16 research outputs found
The sensitivity of harp model on atmospheric boundary mixing heights
No full textThe HARP software had been created and applied as a part of the California Air Resources Board (CARB) to help the Board and industry to evaluate the health based risk assessment from a given activity. The model determines the hourly ground level pollutant concentrations based on the atmospheric dispersion models ISCST3, and simultaneously characterizes human exposure surrounding the facility. A standardized epidemiological exposure-response, and toxicological dose response functions are used to calculate the health based risk impact on the receptors. The height of the atmospheric boundary layer or known as mixing height, serves as one of the inputs in the model. This paper presents the influence of different atmospheric boundary mixing heights on the sensitivity of the HARP, modeled on dioxin-furan emission from a 500kg/hr capacity clinical waste incineration plant. Result showed the mixing height can be represented by a constant value of 500m in local context replacing Holzworth’s mixing height formula as hourly estimates of mixing height with a deviation less than 5%. The influence of different mixing height on the final result to find a stable boundary layer within HARP avoids the complexity of mixing height calculation at the same time obtain a good model result and reduces the impact of mixing height influence on modeling variation
DataSheet_1_Assessing the adaptive role of cannabidiol (CBD) in Cannabis sativa defense against cannabis aphids.docx
No full textCannabis sativa is known for having unique specialized or secondary metabolites, cannabinoids that are derived from an extension of the terpene pathway in the Cannabis lineage and includes more than 100 other similar metabolites. Despite the assumption that cannabinoids evolved as novel herbivory defense adaptations, there is limited research addressing the role of cannabinoids in C. sativa responses to insect herbivores. Here we investigated the role of cannabidiol (CBD), the predominant cannabinoid in hemp, in plant defense against cannabis aphid (Phorodon cannabis), one of the most damaging pests of hemp. We hypothesize that insect feeding may induce changes in cannabinoids as an adaptive strategy for defense. We found that mean fecundity, net reproductive rate (R0) and adult longevity of cannabis aphids was reduced on the high cannabinoid cultivar compared to the low- cannabinoid cultivar in whole plant assays. In contrast, supplementation of CBD in artificial feeding assays increased aphid fecundity from day 1 to day 3. Additionally, aphid feeding did not impact cannabinoid levels in leaf tissues with the exception of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). This suggests that other cannabinoids and/or metabolites such as terpenes are causing the observed decrease in aphid performance in the whole plant assays. In addition to cannabinoids, C. sativa also possesses a range of defense mechanisms via phytohormone signaling pathways that are well described in other plant species. Indeed, cannabis aphid feeding significantly increased levels of the major phytohormones, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and abscisic acid, which are known to be involved in plant defense responses against aphid species. These results highlight the interplay between cannabinoid synthesis and phytohormone pathways and necessitate further investigation into this complex interaction.</p
Data_Sheet_1_First Insights Into the Virus and Viroid Communities in Hemp (Cannabis sativa).docx
No full textHemp (Cannabis sativa L.) production has increased significantly in recent years; however, the crop has been understudied in the U.S. since its production declined in the late 1950s. Disease identification and management is an increasing challenge for hemp growers across the country. In 2019, beet curly top virus (BCTV) was first reported in hemp in Colorado. Hence, we were motivated to understand the diversity and prevalence of BCTV strains infecting hemp in Colorado. We detected BCTV at high incidence rate (81%) in leaf samples from 12 counties. Two different strains of BCTV, Worland (Wor) and Colorado (CO) were present as a single or mixed infection in hemp leaf samples. Phylogenetic analysis revealed BCTV sequences from hemp formed a distinct group along with BCTV strains CO and Wor. To determine other potential viral and viroid pathogens in hemp, we performed next generation sequencing (NGS). Virome analysis revealed the presence of both virus and viroid sequences that had high nucleotide sequence identity with GenBank accessions for cannabis cryptic virus, cannabis sativa mitovirus, citrus yellow vein associated virus, opuntia-like virus and hop latent viroid. In contrast, tobacco streak virus sequences were highly variable compared to sequences in GenBank suggesting a possible new genotype of this virus. The data presented here has important implications for the epidemiology and management of the various diseases of hemp and will lead to the development of integrated pest management strategies designed to interrupt transmission cycles and facilitate efficient crop production.</p
Image_1_Assessing the adaptive role of cannabidiol (CBD) in Cannabis sativa defense against cannabis aphids.jpeg
