriles via the nucleophilic arom. substitution (SNAr) of (chloroarene)cyclopentadienyliron complexes with 2-alkyl phenylsulfonylacetonitriles was studied. Reactions of chloroarene complexes with 2-alkyl phenylsulfonylacetonitrile in the presence of K2CO3 in DMF at room temp. gave I (R1 = H, o-, m-, p-Me; R2 = Et, Bu) in good yields. The use of alkylated phenylsulfonylacetonitriles as nucleophiles in the reactions with the p-dichlorobenzene complex gave I (R1 = CR2(CN)(SO2Ph), R2 = Et, Bu). Photolytic demetalation provided an efficient route to the liberation of the arylated phenylsulfonylacetonitriles
Applying contextual integrity to the study of social network sites
No full textSocial network sites (SNSs) have become very popular, with more than 1.39
billion people using Facebook alone. The ability to share large amounts of
personal information with these services, such as location traces, photos, and
messages, has raised a number of privacy concerns. The popularity of these
services has enabled new research directions, allowing researchers to collect
large amounts of data from SNSs to gain insight into how people share
information, and to identify and resolve issues with such services. There are
challenges to conducting such research responsibly, ensuring studies are
ethical and protect the privacy of participants, while ensuring research outputs
are sustainable and can be reproduced in the future.
These challenges motivate the application of a theoretical framework that can
be used to understand, identify, and mitigate the privacy impacts of emerging
SNSs, and the conduct of ethical SNS studies. In this thesis, we apply
Nissenbaum's model of contextual integrity to the study of SNSs. We develop an
architecture for conducting privacy-preserving and reproducible SNS studies
that upholds the contextual integrity of participants. We
apply the architecture to the study of informed consent to show that contextual
integrity can be leveraged to improve the acquisition of consent in such
studies. We then use contextual integrity to diagnose potential privacy
violations in an emerging form of SNS
Trust in the Digital World The Return of the Kings of Old
No full textDrawing principally on examples and literature from the Anglosphere, the author argues that the high salience given to "trust" and "trustworthiness" in recent scholarly literature, and which (notably in Putnam's work) attributes declining trust to a widely mistrusted mass media does not acknowledge the trustbuilding potential (realised in some instances) of interactive "Web 2.0" applications. Drawing on O'Neill's proposal that trust inheres in dialogue and mutual checking and verification, the author argues that "Web 2.0" media provide a variety of instances where the "dialogic" character of "Web 2.0" has established and enhanced trustworthiness. He argues normatively for a combination of "Web 2.0" interactivity and the adoption and implementation of selfregulatory codes in order to enhance the trustworthiness of the media.trust, mass media, Web 2.0, self-regulation, trustworthiness.
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