814 research outputs found
Out-of-pocket expenditures of maternity services at a tertiary level hospitals in Western, Nepal
No full textAre Free Maternity Services Completely Free of Costs?
No full textAbstractObjectivesThe Government of Nepal revised free maternity health services, “Aama Surakshya Karyakram”, beginning at the start of Fiscal Year 2012/13, which specifies the services to be funded, the tariffs for reimbursement, and the system for claiming and reporting on free deliveries each month. This study was designed to investigate the amount of monetary expenditure incurred by families using apparently free maternity services.MethodsBetween August 2014 and December 2014, a hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Manipal Teaching Hospital and Western Regional Hospital. Nepalese women were not involved with family finances and had very little knowledge of income or expenditures. Therefore, face-to-face interviews with 384 postpartum mothers with their husbands or the head of the family household were conducted at the time of discharge by using a pre-tested semi-structural questionnaire.ResultsThe average monthly family income was 19,272.4 NRs (189.01 US). When the average total hidden cost of 27,288.5 NRs (267.6 US), with an average cost per day of 7,167.5 NRs (70.29 US), 7,429.3 NRs (72.9 US), respectively.ConclusionThe free maternity service in Nepal has high out-of-pocket expenditures, and did not represent a system completely free of costs. Therefore, arrangements should be made by hospitals free of cost to provide medicine that is not included as essential during the hospital stay and at discharge time. Similarly, arrangements for liquid, food, and hot water, as well as clothes for mothers and newborns, should be made by the hospital in order to enhance hospital attendance
Africa in global International relations: emerging approaches to theory and practice: an introduction
No full textThis book investigates why Africa has been marginalised in IR discipline and theory and how this issue can be addressed in the context of the emerging Global IR paradigm. To have relevance for Africa, a new IR theory needs to be more inclusive, intellectually negotiated and holistically steeped in the African context. In this innovative volume, each author takes a critical look at existing IR paradigms and offers a unique perspective based on the African experience. Following on from Amitav Acharya and Barry Buzan’s work, Non-Western International Relations Theory, it develops and advances non-Western IR theory and the idea of Global IR
Adverse Family Experiences Are Associated With Age of Diagnosis Among Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
No full textAbstract
Date Presented 4/1/2017
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) may pose a significant barrier to timely diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder among U.S. children. By identifying ACEs early in a family’s history, occupational therapy practitioners have the opportunity to reduce family stress and support parents in meeting their children’s treatment needs.
Primary Author and Speaker: Kristin Berg
Additional Authors and Speakers: Beth Pfeiffer
Contributing Authors: Cheng-Shi Shiu, Kruti Acharya, Michael Msall, Elizabeth Pfeiffer</jats:p
Factor Influencing Gender Based Violence among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in PHC of Syangja District, Nepal
No full textPregnancy and childbirth were a time of unique vulnerability to violence victimization because of changes in women's physical, social, emotional, and economic needs during pregnancy. This study aims to determine the factors associated with gender-based violence among pregnant women attending antenatal care clinic (ANC). A cross-sectional study was conducted among 202 pregnant women attend antenatal ward of primary health care centre (PHC) of Syangja district during September 2014 to December 2014 by using semi-structure questionnaire with face to face interviews. SPSS software was used for analysis the data. The prevalence of gender based violence (GBV) among pregnant women was found to be 91.1%. The socio-demographic variables such as ethnicity, religious, the age of respondents, the age of marriage, occupation, and annual income had no association with the experience of different types of GBV (p > 0.05). However, there was a statistically association between husband education (p=0.03), the age of marriage (p=0.039) and type of marriage (p=0.013) in case of psychological and economic violence whereas there was no statistically association between with other types of violence. In conclusion, gender based violence during pregnancy was a major prevalent public health problem is Syangja district of Nepal. Focus on age of marriage, types of marriage and education of husband may reduce gender based violence among the pregnant women. Women's empowerment, economic autonomy, sensitization, awareness and needed of large-scale population-based surveys were the major recommendation of this study
Gender-based Violence Among Pregnant Women of Syangja District, Nepal
Get PDFAbstractObjectivesThis study aims to determine prevalence of gender-based violence among pregnant women attending an antenatal care (ANC) clinic.MethodsBetween September 2014 and December 2014, a cross-sectional study was conducted among 202 pregnant women attending the antenatal ward of the Primary Healthcare Centre (PHC) of Syangja district, Nepal. The data were collected using semistructure questionnaires with face-to-face interviews. SPSS software (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA) was used for analysis the data.ResultsThe prevalence rate of gender-based violence was found to be 91.1% (184). Most of the respondents (87%) faced economic violence followed by psychological (53.8%), sexual (41.8%), and physical (4.3%) violence. Women experienced: (1) psychological violence with most complaining of angry looks followed by jealousy or anger while talking with other men, insults using abusive language and neglect; (2) economic violence with most complaining of financial hardship, denial of basic needs and an insistence on knowing where respondents were and restricting them to parents' home or friends/relatives' houses (jealousy); (3) physical violence by slapping, pushing, shaking, or throwing something at her, twisting arm or pulling hair, and punching and kicking; and (4) sexual violence by physically forcing her to have sexual intercourse without consent, and hurting or causing injury to private parts. Most (100%) of the perpetrators were found to be husbands and mothers-in-law (10.7%) who violated them rarely.ConclusionThe prevalence of gender-based violence (GBV) among pregnant women attending the ANC clinic was greater in the Syangja district of Nepal. Women's empowerment, economic autonomy, sensitization, informal or formal training regarding GBV for men and women, and the need for large-scale population-based surveys are the major recommendations of this study
