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Modulation and Specialization in North American Knowledge Organization: Visualizing Pioneers
No full textPioneers are those who, in some way, lead their peers to new destinations. In the evolution of a domain, the pioneers might very well be those who have followed a theoretical principle in some particularly ardent manner, thus leading the rest of the domain toward an evolving research front. The present paper is an attempt to use the tools of domain analysis to diachronically analyze the domain of knowledge organization as it is evolving in North America. That is we use bibliometric tools to identify the axes that define North American knowledge organization and its scientists, who are its pioneers. The evolution of a North American chapter of the International Society for Knowledge Organization (ISKO) marks a growth in coherence of a long active research area. An interesting research question is: what are the characteristics of North American scholarship in knowledge organization? Author co-citation analysis of North American authors whose work appeared in the journal Knowledge Organization is contrasted with author co-citation analysis of authors from outside North America. North American leaders are clearly identified, and some themesâ such as knowledge organization onlineâ that are emergent topics in North America are identified
Semi-Supervised Learning For Identifying Opinions In Web Content
Get PDFThesis (Ph.D.) - Indiana University, Information Science, 2011Opinions published on the World Wide Web (Web) offer opportunities for detecting personal attitudes regarding topics, products, and services. The opinion detection literature indicates that both a large body of opinions and a wide variety of opinion features are essential for capturing subtle opinion information. Although a large amount of opinion-labeled data is preferable for opinion detection systems, opinion-labeled data is often limited, especially at sub-document levels, and manual annotation is tedious, expensive and error-prone. This shortage of opinion-labeled data is less challenging in some domains (e.g., movie reviews) than in others (e.g., blog posts). While a simple method for improving accuracy in challenging domains is to borrow opinion-labeled data from a non-target data domain, this approach often fails because of the domain transfer problem: Opinion detection strategies designed for one data domain generally do not perform well in another domain. However, while it is difficult to obtain opinion-labeled data, unlabeled user-generated opinion data are readily available. Semi-supervised learning (SSL) requires only limited labeled data to automatically label unlabeled data and has achieved promising results in various natural language processing (NLP) tasks, including traditional topic classification; but SSL has been applied in only a few opinion detection studies. This study investigates application of four different SSL algorithms in three types of Web content: edited news articles, semi-structured movie reviews, and the informal and unstructured content of the blogosphere. SSL algorithms are also evaluated for their effectiveness in sparse data situations and domain adaptation. Research findings suggest that, when there is limited labeled data, SSL is a promising approach for opinion detection in Web content. Although the contributions of SSL varied across data domains, significant improvement was demonstrated for the most challenging data domain--the blogosphere--when a domain transfer-based SSL strategy was implemented
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The Heritage of Facet Analysis in North America: Past Lessons as Pathways for Contemporary Exploration
No full textRanganathanThis paper will contrast the broad contours of Ranganathanâ s legacy in North America with a general assessment of contemporary North American facet applications. It will also offer a potential model for contemporary researchers that outlines heritage facet-analytical protocols currently in use
The Data-Information-Knowledge-Wisdom Hierarchy and its Antithesis
Get PDFThe now taken-for-granted notion that data lead to information, which leads to knowledge, which in turn leads to wisdom was first specified in detail by R. L. Ackoff in 1988. The Data-Information-Knowledge-Wisdom hierarchy is based on filtration, reduction, and transformation. Besides being causal and hierarchical, the scheme is pyramidal, in that data are plentiful while wisdom is almost nonexistent. Ackoffâ s formula linking these terms together this way permits us to ask what the opposite of knowledge is and whether analogous principles of hierarchy, process, and pyramiding apply to it. The inversion of the Data-Information-Knowledge-Wisdom hierarchy produces a series of opposing terms (including misinformation, error, ignorance, and stupidity) but not exactly a chain or a pyramid. Examining the connections between these phenomena contributes to our understanding of the contours and limits of knowledge
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Applying the User-Centered Paradigm to Cataloging Standards in Theory and Practice: Problems and Prospects
No full textDervin and Nilanâ s (1986) article, â Information needs and uses,â has been an influential article in Library and Information Science (LIS), because it calls for a paradigm shift in LIS away from research that focuses on systems and standards to research that focuses on users. This article also has been influential on library and information practice. Librarians and other information workers are called on to be user-centered and place users at the center of library programs and services. Conforming to the user-centered paradigm, however, has been problematic for broad representational systems, like library cataloging, that must meet the diverse needs of global users. Despite calls to focus on users, the cataloging field has not taken a user-centered approach in research or in the development of cataloging standards. Instead, the responsibility to meet usersâ needs has been placed on cataloging practitioners, who are encouraged to customize bibliographic records to meet their local usersâ needs. Dissertation research by Hoffman (2008) suggests that catalogers are limited in their ability to customize bibliographic records, because catalogers do not know who their users are and cannot identify their usersâ needs. In addition, library administrators discourage customization in favor of efficient cataloging processes. There are limits to LISâ s user-centered paradigm in the area of cataloging, and perhaps it needs to examined and reconsidered. Is the user-centered paradigm still applicable to cataloging? How should cataloging meet usersâ needs? This paper will examine the problems of the user-centered paradigm in cataloging
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Pioneering North American Contributions to Knowledge Organization
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Melvil Deweyâ s Ingenious Notational System
No full textHistorically, the notational system of the Dewey Decimal Classification provided for non-institution-specific, relative location shelf arrangements, thus substantially reducing bibliographic classification effort. Today its decimal notation continues to provide the classification scheme with flexible granularity, is hospitable to expansion, expresses relationships, interfaces well with modern retrieval systems, and is internationally understood
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The KO roots of Taylor's Value-Added Model
No full textThe model developed by Bob Taylor for his book Value-Added Processes in Information Systems (1986) has been highly influential in the field of library and information science. Yet despite its impact on the broader field, the potential of the Value-Added Model has gone largely unexplored by knowledge organization researchers. Unraveling the history behind Taylor's development of the model highlights the significant role played by professional indexers. The Value-Added Model is thus reexamined for its potential as a flexible framework for evaluating knowledge organization systems
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Treatment of Georeferencing in Knowledge Organization Systems: North American Contributions to Integrated Georeferencing
No full textRecent research projects in North America that have advanced the integration of formal mathematical georeferencing and informal placename georeferencing in knowledge organization systems are described and related to visualization applications
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Tensions Between Language and Discourse in North American Knowledge Organization
No full textThis paper uses Paul Ricoeur's distinction between language and discourse to help define a North American research agenda in knowledge organization. Ricoeur's concept of discourse as a set of utterances, defined within multiple disciplines and domains, and reducible, not to the word but to the sentence, provides three useful tools for defining our research. First, it enables us to recognize the important contribution of numerous studies that focus on acts of organization, rather than on standards or tools of organization. Second, it gives us a harmonious paradigm that helps us reconcile the competing demands of interoperability, based on widely-used tools and techniques of library science, and domain integrity, based on user warrant and an understanding of local context. Finally, it resonates with the current economic, political and social climate in which our information systems work, particularly the competing calls for protectionism and globalization
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