199 research outputs found
October 1, 1905 Page four Port Townsend well represented on list N.A. Klassel much impressed with fair<brk>Jasper Johnson club holds sessions Want the boundaries of district changed Humboldt brings big bunch of gold
No full textJones, Thomas; Green, Benjamin J.; FitzPatrick, John; Katz, Israel; Jorgensen, Carl; Lange, C.W.; Anderson, Peter; Cates, Joseph; Heiforts, H.; Ruhlen, George; Klassel, N.A.; Hughes, W.L.; Franklin, J.E.; Parmelee, Guy M.; Loasby, Harry; Fredericks, Al; Borland, Hale; Phillips, J.D.; Tumner, M.; Edwards, A.J.; Seed, A.M.; Cutter, N.J.; Taylor, C.M.; Ober, S.E.; Macfarlane, James; Jacobs, R.L.; Matson, Charles; Nelson, Charles; Ruhle, Minnie; Tukey, Frances;steamer Humboldt
The relationship between arterial and venous acid-base measurements in normal Bos indicus steers
No full textMeat quality of grain finished entire male Bos indicus cattle
No full textAlthough the utilisation of young, entire male cattle for premium beef production is common in many parts of the world, it is not widely practiced in Australia. This study examined the carcass characteristics and eating quality of meat from entire 80S indicus males sourced from northern breeding herds and grain finished. Entire male calves were weighed and allocated to one of
four (4) treatment groups: 1) Early-castrate (n=140); 2) Late-castrate (n=136); 3) Short-scrotum (n=121); 4) Entire (n=129). At =200 kg liveweight, all calves were weaned and those in Group 2 were castrated. The weaners were grown out on grass pasture to =330 kg liveweight, at which time they were sent to a feedlot and grain fed for 75 days, to =420 kg liveweight, prior to slaughter at 25 to 28 months of age. Data collected included carcass (weight, grade, gross value, butt shape, dentition, P8 fat depth, bruise score), MSA grading and meat quality data. Three muscles, eye round (M. semitendinosus), rump (M. gluteus medius) and striploin (M. longissimus dorsi lumborum) from thirty animals in each treatment group were used to generate consumer taste panel sensory test MQ4 scores. Carcasses from non-castrated animals that met the target AusMeat specification for "male" had a =$52 higher gross value than did those from castrated animals. Although meat from castrated animals had higher MQ4 scores than did meat from non-castrated animals, there were no differences between the boning groups for any of the sensory test outcomes, and, of the three muscles that were sensory tested, only striploins from early-castrated animals were rated as being of higher eating
quality than striploins from late-castrate, short-scrotum or entire animals. Sensory test of meat quality as measured by MQ4 did not differ between carcasses of non-castrated animals that were graded as either "steer" or "bull" (43.862 ± 0.990 vs 45.078 ± 1.807, respectively; mean ± SEM), indicating that taste panels did not detect differences in the eating quality of the three muscles from these animals. This suggests that grading of carcasses of young animals on secondary sex characteristics may not accurately reflect the eating quality of meat from those carcasses. There were also significant disparities in the allocation of MSA star grades based on either MSA grading outcomes or taste panel sensory test results. Production of young entire 80S indicus males offers the potential for significant returns for northern beef producers with little impact to meat quality. However, there is a need for further data to be generated to allow the MSA grading model to be further refined for 80S indicus cattle
A technique for sampling blood from cattle during transportation
No full textA technique for the safe sampling of blood from cattle during transportation is described. The technique was validated using four 2.5-year-old Bos indicus steers held in stalls on a stationary body truck for 2 h, transported for 4 h and then
held on a stationary truck for a further 2 h. The length of time required to take a blood sample from one animal using this technique was 30 s. Information gathered using this technique will be helpful in understanding the physiological reactions of cattle to transportation
The influence of incubation media on the gas production of In vitro rumen fluid cultures
No full textThe incubation media is a factor that may influence the gas production (GP) concentrations of in vitro ruminal fermentation and degradability of feedstuffs (Mould et al., 2005). Cumulative In vitro GP is associated with feedstuff degradation (Mould et al. 2005). However, GP alone does not provide direct information on either the extent of degradation or the quantity of fermentative end products. Some authors have questioned the use of complex buffer solutions such as the Goering Van Soest media, suggesting a simplified in vitro media would improve safety and reduce cost without negatively impacting on analytical precision (Mould et al., 2005). The current experiment was conducted to compare the Goering-Van Soest and Kansas State incubation media as commonly used in ruminal in vitro studies to evaluate feedstuffs (Goering and Van Soest, 1970; Marten and Barnes, 1979). The in vitro gas production (GP) was completed using a commercial wireless GP apparatus (AnkomRF GP System). The study included eight replicates and two controls for each of the two treatments. Each module (250ml) was filled with 1g of ground Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay, and either 105ml of the Goering Van Soest or Kansas State buffer solutions preheated to 39°C. Rumen fluid was collected 3h after the morning feeding from fistulated Brahman steers consuming Rhodes grass hay. The rumen inoculums (25ml) were poured into each of the vessels. Anaerobic conditions were maintained throughout the preparation and conduct of the experiment. The apparatus was set up to record GP every 15 minute to avoid super-saturation of the liquid phase. Results are described in Figure I.
