63 research outputs found
The Problem of Time from the Perspective of the Social Sciences
No full textThis article presents a critical review of ideas about time in modern societies & especially in the social sciences. Man in modern society perceives, reflects, & registers time in a series of contexts, whether this involves questions of thought, the physical body, nature, or society. Current studies that address the question of time in many cases do so through a comparison of archaic temporal awareness & modern temporal awareness, & attempt to describe when & how this historical shift came about. According to O. Rammstedt four distinct historical types of understanding time can be distinguished: (1) occasional awareness of time based on a distinction made between 'now' & 'not-now'; (2) cyclical awareness of time; (3) linear awareness of time with a closed future, & (4) linear awareness of time with an open future. In contemporary social sciences four main theoretical perspectives can be observed. The first one assumes that the basic principles of order are or should be considered as unchanging. These principles express themselves as invariants. In the 20th century we can find them in structural linguistics, & in social sciences with a structuralist orientation. The second approach resembles the previous one in that it also considers the existence of unchanging principles of order. However, it differs through the assumption that these principles reveal themselves in time. The third approach can be considered de facto a sort of special degree of the second, ie, closed historical concept. Unlike the teleological character of the latter, however, it considers human intervention as a necessary condition for the achievement of a future aim. The fourth concept is founded on the idea that the basic principles of order can be revealed only in time. Unlike the second, however, it does not consider the main organizing principles to be unchanging, but rather concludes that in each contemporary period they are open to change. This fourth approach, which can be described as 'temporalized sociology' & which is expressed in works of such authors as G. H. Mead, A. Schutz, N. Elias, N. Luhmann, or A. Giddens, stresses a relatively open future, emergence, novelty, & the concept of discontinuity. In the opinion of the author of this study another concept should be added to our understanding of time: ie, 'irreversibility.' It is a feature of those systems that are far from being balanced & in which, in order to be able to predict future states, it is not enough to know the laws & the initial conditions
Multi-Criteria-Based Optimization Model for Sustainable Mobility and Transport
No full textThis paper deals with problems of freight transport sustainability from the perspective of four key factors: greenhouse gas production, fossil fuel dependence, congestion, and accident rates. It is based on the results of the FreightVision project, in which the author participated as a researcher and member of the design team. The aim was to develop a set of 35 recommendations to serve as a tool for European Union decision-making in transport policy matters at the highest level. The developed measures were prioritized, and a list of individual recommendations was drawn up according to their potentials. Then, the set of measures was processed using multi-criteria analysis tools, and these results were compared with the original list using comparative analysis to identify differences between the two approaches. The contribution of this work is the development of a methodology for evaluating the traffic measures according to their priorities and, at the same time, the verification of the empirical results thus obtained with the results that were the output of the mathematical processing. This work fills a research gap in a similar problem area by working with specific measures systematically developed for the purposes of analysis; these results are used to formulate recommendations for the European Commission whose policy decisions should lead to an increased level of freight transport sustainability
Electrochemical dissolution of goethite by abrasive stripping voltammetry
No full textAbrasive stripping voltammetry was applied to the investigation of the reductive dissolution of some iron(III) oxides and hydroxy-oxides, particularly goethite (α-FeOOH), in acid media. The electrode reaction directly involves the solid phase, and the reaction pathway depends on the phase composition and particle shape. This can be used for a qualitative and quantitative characterization of goethite. The results of a quantitative analysis of a mixture of goethite (α-FeOOH) and lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) are compared with those of IR and Moessbauer spectroscopic examination. The effects of the particle appearance (shape, crystal intergrowth) on the results of the voltammetric and chronoamperometric measurements are discussed. Direct analysis of powdered solids by electrochemical methods complements nicely conventional phase analysis methods such as powder X-ray analysis, IR spectroscopy and, for iron compounds, Moessbauer spectroscopy. In fact, each of the methods places some specific requirements on the phase crystallinity and particle size and the proce-dures are instrumentally demanding and time consuming and so that the possibility of resorting to alternative analytical methods is very appealing. A method which does not place very high demands on instrumentation, is well suite
Guidelines on the Switch Transistors Sizing Using the Symbolic Description for the Cross-Coupled Charge Pump
