130 research outputs found
Accumulation of human immunodeficiency virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes away from the predominant site of virus replication during primary infection
No full textDown-regulation of the initial burst of viremia during primary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is thought to be mediated predominantly by HIV-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). This response is associated with major perturbations in the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. To investigate the failure of the cellular immune response to adequately control viral spread and replication and to prevent establishment of HIV infection, changes in the TCR repertoire and in the distribution of virus-specific CTL between blood and lymph node were analyzed in three patients with primary infection. By the combined use of clonotype-specific polymerase chain reaction and analysis of the frequency of in vivo activated HIV-specific CTL, it was shown that HIV-specific CTL clones preferentially accumulated in blood as opposed to lymph node. Accumulation of HIV-specific CTL in blood occurred prior to effective down-regulation of virus replication in both blood and lymph node. These findings should provide new insights into how HIV, and possibly other viruses, elude the immune response of the host during primary infection
Role of Lymphoid Organs in the Pathogenesis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection
No full textThe pathogenic mechanisms of HIV disease are multifactorial and multi-phasic. The common denominator of the disease is the profound immunosuppression that occurs in the vast majority of infected patients. Studies in lymphoid tissues in HIV disease have provided considerable insight into the pathogenic processes involved from the earliest phases of infection through the advanced stages. Following primary infection, virus is disseminated throughout the body and seeds the lymphoid tissue where its replication is only incompletely suppressed and where a reservoir of virus is established. Extracellular virus is trapped within the FDC of the lymph node germinal centers and serves as a source of infection for cells which reside in or migrate through the lymph node throughout the course of infection even during the early and often prolonged asymptomatic period. Eventually, the architecture of the lymphoid tissue is destroyed, compounding the immune dysfunction that results from the depletion of CD4+ T cells. In this regard, the lymphoid tissue of LTNPs is relatively intact and viral burden and replication is considerably lower in the peripheral blood and lymph node mono-nuclear cells of LTNPs than in individuals whose disease progresses. Cytokines probably play a major role in the modulation of HIV expression in the milieu of the lymphoid tissue. Further understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms operative in the lymphoid tissues of HIV-infected individuals will have important implications in the design of therapeutic strategies involving both antiretroviral and immunomodulatory approaches
Estimating selection pressures on HIV-1 using phylogenetic likelihood models
No full textHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) can rapidly evolve due to selection pressures exerted by HIV-specific immune responses, antiviral agents, and to allow the virus to establish infection in different compartments in the body. Statistical models applied to HIV-1 sequence data can help to elucidate the nature of these selection pressures through comparisons of non-synonymous (or amino acid changing) and synonymous (or amino acid preserving) substitution rates. These models also need to take into account the non-independence of sequences due to their shared evolutionary history. We review how we have developed these methods and have applied them to characterize the evolution of HIV-1 in vivo. To illustrate our methods, we present an analysis of compartment-specific evolution of HIV-1 em) in blood and cerebrospinal fluid and of site-to-site variation in the gag gene of subtype C HIV-1. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
UA-R-GC-1914-01-01-1919-10-02_Page-022
No full textJi.
1 Upon motion of Mr. E. E. Olcott, seconded by Dr. M. G. Kyle, the
following resolution was adopted:
WHEREAS: In Articles of Incorporation signed by Henry B.
F. Macfnrlynd, John B. Larner, and Charles Roger Watson, on July
11, 1919, in the District of Columbia, as a body corporate under
an Act of Congress of the United States of America to establish
a Code of Law for the District of Columbia, approved March third,
nineteen hundred and one, the following fifteen persons were
designated to be the Trustees of said body corporate with the title
THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY AT CAIRO: Harlan Page Beach, William Isaac
Chamberlain, William Henry Steele Demarest, Ralph Warner Harbison
William Bancroft Hill, George Innes, Melvin Grove Kyle, James
Henry Lockhart , John Knox McClurkin, Eben Erskine Olcott , George
Milliken Paden, George Livingstone Robinson, Cht rles Roger Viatson.
RESOLVED, That we, the following persons present: Harlan
Page Beach, William Isaac Chamber lain, Ralph Warner Harbison,
William Bancroft Hill, George Innes, Melvin Grove Kyle, James
Henry Lockhart, John Knox McClurkin, Eben Erskine Olcott, George
Livingstone Robinson, Charles Roger Watson, do hereby accept
the trusteeship described in said Articles of Incorporation in
our behalf and in behalf of the following Trustees; 'William
Henry Steele Demarest, George Milliken Paden, Fred Omer Shane and
Henry Cantwell Wallace, who though absent have signified their
consent by letters received.
