89 research outputs found
Les Etats-Unis et Israël
No full textThe State of Israel and Its Republics by Dan Segre According to the author the most significant dates in forty years have been 1959 the end of the socio-political system of the Yishuv 1977 the ending of the first Israeli republic and the coming to power of the right under Menahem Begin During the last 11 years of the second Israeli republic three elements have changed the face of Israeli society namely the rapidEtat Israël et ses républiques par Dan Segre Les dates les plus significatives pour Israël depuis quarante ans sont selon auteur 1959 et la fin du système politico-social du Yishouv et 1977 et la fin de la première république israélienne avec arrivée de la droite au pouvoir sous la direction de Menahem Begin Au cours des onze dernières années la seconde république israélienne trois éléments ont modifié le visage de la société israélienne le processus rapide de judaïsation de Etat la crise coloniale et la palestinisation croissante des Arabes israéliens hui immobilisme qui domine le comportement politique Israël ajoute une autre forme immobilisme du côté arabe On voit donc mal comment les efforts diplomatiques pourraient modifier la situation actuelle et les scénarios évolution sont pessimistes Quelle que soit la tournure que prennent les événements la crise est pas près de achever Face alternative que pose pour Israël la révolte palestinienne un nouveau consensus risque de se développer sur le fait que en Palestine comme ailleurs le prix du colonialisme est trop élevé pour un pays désireux de devenir un pays riche démocratique et moderne puisse se le permettreCarter Jimmy, Moïsi Dominique. Les Etats-Unis et Israël. In: Politique étrangère, n°2 - 1988 - 53ᵉannée. pp. 413-416
Geographic access to care is not a determinant of child mortality in a rural Kenyan setting with high health facility density.
No full textBACKGROUND: Policy-makers evaluating country progress towards the Millennium Development Goals also examine trends in health inequities. Distance to health facilities is a known determinant of health care utilization and may drive inequalities in health outcomes; we aimed to investigate its effects on childhood mortality. METHODS: The Epidemiological and Demographic Surveillance System in Kilifi District, Kenya, collects data on vital events and migrations in a population of 220,000 people. We used Geographic Information Systems to estimate pedestrian and vehicular travel times to hospitals and vaccine clinics and developed proportional-hazards models to evaluate the effects of travel time on mortality hazard in children less than 5 years of age, accounting for sex, ethnic group, maternal education, migrant status, rainfall and calendar time. RESULTS: In 2004-6, under-5 and under-1 mortality ratios were 65 and 46 per 1,000 live-births, respectively. Median pedestrian and vehicular travel times to hospital were 193 min (inter-quartile range: 125-267) and 49 min (32-72); analogous values for vaccine clinics were 47 (25-73) and 26 min (13-40). Infant and under-5 mortality varied two-fold across geographic locations, ranging from 34.5 to 61.9 per 1000 child-years and 8.8 to 18.1 per 1000, respectively. However, distance to health facilities was not associated with mortality. Hazard Ratios (HR) were 0.99 (95% CI 0.95-1.04) per hour and 1.01 (95% CI 0.95-1.08) per half-hour of pedestrian and vehicular travel to hospital, respectively, and 1.00 (95% CI 0.99-1.04) and 0.97 (95% CI 0.92-1.05) per quarter-hour of pedestrian and vehicular travel to vaccine clinics in children <5 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: Significant spatial variations in mortality were observed across the area, but were not correlated with distance to health facilities. We conclude that given the present density of health facilities in Kenya, geographic access to curative services does not influence population-level mortality
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine given shortly after birth stimulates effective antibody concentrations and primes immunological memory for sustained infant protection.