No full textThis paper presents a symbolic description of the design process of the switch transistors for the cross- coupled charge pump applications. Discrete-time analog circuits are usually designed by the numerical algorithms in the professional simulator software which can be an extremely time-consuming process in contrast to described analytical procedure. The significant part of the pumping losses is caused by the reverse current through the switch transistors due to continuous-time voltage change on the main capacitors. Design process is based on the analytical expression of the time response characteristics of the pump stage as an analog system with using BSIM model equations. The main benefit of the article is the analytical transistors sizing formula, so that the maximum voltage gain is achieved. The diode transistor is dimensioned for the pump requirements, as the maximal pump output ripple voltage, current, etc. The characteristics of the proposed circuit has been verified by simulation in ELDO Spice. Results are valid for N-stage charge pump and also applicable for other model equations as PSP, EKV
Десятилетний юбилей исторической социологии в Праге: новое перспективное направление в чешской социологии
No full textAbout ten years ago, a new theoretical branch appeared in Czech sociology historical sociology. The first step and prerequisite for its development was publication of the impressive collective monograph Historical Sociology: Theory of Long-Term Development (edited by J. Subrt) including works of famous Czech social scientists (P. Machonin, M. Petrusek, J. Musil, M. Hroch and others). The concept of historical sociology curriculum appeared in 2007, its form gradually developed in the discussions of J. Subrt, J.P. Amason (La Trobe University), M. Havelka (Charles University) and W. Spohn (University of Wroclaw). In 2008, its accreditation documents were prepared under the guidance of J. Subrt, and it was included in the academic year 2009/2010 schedule. At the same time, at the Faculty of Humanities of the Charles University the Department of Historical Sociology was founded. Until now, there are Master's and PhD programs in Historical Sociology in Czech in the form of regular daily and combined (distance) studies. In the academic year 2012/2013, a doctoral studies program was also opened, and both programs Master's and PhD's started in English. The article considers the decade-long development of historical sociology in the Czech Republic focusing on the research and study programs at the Faculty of Humanities of the Charles University. The author explains how historical sociology is defined and developing in the Czech Republic, emphasizing its research traditions and current interests. The article pays particular attention to the topics and representatives of historical sociology mentioning the importance of its publications both monographs and the journal established in 2009. To conclude, the author summarizes the results of the current stage of the development of Czech historical sociology, its challenges and risks, hopes and perspectives. Ten years is usually a very short period for any science but for Czech historical sociology they became a period of significant results.Около десяти лет назад в чешской социологии оформилось новое дисциплинарное направление - историческая социология. Первым шагом и предпосылкой для ее становления стала публикация внушительной коллективной монографии «Историческая социология: Теория долгосрочного развития» (под редакцией И. Шубрта), состоявшей из статей известных чешских ученых (П. Махонина, М. Петрусека и др.). Концепция учебного плана новой дисциплины оформилась в 2007 году в дискуссиях И. Шубрта, Дж.П. Арнасона, М. Гавелки и В. Шпона. В 2008 году под руководством И. Шубрта были подготовлены аккредитационные документы новой программы на 2009-2010 академический год. В то же время была создана кафедра исторической социологии на факультете гуманитарных наук Карлова университета, где и сегодня существуют магистерские и аспирантские программы по исторической социологии на чешском языке в очном и дистанционно-очном формате. В 2012-2013 академическом году была открыта докторантура по исторической социологии, а магистерские и аспирантские программы начали читаться на английском языке. В статье представлено развитие исторической социологии в Чехии за последние десять лет, акцент сделан на исследовательской и учебной программах факультета гуманитарных наук Карлова университета. Автор показывает, как историческая социология воспринимается и развивается в Чехии, подчеркивая ее исследовательские традиции и нынешние интересы. Особое внимание в статье уделено представителям и тематике историко-социологических исследований, подчеркивается многочисленность и значимость ее публикаций - как монографий, так и созданного в 2009 году журнала «Historická sociologie» («Историческая социология»). В заключение суммированы результаты развития чешской исторической социологии, ее проблемы и риски, надежды и перспективы. Десять лет - совсем небольшой срок для развития науки, но чешской исторической социологии они дали значительные результаты
A Contribution to Nyquist-Rate ADC Modeling - Detailed Algorithm Description
No full textIn this article, the innovative ADC modeling algorithm is described. It is well suitable for nyquist-rate ADC error back annotation. This algorithm is the next step of building a support tool for IC design engineers. The inspiration for us was the work [2]. Here, the ADC behavior is divided into HCF (High Code Frequency) and LCF (Low Code Frequency) separated independent parts. This paper is based on the same concept but the model coefficients are estimated in a different way only from INL data. The HCF order recognition part was newly added as well. Thanks to that the HCF coefficients number is lower in comparison with the original Grimaldi’s work (especially for converters with low ratio between HCF and “random” part of INL). Modeling results are demonstrated on a real data set measured by ASICentrum on chargeredistribution type SAR ADC chip. Results are showed not only by coefficient values but also by the Model Coverage metrics. Model limitations are also discussed
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