FOLLOWING (F)INSTAGRAMS: DELINEATING SOCIAL BOUNDARIES ONLINE
Get PDFThe duality of "insta" vs. "finsta" is a binary that assumes that users can be more candid in the latter "fake" (often eulogized as "fun") Instagram = Finstagram account. While the "real" Instagram is more aesthetically pleasing, it indexes an added effort put into curating it. The paper argues that this is a false paradox in the perceived visual and sensory authenticity in the two account types of the same user. In this essay the author empirically describes users’ experience mediating these two accounts through primary research centered around Berger and Luckmann’s Social Construction of Reality, Robert Merton’s
Insiders and Outsiders, and Erving Goffman’s Presentation of
Self in Everyday Life through this dialectic of so-called fake instas
(finsta) and real instas (rinsta). In doing so, it empirically addresses
these questions: How does Instagram mediate the construction of self in everyday reality? How do users participate and perform in this construction?Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/177333/1/12-Acharya-Finstagrams-Social Media and Society in India Proceedings-41-49-10.73027930.pdfSEL
India’s Macroeconomic Performance and Policies since 2000
Get PDFThe paper reviews Indias macroeconomic performance and policies since 2000. The first section briefly summarizes key macroeconomic developments regarding economic growth, inflation, external balance, the fiscal situation and aggregate savings and investment. The second section considers some of the challenges posed to macroeconomic management in this period and the efficacy of the policy responses adopted. In particular, it analyses the progress in fiscal consolidation and the policies adopted to deal with the challenge of the unprecedented surge in external capital inflows into India. The final section outlines some of the major macro policy issues that need to be addressed in the years ahead, including : the resurgence of high fiscal deficits; the issues relating to external convertibility and exchange rate management; the role of the Reserve Bank of India in macroeconomic policy and coping with a weak international economic environment.economic growth, inflation, Fiscal Policy, savings and investment, Capital Inflows, exchange rate policy, central bank role
Utility and profit maximization in dynamic spectrum allocation
No full textDemand driven, short term allocation of spectrum will be important for future wireless systems. Engineering and economics will jointly determine optimal ways to operate such systems. In this thesis, we characterize two operating principles of dynamic spectrum access: decentralized commons and centralized property right.
In decentralized commons, co-located devices sense spectrum for vacant bands to transmit. Assuming an OFDM based physical layer, this means that a device can transmit in non contiguous tones. We analyze how symbol timing synchronization can be achieved using cyclic prefix based algorithms. For different spectral occupancies of the transmitter and fading conditions, we identify scenarios where synchronization algorithms yield satisfactory results and scenarios where they do not.
For the centralized property rights regime, we develop a two tiered spectrum allocation model where spectrum is first allocated to service providers (SPs) by a broker and then to customers by SPs.
First we assume that the users transmit to the SPs in the uplink after spectrum allocation, who maximize the sum utility of the users. We derive optimal allocation for different system parameters. We introduce a spectrum price and use it to demonstrate several key results about spectrum allocation. The spectrum price proves to be the regulatory mechanism that brings about coordination amongst the SPs with minimal control messaging. Our approach thus strikes a balance between a total and no central coordination.
Next we consider a downlink scenario where SPs sell spectrum to users and then transmit data. The SPs operate to maximize their profits. Each SP transmits at a specific power spectral density which is an indicator of the modulation and coding technology used for transmission. When there is only one SP, it can act as a monopolist and when there are multiple SPs, they compete. We characterize the customer to SP interactions in monopoly and SP price competition. We derive the prices charged and profits made by the SPs and show how they vary with provider efficiencies and spectrum costs charged by the broker. We show that an SP should invest in better technology if the broker cost of spectrum is high.Ph.D.Includes bibliographical references (p. 105-110)by Joydeep Achary
Behavioral and social factors influencing open waste burning in Dhulikhel Municipality, Nepal: A qualitative study
Get PDFOpen Waste Burning (OWB) is a solid waste management problem in developing countries, resulting into serious environmental and health concerns. Although an increasing number of literature focuses on estimating emissions, signifying the state of the problem, and assessing the environmental and health risks; the factors affecting open waste burning, specifically the underlying behavioral factors remain less studied. In this paper, we take a qualitative approach to study social and behavioral factors affecting open waste burning in Dhulikhel, a suburban municipality in Nepal. An in-depth semi-structured interview of seven people directly engaged in OWB practices was taken, and the obtained data was analyzed inductively to construct themes. Waste accumulation, adjustment to recent provision of waste collection service, and its convenience and accessibility are key factors that explain the close connection of waste management practices to OWB. Lack of scientific and complete awareness, lesser knowledge of environmental risks, seeing OWB as an “infrequent exception”, and a negative perception of one’s community were found to increase OWB incidence. Other factors identified include increasing plastic waste, distinct nature of agriculture waste, and influence of infrastructural barriers. Context-specific qualitative exploration undertaken in this study confirms some pre-identified factors and identifies three distinct social and behavioral factors, establishing a baseline for future assessments
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