No full textBACKGROUND: In developing countries, newborn immunization with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) could protect young infants who are at high risk of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) but might lead to immune tolerance. METHODS: In a randomized trial, young infants received 7-valent PCV at 6, 10, and 14 weeks (Expanded Programme on Immunization [EPI] group) or 0, 10, and 14 weeks (newborn group). Safety was monitored actively at 2-7 days and then passively. Serum samples obtained at birth and 6, 10, 14, 18, 36, and 37 weeks were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for anticapsular immunoglobulin G concentration and avidity. Infants were boosted with either 7-valent PCV or one-fifth dose of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine at 36 weeks. Nasopharyngeal swab samples were obtained at 18 and 36 weeks. RESULTS: Three-hundred neonates and young infants were enrolled. Newborn vaccination was well tolerated. Adverse events occurred equally in each group; none was related to immunization. One infant, immunized at birth, died of unrelated neonatal sepsis. At 18 weeks, protective concentrations (≥0.35 μg/mL) were achieved against each serotype by ≥87% of infants with no significant differences between groups. Geometric mean concentrations were higher in the EPI group for serotypes 4, 9V, 18C, and 19F at 18 weeks and for serotype 4 at 36 weeks. Avidity was greater in the newborn group for serotypes 4, 6B, and 19F at 18 weeks and for serotype 19F at 36 weeks. Booster responses and vaccine-type/nonvaccine-type carriage prevalence did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS: PCV was safe, immunogenic, and primed for memory when given at birth. There was no evidence of immune tolerance. Vaccination beginning at birth offers an alternative to control IPD in vulnerable young infants
Spatial and socio-demographic predictors of time-to-immunization in a rural area in Kenya: Is equity attainable?
No full textWe conducted a vaccine coverage survey in Kilifi District, Kenya in order to identify predictors of childhood immunization. We calculated travel time to vaccine clinics and examined its relationship to immunization coverage and timeliness among the 2169 enrolled children (median age: 12.5 months). 86% had vaccine cards available, >95% had received three doses of DTP-HepB-Hib and polio vaccines and 88% of measles. Travel time did not affect vaccination coverage or timeliness. The Kenyan EPI reaches nearly all children in Kilifi and delays in vaccination are few, suggesting that vaccines will have maximal impact on child morbidity and mortality
PRISMA flow diagram of selection of studies.
No full textPRISMA flow diagram of selection of studies.</p
Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine uptake, effectiveness, and impact in Sweden from 2018 to 2022
No full textAbstract Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an increasing health threat in Sweden and elsewhere in Europe. TBE vaccination is commonly recommended in Sweden, but limited data are available on uptake, effectiveness, and impact of TBE vaccination. General population surveys conducted in 2019–2022 were used to estimated TBE vaccine uptake. TBE vaccine effectiveness (VE) was estimated using the screening method utilizing the surveys and public health TBE surveillance data, which predominately includes hospitalized TBE cases, from 2018 to 2022. Impact of TBE vaccination was calculated based on disease incidence and observed VE. In 2018–2022, 2,015 TBE cases were reported in Sweden; 82.8% (1,564/1,890) of cases with known TBE vaccination history were unvaccinated. Among persons surveyed from the general population with known vaccination history, 52.0% (11,562/22,247) were unvaccinated. Three dose VE against TBE was 89.0% (95% confidence interval 84.3–92.4). When stratified by age group, VE was 86.0% (55.7–95.6) in 1–15 years-of-age and 93.8% (87.5–96.9) in 16–49 years-of-age. In a conservative estimate, despite suboptimal compliance with TBE vaccination recommendations, vaccination averted an estimated thousand TBE cases, most resulting in hospitalization, in Sweden from 2018 to 2022. To prevent additional TBE cases in Sweden, enhanced efforts to increase TBE vaccine uptake and compliance to the TBE vaccination schedule are needed
Pooled estimated incidence of invasive group B streptococcal infection by region.
No full textPooled estimated incidence of invasive group B streptococcal infection by region.</p
Pooled estimated case fatality ratio of invasive group B streptococcal infection by study period.
No full textPooled estimated case fatality ratio of invasive group B streptococcal infection by study period.</p
Reported antimicrobial resistance among the selected studies (%).
No full textPEN Penicillin, ERY Erythromycin, GEN Gentamycin, S Susceptible, AMP Ampicillin, AZM Azithromycin, TCY Tetracycline, R Resistant, CEF Cephalothin, MIN Minocycline, CHL Chloramphenicol, I Intermediate, CTX Cefotaxime, CLI Clindamycin, NS Percentage not specified, CXM Cefuroxime, VAN Vancomycin, * It includes not only adults but also neonates and children, Classification as susceptible, resistant, or intermediate as reported in the study. (DOCX)</p
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