1,751 research outputs found
The SF-36: a simple, effective measure of mobility disability for epidemiological studies
No full textBackgroundMobility disability is a major problem in older people. Numerous scales exist for the measurement of disability but often these do not permit comparisons between study groups. The physical functioning (PF) domain of the established and widely used Short Form-36 (SF-36) questionnaire asks about limitations on ten mobility activities.ObjectivesTo describe prevalence of mobility disability in an elderly population, investigate the validity of the SF-36 PF score as a measure of mobility disability, and to establish age and sex specific norms for the PF score.MethodsWe explored relationships between the SF-36 PF score and objectively measured physical performance variables among 349 men and 280 women, 59-72 years of age, who participated in the Hertfordshire Cohort Study (HCS). Normative data were derived from the Health Survey for England (HSE) 1996.Results32% of men and 46% of women had at least some limitation in PF scale items. Poor SF-36 PF scores (lowest fifth of the gender-specific distribution) were related to: lower grip strength; longer timed-up-and-go, 3m walk, and chair rises test times in men and women; and lower quadriceps peak torque in women but not men. HSE normative data showed that median PF scores declined with increasing age in men and women.ConclusionOur results are consistent with the SF-36 PF score being a valid measure of mobility disability in epidemiological studies. This approach might be a first step towards enabling simple comparisons of prevalence of mobility disability between different studies of older people. The SF-36 PF score could usefully complement existing detailed schemes for classification of disability and it now requires validation against them
Environmental and economic impacts of scaled/integrated growth facilities and global production potential
No full textThesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, February 2015.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. "February 2015."Includes bibliographical references (pages 71-74).Biofuels have the potential to mitigate the environmental impact of aviation and offer increased energy security through the displacement of conventional jet fuel. This study investigates strategies designed to reduce the production cost and lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of microalgae-derived HEFA jet fuel. Additionally, the global production potential of HEFA-J is quantified in order to assess the efficacy of microalgae as an energy crop. Impacts from the integration/scaling of microalgae cultivation were quantified by calculating avoided costs and GHG emissions from inputs displaced as a result of integration/scaling. Avoided costs and emissions associated with each impacted input were calculated in units of $/galHEFA-J and gCO₂e/MJHEFA-J, respectively. Results were summed to produce total impact values and resulting production cost/lifecycle emissions values of HEFA-J for each strategy investigated. Baseline results indicate that integration with wastewater treatment (WWT) facilities may reduce production cost and lifecycle GHG emissions of HEFA-J by 29.2% and >100%, respectively, in open pond systems. Integration with aquaculture processes may reduce production cost by 10.4% in open ponds. Scaling microalgae cultivation from 137 to 2192 barrels per day (BPD) results in a 22.7% reduction in production cost and a 32.0% reduction in lifecycle GHG emissions in open pond systems. Combining scaling and WWT integration methods in open ponds yields a 52.0% reduction in production cost and >100% lifecycle GHG emissions reduction. Global production potential of microalgae-derived HEFA-J is quantified through the summation of annual energy yields of cells at a 5 arc minute resolution. Results are constrained by geographically variable biological growth factors in addition to water/CO₂ transportation constraints, land availability and slope, and industrial CO₂ availability. Maximum jet and maximum distillate product slates were applied to total energy potential results to quantify global production potential of HEFA-J. Baseline results indicate that 27.5 EJHEFA-J/yr may be produced, or approximately 3 times the annual global aviation energy demand.by Jacob L. Ames.S.M
Complex calcium ferrites in the blast furnace process: Fluxed sinter formation and SFCA reduction under simulated conditions
No full textCivil Engineering and Geoscience
Softening in the blast furnace process: Local melt formation as the trigger for softening of ironbearing burden materials
No full textCivil Engineering and Geoscience
Micromilling of hardened tool steels
No full textMiniaturized parts are increasingly demanded in different fields like medical, transportation, environmental, and communication industries. In order to manufacture these parts in an economical way, mass replication methods, such as micro injection molding, have to be applied. Currently, Electro Discharge Machining (EDM) process is mainly used to manufacture the needed moulds for micro injection molding in industries. In order to achieve the final shape, several electrodes have to be made by milling with different levels of geometrical accuracy. Besides, the material removal rate of EDM is relatively low. This results in a long throughput-time and high manufacturing cost. Therefore, industries are looking for alternative technologies to overcome these drawbacks; micromilling is one of the promising technologies. The advantages of the micromilling technology include the applicability of a broad range of materials including hardened tool steels, the capability of manufacturing three dimensional geometries, accurate machining of complex features, and it is economical for small and medium lot sizes, etc. However, although micromilling in principle is a good alternative for the EDM process, it is found in research that some challenges have to be overcome before this technology is ready to be adopted in industrial applications. The literature survey shows that the fundamental micro cutting mechanism has been well investigated and understood through the study of micro orthogonal cutting and ultraprecision machining. Issues related to the application of micromilling have however not yet been well studied. Besides, inconsistent observations are commonly seen in literature. This is because observed results in micromilling are highly dependent on the experimental conditions. Based on the literature survey and initial micromilling tests, the general goal of this research has been defined as to develop and describe a reliable micromilling process