687 research outputs found
Molecular phylogeny of the ant tribe Myrmicini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
No full textJansen, Gunther, Savolainen, Riitta (2010): Molecular phylogeny of the ant tribe Myrmicini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 160 (3): 482-495, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00604.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00604.
Myrmica-suvun muurahaisten ja niiden sosiaalisten loisten evoluutio
No full textUnderstanding the overwhelming diversity of life calls for complex organisational schemes. The field of systematics may thus be seen as the cornerstone of evolutionary biology. In the last few decades, systematics has been rejuvenated through the introduction of molecular methods such as DNA barcoding and multi-gene phylogenetic approaches. These methods may shed new light on established taxonomic ideas and problems. For example, the classification of ants has aroused much debate due to reinterpretation of morphological characters or contradictions between molecular data and morphology. Only in the last few years a consensus was reached regarding the phylogeny of ant subfamilies. However, the situation remains deplorable for lower taxonomic ranks such as subfamilies, tribes and genera. This thesis describes the systematics and evolution of the Holarctic ant genus Myrmica and the tribe to which it belongs, Myrmicini. Using barcoding, molecular-phylogenetic data and divergence time estimations, it addresses questions regarding the taxonomy, morphology and biogeography of this group. Furthermore, the interrelationships between socially parasitic Myrmica species and their hosts (other species in the genus) were inferred. The phylogeny suggests that social parasitism evolved several times in Myrmica. Finally, this thesis investigated whether coevolution shaped the phylogeny of socially parasitic Maculinea butterflies that live inside Myrmica colonies. No evidence was found for coevolution.Muurahaiset ovat eräitä biosfäärin tärkeimpiä ja laajimmalle levittäytyneimpiä hyönteisiä. Myrmica-suvun muurahaiset (viholaiset) ovat yleisiä koko pohjoisella pallonpuoliskolla. Sukuun kuuluu useita sosiaalisia loisia, lajeja, jotka eivät noudata normaalia muurahaisten kolonian kiertokulkua, vaan loisivat suvun muilla lajeilla. Sosiaaliset loiset tunkeutuvat toisten muurahaislajien kolonioihin ja käyttävät niiden työläisiä omien jälkeläistensä kasvattamiseen, osallistumatta itse lainkaan kolonian ylläpitoon. Maculinea-suvun sinisiipiperhoset ovat myös viholaisten sosiaalisia loisia. Perhosten toukat elävät muurahaisten pesissä, jossa niitä joko ruokitaan tai ne syövät itse muurahaisten toukkia.
Väitöskirjassani olen käyttänyt nykyaikaisia DNA-menetelmiä, kuten DNA-viivakoodausta ja fylogenetiikkaa Pohjois-Amerikan viholaisten keskinäisten sukulaisuussuhteiden selvittämiseen sekä Pohjois-Amerikan ja muun maailman viholaisten geneettiseen vertailuun. Päättelin DNA-ajoitusmenetelmien perusteella, että Myrmica-suvun muurahaislajit ovat runsastuneet todennäköisesti dramaattisen ilmaston kylmenemisen seurauksena noin 34 miljoonaa vuotta sitten. Tämän jälkeen viholaiset ovat levittäytyneet useita kertoja Beringin salmen yli Pohjois-Amerikan ja Itä-Aasian välillä. Tutkin lisäksi Myrmica-suvun sosiaalisten loisten ja niiden isäntien keskinäisiä sukulaisuussuhteita ja havaitsin, että sosiaaliset loiset ovat kehittyneet suvussa useaan kertaan. Lopuksi tutkin viholaisten ja niiden sosiaalisten sinisiipiperhosloisten mahdollista rinnakkaisevoluutiota, josta en löytänyt todisteita.ei saavutettav
FIGURE 8 in Description of a new species of Xenopholis (Serpentes: Colubridae) from the Cerrado of Bolivia, with comments on Xenopholis scalaris in Bolivia
No full textFIGURE 8. Juvenile of Xenopholis scalaris (SMF 88380), Arútam, Ecuador. Photo: G. Köhler.Published as part of Jansen, Martin, Álvarez, Lucindo Gonzales & Köhler, Gunther, 2009, Description of a new species of Xenopholis (Serpentes: Colubridae) from the Cerrado of Bolivia, with comments on Xenopholis scalaris in Bolivia, pp. 31-45 in Zootaxa 2222 on page 39, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19010
FIGURE 2 in Description of a new species of Xenopholis (Serpentes: Colubridae) from the Cerrado of Bolivia, with comments on Xenopholis scalaris in Bolivia
No full textFIGURE 2. Holotype of Xenopholis werdingorum (MNKR 4700). Photo: A. Schulze.Published as part of Jansen, Martin, Álvarez, Lucindo Gonzales & Köhler, Gunther, 2009, Description of a new species of Xenopholis (Serpentes: Colubridae) from the Cerrado of Bolivia, with comments on Xenopholis scalaris in Bolivia, pp. 31-45 in Zootaxa 2222 on page 34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19010
FIGURE 1 in Description of a new species of Xenopholis (Serpentes: Colubridae) from the Cerrado of Bolivia, with comments on Xenopholis scalaris in Bolivia