The Goering-Van Soest buffer allowed greater GP than the Kansas State buffer in this experiment at 24, 48 and 72h (P<0.001). The Goering-Van Soest media demonstrated a greater buffering capacity for in vitro fermentation and degradability studies of Rhodes grass hay as demonstrated by GP. The pH declined (p<0.05) for both treatments throughout the experiment. The Goering Van Soest treatment declined from 7.4 to 6.81 whereas the Kansas State buffer decreased from 6.80 to 6.39. The decline in pH may have affected the cellulolytic bacterial population in the Kansas State Buffer treatment. When undertaking or comparing in vitro studies using cellulolytic substrates consideration needs to be given to the incubation media used
Physiological and metabolic effects of prophylactic treatment with the osmolytes glycerol and betaine on Bos indicus steers during long duration transportation
No full textThe physiological and metabolic effects of prophylactic treatment with osmolytes were investigated using twenty-four 2.5-yr-old Bos indicus steers. Animals were allocated to 1 of 4 treatment groups: 1) control, feed and water deprived for 48 h (n = 6); 2) transported, transported for 48 h (n = 6); 3) glycerol, dosed with glycerol (2 g/kg of BW) and then transported for 48 h (n = 6); and 4) betaine, dosed with betaine (0.25 g/kg of BW) then transported for 48 h (n = 6). Body water, electrolytes, blood pH and gases, plasma lactate, glucose, albumin, total protein, anion gap, strong ion difference, total weak acids, and BW were determined at the conclusion of 24 and 48 h of transportation. The glycerol group had greater body water volumes than the control (P = 0.05) and transported (P = 0.02) groups. The glycerol, transported, and betaine groups had lower (P = 0.02) plasma Mg concentrations than the control group at 24 h, whereas the glycerol group maintained lower (P = 0.04) plasma concentrations of Ca than the control group. The betaine group had lower (P = 0.04) hematocrit than the control group at 24 and 48 h. Plasma bicarbonate and pCO2 were 13 and 17% greater (P = 0.01 and 0.04, respectively) in the glycerol group at 24 h compared with control and transported groups. However, the ratio of [HCO3]/[CO2] in the glycerol group did not differ from the other groups and thereby maintained pH. The glycerol group maintained a 30% greater (P < 0.001) plasma concentration of glucose than the control group, and 14% greater (P = 0.05) than the transported and betaine groups. In contrast, betaine had little effect on increasing blood glucose compared with glycerol. Glycerol-linked hyperhydration at 24 h may not only help to conserve water loss during long distance transportation, but the increased blood glucose may have an important protein-sparing effect due, in part, to greater insulin concentrations inhibiting the breakdown of muscle proteins, thus, countering the amino-acid mobilizing effect of cortisol after 24 h. Therefore, the osmolyte glycerol shows promise as a prophylactic treatment for attenuating the effects of long distance transportation by maintaining body water, decreasing the energy deficit, and preserving health and muscle quality
The 'true use of reading' : Sarah Fielding and mid eighteenth-century literary strategies.
No full textPhDThe aim of this thesis is to explore, by examining her life and
works, how Sarah Fielding (1710-68) established her identity as an author.
The definition of her role involves her notions of the functions of
writing and reading.
Sarah Fielding attempts to invite readers to form a sense of ties
by tacit understanding of her messages. As she believes that a work
of literature is produced through collaboration between the writer and
the reader, it is an important task in her view to show her attentiveness
toward reading practice. In her consideration of reading, she has two
distinct, even opposite views of her audience: on the one hand a familiar
and limited circle of readers with shared moral and cultural values and
on the other potential readers among the unknown mass of people. The
dual targets direct her to devise various strategies. She tries to
appeal to those who can endorse and appreciate her moral values as well
as her learning. Her writings and letters testify that she is sensitive
to the demands of the literary market, trying to lead the taste of readers
by inventing new forms.