2. OFFICERS AND
COMMITTEES.
Upon motion of Dr. Watson, seconded by Mr.
Ralph Harbison, the Secretary was instructed
to cast a ballot in favor of the election of
the following Officers and the Appointment
of the following Committees:
OFFICERS
Chairman,
Vice-Chairman,
Vice-Chairman,
Recording Sec'y
Treasurer
Gen. Secretaries
J. K. McClurkin, D.D.
H. P. Beach, LL.D.
G. L. Robinson, D.P.
F. O. Shane
E. E. Olcott
George Innes
Charles R. Watson
FINANCE COMMITTEE
E. E. Olcott, Chairman W. I. Chamberlain
F. O. Shane, The General Secretaries
Geo. M. Paden ex-officio
COMMITTEE ON BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS
R. W. Harbison, Chairman G". L. Robinson
J. K. McClurkin J. H. Lockhart
The General Secretaries
ex-offici
Among the Deep Sea Fishers, volume 28, issue 2 (July 1930)
No full textDeparture of the "Cluett" from Boston [illustration] -- "Lest We Forget" / Sir Wilfred Grenfell -- Sarah Emma Demarest / James P. Allen -- The "Cluett" again / Albert T. Gould -- The log of a winter cruise / Harry L. Paddon. M.D. -- Blackface highland sheep for St. Anthony / Fred C. Sears -- Report of the Notre Dame Bay Memorial Hospital / Charles E. Parsons, M.D. -- Northwest River District medical and surgical report / Harry L. Paddon, M.D. -- Northward ho! / Sir Wilfred Grenfell -- Report of the Staff Selection Committee / F.E. Shnyder -- Last winter at Harrington Harbor / Donald G. Hodd, M.D. -- Death of the Honorable Robert Watson -- The Lockwood School at Cartwright / Alfred A. Whitman -- Association items -- Brief items.Includes map: Labrador and Newfoundland (p. [96]), showing Grenfell Missions, Moravian Missions, and co-operative stores.Among the Deep Sea Fishers: the Official Organ of the International Grenfell Association. This journal was published quarterly from 1903 to 1981 with the twofold purpose of providing "a record of Mission activities [and] also a strong and convincing appeal to every supporter and friend of Dr. Grenfell's work." The articles describe mission life, services and experiences. The Mission began under the auspices of the Royal National Mission to Deep Sea Fishermen but later a separate mission, the International Grenfell Association, was formed by Dr. Wilfred Grenfell
T cell clones during primary HIV infection
No full textDown-regulation of the initial burst of viremia during primary HIV infection is thought to be mediated predominantly by HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and the appearance of this response is associated with major perturbations of the T cell receptor repertoire. Changes in the T cell receptor repertoire of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes were analyzed in patients with primary infection to understand the failure of the cellular immune response to control viral spread and replication. This analysis demonstrated that a significant number of HIV-specific T cell clones involved in the primary immune response rapidly disappeared. The disappearance was not the result of mutations in the virus epitopes recognized by these clones. Evidence is provided that phenomena such as high-dose tolerance or clonal exhaustion might be involved in the disappearance of these monoclonally expanded HIV-specific cytotoxic T cell clones. These findings should provide insights into how HIV, and possibly other viruses, elude the host immune response during primary infection
Geology of the Bedford shale and Berea sandstone in the Appalachian basin a study of the stratigraphy, sedimentation and paleogeography of rocks of Bedford and Berea age in Ohio and adjacent States
No full textCalvin Theological Journal (Vol 18 No 2 - November 1983)
No full textA Warning Against Judiciary Astrology and Other Prevalent Curiosities, by John Calvin, translated and introduced by Mary Potter - 157 / The Concern of the Church in the Socio-Political World: A Calvinist and Reformed Perspective by Cornelius Plantinga, Jr. - 190 / Calvin Bibliography 1983 by Peter De Klerk - 206 / Book Reviews - Harrison, R. K., Leviticus: An Introduction and Commentary, reviewed by Marten H. Woudstra - 225 / Macleod, Donald, Presbyterian Worship: Its Meaning and Method, reviewed by James A. De Jong - 227 / Conforti, Joseph A., Samuel Hopkins and the New Divinity Movement: Calvinism, the Congregational Ministry, and Reform in New England Between the Great Awakenings, reviewed by James A. De Jong - 228 / Vander Goot, Henry, ed., Creation and Method: Critical Essays on Christocentric Theology, reviewed by Ronald J. Feenstra - 231 / Bruce, F. F., The Epistle to the Galatians: A Commentary on the Greek Text, reviewed by Andrew J. Bandstra - 232 / Davids, Peter, Commentary on James, reviewed by Thomas R. Wolthuis - 234 / Demarest, Bruce A., General Revelation: Historical Views and Contemporary Issues, reviewed by John W. Cooper - 236 / Grudem, Wayne A., The Gift of Prophecy in 1 Corinthians, reviewed by Verlyn D. Verbrugge - 239 / Kaslow, Florence, and Marvin B. Sussman, eds., Cults and the Family, reviewed by Richard R. De Ridder - 242 / Kraybill, Donald B., Facing Nuclear War, reviewed by Kenneth Konyndyk, Jr. - 243 / McCarthy, Rockne, James Skillen, and William Harper, Disestablishment a Second Time, Genuine Pluralism for American Schools, reviewed by Donald Oppewal - 245 / O\u27Brien, Peter T., Colossians, Philemon, reviewed by Andrew J. Bandstra - 247 / Osterhaven, M. Eugene, The Faith of the Church, reviewed by Ralph W. Vunderink - 250 / Pals, Daniel L., The Victorian Lives of Jesus, reviewed by Steven R. Pointer - 254 / Richard, Lucien, A Kenotic Christology: In the Humanity of Jesus the Christ, the Compassion of Our God, reviewed by Ronald J. Feenstra - 256 / Rowdon, Harold H., ed., Christ the Lord: Studies in Christology Presented to Donald Guthrie, reviewed by Ronald J. Feenstra - 259 / Schuller, Robert H., Self-Esteem: The New Reformation, reviewed by Jack Westerhof - 261 / Suh, Chul Won, The Creation-Mediatorship of Jesus Christ, reviewed by Henry Vander Goot - 263 / Van Der Walt, B. J., ed., Calvinus Reformator: His Contribution to Theology, Church and Society, reviewed by Joseph N. Tylenda - 268 / Visser \u27t Hooft, W. A., The Genesis and Formation of the World Council of Churches, reviewed by Paul G. Schrotenboer - 270 / Warkentin, Marjorie, Ordination: A Biblical-Historical View, reviewed by Richard R. De Ridder - 272 / White, John, The Masks of Melancholy, reviewed by Melvin D. Hugen - 274 / Book Notices - 276 / Thesis Abstracts - 290https://digitalcommons.calvin.edu/ctj/1035/thumbnail.jp
The good, the bad, and the ugly: Esping-Andersen's regime typology and the religious roots of the Western welfare state
No full textEsping-Andersen's 'Three World of Welfare Capitalism' has been the most influential contribution of recent years to the comparative welfare state research literature. According to Esping-Andersen, the welfare state basically comes in three variants: as a social-democratic, a conservative, or as a liberal regime. Yet, at a closer look particularly the conservative regime type proves to be a highly problematic category. The article claims that major problems of the 'three worlds'-typology originate from Esping-Andersen's sole focus on the class conflict, whereas he only very selectively accounts for the importance of religious cleavages. Major empirical problems of his approach vanish once we take into account not only the impact of the Catholic social doctrine on the development of the welfare state, but consider also the influence of social Protestantism, especially that of reformed, 'free', disestablished or dissenting Protestantism. The paper substantiates this claim with data-analysis for the early formative period of welfare state formation (1890-1920) and for its times of growth and crisis (1960s-1990). -- Folgt man dem einflussreichsten Beitrag zur vergleichenden Wohlfahrtsstaatsforschung der letzten Zeit, Esping-Andersens 'Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism', so tritt der entwickelte westliche Sozialstaat in drei Varianten auf: entweder als sozialdemokratisches, oder als konservatives, oder als liberales Wohlfahrtsstaatsregime. Ein genauerer Blick zeigt jedoch, dass Esping-Andersens Typenbildung und Länderzuordnungen insbesondere im Fall des konservativen Regimes problematisch sind. In diesem Papier argumentiere ich, dass gravierende Probleme daherrühren, dass seine Theorie vornehmlich den Klassenkonflikt, nur sehr selektiv aber den Einfluss konfessioneller Faktoren in den Blick nimmt. Wesentliche empirische Unstimmigkeiten seines Ansatzes lassen sich lösen, wenn man neben der Bedeutung der katholischen Soziallehre für den institutionellen Entwicklungspfad des entwickelten Wohlfahrtsstaates auch den Einfluss des Protestantismus, und hier insbesondere den Einfluss der reformierten protestantischen Strömungen, in den Blick nimmt. Der Beitrag zeigt dies mit vergleichenden Daten sowohl für die Frühphase (1890-1920) als auch für die Hochzeit des entwickelten Wohlfahrtsstaats (1960-1990).
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