for precision machining of hardened tool steels. It was decided to first improve lives of micro endmills to achieve a reliable cutting, and then to improve the performance of the process through process planning. In this research, experiments were mainly done with Ø 0.5 mm square endmills on hardened tool steels (AISI H11, H13, etc.). Experimental investigations were done to identify the main problems in micromilling. It was observed that the used commercial micro tools suffered severe wear, the tool life was too short to conduct a successful task, and the workpiece quality was not achieving the requirements. Investigations were conducted to understand tool wear types and mechanism. The factors which influence the tool performance were analyzed. It was found that the geometry of commercial tools is mainly derived from macro endmills, with which the cutting edge corners have the highest stress level. The machining parameters and tool paths are two factors that have significant effect on the tool performance; however, there was no good method available for the planning of the micromilling process. The geometry of micro endmills was studied theoretically by means of analytical modeling and FEA method. Having understood the relationship between geometrical features of the cutting tool and their influence on the tool performance (stiffness and strength of the cutting edge corners), the geometry of the micro endmill can be designed specifically for a given application to achieve the desired performance. This method was demonstrated by designing the micro square endmill especially for hard milling applications. The newly designed tools were manufactured and validated through experiments in comparison with the commercial tools. The experimental results have shown that the new designs have improved the tool performance as expected. The planning of the micromilling process has been divided into two parts. In the first part, design of experiments has been used to understand the relationship between input variables (machining parameters and tool paths) and process response (tool wear and surface finish). With this method, the significant variables can be identified by means of ANOVA analysis, and the cutting conditions can be planned accordingly to optimize the process output. For example, to have a long tool life is important for the roughing operation, and to achieve a good surface finish is of interest for the finishing operation. In the second part of the process planning, a knowledge-based method is used to plan cutting conditions for the machining of micro features with high aspect ratios. The selection of machining parameters was done by means of a force model, which describes the relation between machining parameters and average forces. The tool paths were tested by a FEM model. An improved tool path was proposed to overcome the disadvantage of the conventional tool path. Experiments were done with conditions chosen by the theoretical analysis, and the results proved the validity of the developed method. Micro ribs with aspect ratios higher than 50 could be machined successfully.Precision and Microsystems EngineeringMechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineerin
Design of a Micro Milling Setup with an Active Magnetic Bearing Spindle
No full textThis thesis describes the design of a micro milling setup with an active magnetic bearing spindle. Micro milling is the mechanical removal of material with sub millimeter tools. An active magnetic bearing typically consists of a set of magnetic actuators, a control loop and position sensors. Active Magnetic Bearings enable a very high rotational speed of 150.000 rpm and a high positioning accuracy. The use of bearing signals for process monitoring is a separate research topic in the same project. Special attention has been given to the design of magnetic actuators with low rotating losses. A design with an axial bias flux generated by permanent magnets has been applied. The rotordynamic modelling of the spindle is described as well as the controller design. The spindle has been realized and a rotational speed of 150.000 rpm has been achieved. The spindle has been integrated into a micro milling setup, where the work piece is positioned using an xy stage driven by Lorentz actuators. A novel tool clamping device had to be developed which matches the reduced dimensions of the spindle and which is able to withstand the very high rotational speed. A monolithic tool holder has been designed in which the clamping force increases with increasing rotational speed. The main improvements that can be made require the increase of the rotational speed and an increase of the flexural spindle resonance frequencies. A novel design has been presented to support a short, disk shaped rotor. This rotor shape has required the design of a controller which compensates the strong gyroscopic coupling in a rotating disk.Precision and Microsystems EngineeringMechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineerin
Uintah Academy Class
No full textThe class of the Uintah Academy includes Back row: Earnie Eaton, R.H. Sainsberry, Gladys Bennion, A. M. Goodrich, Jacob N. Lybbert, Afton Freestone, and H. Roland Tietjen. Front Row: Ernest Shaffer, Pearl Oakley, Elmer Lind, Mazie Smith, Zora Jarrell, Arden Stewart, Allie Willson
Redesign of Unit 600 in the Styrene Monomer/Propylene oxide plant to be constructed at Pulau Seraya, Singapore
No full textDocument(en) uit de collectie Chemische Procestechnologie.DelftChemTechApplied Science
The Counsellors of the Lord in Isaiah 40-55: A proposal to Understand their Role in the Literary Composition
No full textThe presence of counsellors in Isaiah 40...55 is, although well-known, never explained satisfactorily. The main reason for this is the difficulty in giving meaning to the mutual relationship between the texts speaking of 'giving counsel' (41.28) or being 'a counsellor' (40.13; 46.11). This article seeks to provide a new understanding of the function of these counsellors, on the basis of a step-by-step examination of these texts, starting from the level of syntax via analyses of discourse and participants up to the level of the literary composition. These examinations make it clear that the counsellors of Yhwh play a prominent role in the disputation between Yhwh and Jacob/Israel about knowledge. In opposition to the counsellors of Jacob/Israel, Yhwh presents his own advisers: Wisdom (40.13), the failure of the idols (41.28), and Cyrus (46.11). © 2008 SAGE Publications
The Response of a Uniform Jig Bed in Terms of the Porosity Distribution
No full textCivil Engineering and Geoscience
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