The thesis opens with an overview of Sarah Fielding's career,
followed by a consideration of her critical attention to the roles of
reading. I go on to examine the narrative structures and strategies
she deploys, with a particular emphasis on her use of the epistolary
method. The following chapter deals with her attention to the reading
of the moral message tangibly embodied in her educational writing. It
is followed by an analysis of the activity which earned her a reputation
as a learned woman. Various as the forms of her works are, they invariably
reflect her attempt to balance herself between the two demands of
inventiveness and familiarity
Dehydration in stressed ruminants may be the result of cortisol-induced diuresis
No full textThe effect on water and electrolyte balance of stress, simulated by intravenous infusion of cortisol, was studied using 24 18-mo-old Merino wethers (37.0 ± 0.94 kg mean body weight [BW]) over 72 h. The sheep were allocated to one of four groups: 1) no water/no cortisol (n = 6); 2) water/no cortisol (n = 4); 3) no water/cortisol (n = 6); and 4) water/cortisol (n = 4). Animals allocated to the two cortisol groups were given 0.1 mg•kg BW-1•h-1 of hydrocortisone suspended in isotonic saline to simulate stress for the duration of the experiment. Total body water, plasma cortisol, osmolality and electrolytes, and urine electrolytes were determined at 24-h intervals for 72 h. In the presence of cortisol, total body water was maintained in the face of a water deprivation insult for 72 h. Water deprivation alone did not induce elevated plasma concentrations of cortisol, in spite of a 13% loss of total body water between 48 and 72 h. Infusion of cortisol was found to increase urine output (P = 0.003) and decrease total urinary sodium output (P = 0.032), but had no effect on plasma electrolyte levels or water intake. Water deprivation was found to increase plasma sodium concentrations (P = 0.037). These results indicate that sheep given cortisol to simulate stress suffer from a loss of body water in excess of that associated with a loss of electrolytes, and support the hypothesis that elevated physiological concentrations of cortisol induce a diuresis in ruminants that contributes to dehydration
A case study of bull beef profitability from a Northern Australian production system
No full textAssessing the differences in gross margins of a Northern Australian beef production system was undertaken using Breedcow herd budgeting software (Holmes, 2009). The analysis reviewed the viability of producing grain finished beef for the domestic market from either steer or bull production. It was assumed bulls were either marketed under the current pricing model or marketed at the same price as steers.
The case study herd constituted of a 1200 cow breeder unit with an annual branding rate of 69%. The production system was broken into three sections; the pre-weaning or growing period, backgrounding and finishing periods. With no hormonal effect pre-puberty, it was assumed that there was no difference in performance between bulls and steers prior to feedlot entry. It was assumed bulls grew 16% faster and converted feed to liveweight 13% more efficiently than steers during the feedlot phase.
Under current market values it was more profitable to produce steers for the domestic trade in a northern Australian production system. If however, as argued in the literature that there are undetectable differences in eating quality between young bulls and steers (Woodward et al., 2000), an unfair bias may exist in the marketing of beef from young bulls produced in accordance with domestic specifications. When bulls were marketed at the same value as steers the model predicted the production of bulls would be $29,455 more profitable than the production of steers
Pre-weaning growth rates of early and late castrates, short scrotum and entire male Bos indicus cattle in Northern Australia
No full textThe use of entire males or short scrotum bulls (SSB) in Australian beef production remains a poorly adopted practise. This is attributed to management difficulties and the consumer perception that meat from entire males and SSB is of lower quality compared to steers. This is despite the growing body of international evidence that suggests entire males and SSB grow at 27% and 20% faster than castrated animals (Kellaway, 1971). Differences in growth rates between entire males, SSB and castrates are rarely seen prior to 4-7 months of age, which typically coincides with the onset of puberty in Bos taurus animals (Bailey et al., 1966). Male cattle of Bos indicus decent however, do not reach puberty until a much later stage (Torres-Junior and Henry, 2005). The subsequent production of male hormones has an anabolic effect resulting in superior liveweight gains, most notably during the finishing phase.
High grade Bos indicus calves (n = 407) were sourced from a peninsula breeding property in Nth Queensland with an average weight of 90.27 kg. Calves were randomly allocated to one of four treatment groups (Early castrate, Late castrate, Short scrotum bull and Entire) at branding. Following branding calves were 'mothered up' and were grazed on extensive rangelands consisting of native pastures for the duration of the wet season (Nov-Mar). Given the severity of the flooding across the region weaning was delayed until June. At weaning the average Liveweight of all calves was 223.57 kg. There were no significant differences in liveweight (P > 0.05) between treatment means at weaning.
It is concluded that there is no difference in pre-weaning growth rates between entire, SSB and castrated male cattle. These results are attributed to a pre-pubertal effect. However, it is expected that a post-pubertal effect on growth will be seen between treatment group
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