No full textCannabis sativa is known for having unique specialized or secondary metabolites, cannabinoids that are derived from an extension of the terpene pathway in the Cannabis lineage and includes more than 100 other similar metabolites. Despite the assumption that cannabinoids evolved as novel herbivory defense adaptations, there is limited research addressing the role of cannabinoids in C. sativa responses to insect herbivores. Here we investigated the role of cannabidiol (CBD), the predominant cannabinoid in hemp, in plant defense against cannabis aphid (Phorodon cannabis), one of the most damaging pests of hemp. We hypothesize that insect feeding may induce changes in cannabinoids as an adaptive strategy for defense. We found that mean fecundity, net reproductive rate (R0) and adult longevity of cannabis aphids was reduced on the high cannabinoid cultivar compared to the low- cannabinoid cultivar in whole plant assays. In contrast, supplementation of CBD in artificial feeding assays increased aphid fecundity from day 1 to day 3. Additionally, aphid feeding did not impact cannabinoid levels in leaf tissues with the exception of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). This suggests that other cannabinoids and/or metabolites such as terpenes are causing the observed decrease in aphid performance in the whole plant assays. In addition to cannabinoids, C. sativa also possesses a range of defense mechanisms via phytohormone signaling pathways that are well described in other plant species. Indeed, cannabis aphid feeding significantly increased levels of the major phytohormones, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and abscisic acid, which are known to be involved in plant defense responses against aphid species. These results highlight the interplay between cannabinoid synthesis and phytohormone pathways and necessitate further investigation into this complex interaction.</p
Data_Sheet_1_First Insights Into the Virus and Viroid Communities in Hemp (Cannabis sativa).docx
No full textHemp (Cannabis sativa L.) production has increased significantly in recent years; however, the crop has been understudied in the U.S. since its production declined in the late 1950s. Disease identification and management is an increasing challenge for hemp growers across the country. In 2019, beet curly top virus (BCTV) was first reported in hemp in Colorado. Hence, we were motivated to understand the diversity and prevalence of BCTV strains infecting hemp in Colorado. We detected BCTV at high incidence rate (81%) in leaf samples from 12 counties. Two different strains of BCTV, Worland (Wor) and Colorado (CO) were present as a single or mixed infection in hemp leaf samples. Phylogenetic analysis revealed BCTV sequences from hemp formed a distinct group along with BCTV strains CO and Wor. To determine other potential viral and viroid pathogens in hemp, we performed next generation sequencing (NGS). Virome analysis revealed the presence of both virus and viroid sequences that had high nucleotide sequence identity with GenBank accessions for cannabis cryptic virus, cannabis sativa mitovirus, citrus yellow vein associated virus, opuntia-like virus and hop latent viroid. In contrast, tobacco streak virus sequences were highly variable compared to sequences in GenBank suggesting a possible new genotype of this virus. The data presented here has important implications for the epidemiology and management of the various diseases of hemp and will lead to the development of integrated pest management strategies designed to interrupt transmission cycles and facilitate efficient crop production.</p
MeV-2 and MeV3 are present in different <i>M</i>. <i>euphorbiae</i> (<i>Me</i>) populations.
No full textNucleic acids from mixed developmental stages of aphids were used in RT-PCR for the detection of MeV-2 and MeV-3. Macrosiphum euphorbiae from Germany (DEU), the Netherlands (NDL), France (FR) the United States of America (USA), and Canada (CAN) were used. The population from France is WU11 colony from which the virus was identified. Arabic numerals stand for different aphid populations. FR1a and FR1b colonies are from the same M. euphorbiae population separated for at least 14 years. Aphid ribosomal gene RpL27 was used as positive control. M = molecular weight marker. The cropped two lanes of the MeV-3 gel, displays enhanced imaging of the two amplified bands.</p
MeV-2 and MeV3 are present in <i>M</i>. <i>euphorbiae</i> WU11 population and is vertically transmitted to progeny.
No full textAphid nucleic acids were used in RT-PCR for MeV-2 and MeV-3 detection. For evaluation of vertical transmission, first instar nymphs were collected while being laid from adult aphids, before touching tomato leaflets, using a brush and transferred to a naïve tomato plant. One week later, when nymphs had molted into adults, single aphids were processed for the presence of MeV-2 and MeV-3. Aphid ribosomal gene RpL27 was used as positive control. M = molecular weight marker.</p
The <i>M</i>. <i>euphorbiae</i> transcriptome top hits species distribution.
No full textData obtained using BLASTx analysis in NCBI’s non-redundant protein database.</p
Line up of MeV-2 and MeV-3 sequences with their respective homologous sequences.
No full text(A) Amino acid translation of MeV-2 transcript (GAMO01012456.1; Me_WB16380), with its related virus proteins including: Dysaphis plantaginea DNV (DplDNV; ACI01073.1); Myzus persicae DNV (MpDNV; NP_874375.1); and Acyrthosiphum pisum uncharacterized protein (Ap; XP-016664361.1). (B) Amino acid translation of MeV-3 (GAOM01011582.1; Me_WB14511) with its related virus proteins including: Hubei sobemo-like virus 49 (Hsv49; APG75768.1), Braid Burn Virus (BBv; AMO03213.1), Hubei sobemo-like virus 48 (Hsv48; APG75765.1), La Tardoire virus (LTv; AMO03214.1), and Wuhan insect virus 34 (Wiv34; APG75723.1). Amino acids in red indicate high consensus, blue low consensus and black neutral.</p
MeV-2 is delivered by <i>M</i>. <i>euphorbiae</i> (<i>Me</i>) into plant tissues during feeding but does not persist in the plant in the absence of the aphid.
No full text(A) Nucleic acids isolated from leaves of naïve tomato plants or from plants infested for 2 weeks with MeV-2-infected M. euphorbiae were used in RT-PCR. (B, C) M. euphorbiae heavily infested tomato leaves were cleared of the aphids. Leaflets were cut into halves longitudinally through the midrib and the detached half was processed for MeV-2 (B) or MeV-3 (C) detection. The second half of the leaflet was left attached to the plant, free of aphids, for 14 additional days before processing. SlUbi3 was used as a positive control. M = molecular weight marker.</p