No full textFIGURE 1. Characteristic vertebral morphology in Xenopholis. a) four middle dorsal vertebrae, dorsal view; b) middle dorsal vertebrae, ventral view; c) same, frontal view (X. scalaris, taken from Boulenger 1896).Published as part of Jansen, Martin, Álvarez, Lucindo Gonzales & Köhler, Gunther, 2009, Description of a new species of Xenopholis (Serpentes: Colubridae) from the Cerrado of Bolivia, with comments on Xenopholis scalaris in Bolivia, pp. 31-45 in Zootaxa 2222 on page 33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19010
Figure 2 in Molecular phylogeny of the ant tribe Myrmicini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
No full textFigure 2. Majority-rule consensus tree (16 002 Bayesian trees, with a burn-in of two million generations) of 111 Myrmicinae in-group taxa and Polyergus, Formica, and Lasius (Formicinae) as out-group taxa (ALL data matrix, see Material and methods for details). On branches, full circles (•) indicate that the posterior probability = 100%; open circles (O) indicate that the posterior probability> 85%. Numbers above branches represent maximum-likelihood bootstrap support (1000 replicates). The genera of Myrmicini are indicated on the right.Published as part of Jansen, Gunther & Savolainen, Riitta, 2010, Molecular phylogeny of the ant tribe Myrmicini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), pp. 482-495 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 160 (3) on page 491, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00604.x, http://zenodo.org/record/543984
FIGURE 9 in Description of a new species of Xenopholis (Serpentes: Colubridae) from the Cerrado of Bolivia, with comments on Xenopholis scalaris in Bolivia
No full textFIGURE 9. Xenopholis undulatus (NMB 1865, type of Paroxyrhopus reticularis Schenkel). a) lateral view of midbody; b) dorsal view. Photo: M. Jansen.Published as part of Jansen, Martin, Álvarez, Lucindo Gonzales & Köhler, Gunther, 2009, Description of a new species of Xenopholis (Serpentes: Colubridae) from the Cerrado of Bolivia, with comments on Xenopholis scalaris in Bolivia, pp. 31-45 in Zootaxa 2222 on page 40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19010
The New Jersey African American history curriculum guide, grades 9 to 12. by Larry A. Greene, Lenworth Gunther.
No full textThe New Jersey African American history curriculum guide is a resource for New Jersey high school teachers who wish to incorporate African American experiences into their teaching of U.S. history. The guide provides narratives, keywords, suggested activites, and bibliographies.CONTENTS:
Foreword -- About the Authors -- Preface -- How to Use This Guide -- Acknowledgments -- Unit 1 African Beginnings -- Unit 2 Africa, Europe, and the Rise of Afro-America, 1441-1619 -- Unit 3 African American Slavery in the Colonial Era, 1619-1775 -- Unit 4 Blacks in the Revolutionary Era, 1776-1789 -- Unit 5 Slavery and Abolition in Post-Revolutionary and Antebellum America, 1790-1860 -- Unit 6 African Americans and the Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Unit 7 The Reconstruction Era, 1865-1877 -- Unit 8 The Rise of Jim Crow and The Nadir, 1878-1915 -- Unit 9 World War I and the Great Migration, 1915-1920 -- Unit 10 The Decade of the Twenties: From the Great Migration to the Great Depression -- Unit 11 The 1930s: The Great Depression -- Unit 12 World War II: The Struggle for Democracy at Home and Abroad, 1940-1945 -- Unit 13 The Immediate Postwar Years, 1945-1953 -- Unit 14 The Civil Rights and Black Power Era: Gains and Losses, 1954-1970 -- Unit 15 Beyond Civil Rights, 1970-1994
Letter to William A. Starna from Gunther Michelson, January 12, 1987
No full textIn a letter dated January 12, 1987, Gunther Michelson writes to William Starna, confirming his satisfaction with being listed as the chapter author for the word list and receiving credit for his contributions to the endnotes. Michelson requests the replacement of pages 4-6 of the endnotes with the enclosed pages, including corrections and insertions. He also mentions the challenges he faced in working on the Mohawk passage in endnotes 110. This item does not include the enclosed pages Michelson mentions in the letter
Improving the Quality of Web Surveys: The Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES) Japanese Version
No full textCHERRIES 日本語版 (原著 [Original article] = Eysenbach G. Improving the Quality of Web Surveys: The Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES). J Med Internet Res 2004;6(3):e34 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.6.3.e34. PMID: 15471760. PMCID: PMC1550605; Eysenbach G. Correction: Improving the Quality of Web Surveys: the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES). J Med Internet Res 2012;14(1):e8. DOI: 10.2196/jmir.2042. PMID: 22223031. PMCID: 4220447)[Author = 原著者] Gunther Eysenbach, [Translators = 訳者] Yoshimitsu Takahashi (高橋由光), Takeo Nakayama (中山健夫)著者向けのe調査推奨チェックリスト「CHERRIES」は、e調査 [e-survey] の方法論を完全に記載できるように、メディカル・インターネット・リサーチ誌 [Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR)] によって作られた。これは、医学文献報告の質を確保するために作成されたCONSORT 声明(ランダム化試験向け)や、QUOROM声明(システマチックレビュー向け）のような、推奨用チェックリストに準じている。CHERRIES 声明に則ったウェブベース調査の論文によって、読者は標本集団の(自己)選択 [sample (self-)selection] に関してより適切に理解することができる。そして、「代表性のある」標本集団 [representative sample] とは異なる意義のある新たな可能性に気づくことができるだろう。著者がこのチェックリストを守ることで、ウェブベース調査に関する報告の有用性が増すことが期待される
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