52 research outputs found
Neoischyrocerus Conlan, 2021, n. comb.
No full text<p> <b> Genus <i>Neoischyrocerus</i> n. comb.</b> </p> <p>Supplementary Table S3</p> <p> <b>Type species.</b> <i>N. claustris</i> J.L. Barnard, 1969</p> <p> <b> Diagnosis. (with differences from <i>Ischyrocerus</i> in bold).</b> Body length at maturity <b>1–2 mm (usually), rarely 4–6 mm. Tropical and warm temperate</b> distribution, collected from algae, sponges, corals or from a spiny lobster, <b>0–16 m, 9– 40°N and 5– 34°S.</b></p> <p> <i>Pereon</i>: dorsally smooth (most species), ridged or carinate (some species).</p> <p> <i>Antenna 1</i>: accessory flagellum 2 articles (second minute), projecting forward or flush with the flagellum; antennae 1 and 2 peduncles <b>subequal</b> in width or antenna 2, <b>10% wider</b> (based on comparison of antenna 1 peduncle article 2 with antenna 2 peduncle article 4), peduncular setae and setal pattern similar to antenna 1, or slightly shorter, <b>not plumose.</b></p> <p> <i>Gnathopod 2, adult male</i>: <b>190–350%</b> the length of gnathopod 1, <b>basis and propodus especially elongate</b>; coxa 1, <b>60–110%</b> the depth of coxa 2; basis <b>concave or sinuous</b>; ischium anteriorly rounded; propodus often slender (posterior length <b>180–400%</b> of central width), <b>palm nearly the full length of the propodus, often with a bulge or tooth defining it proximally at the junction of the carpus (sometimes palm continuous with the carpus), sometimes centrally toothed instead and with shallow bulge or teeth at the junction of the dactyl</b>; <b>dactyl half or nearly the full length</b> of the propodus.</p> <p> <i>Gnathopod 2, juvenile male</i>: shorter than the adult male gnathopod 2, palm bearing 1–2 strong spines about midway along the length of the propodus, dactyl ending at the spines.</p> <p> <i>Gnathopod 2, female</i>: only slightly larger than gnathopod 1, palm of the propodus convex (usually) or shallowly concave (rarely).</p> <p> <i>Pereopods 3 and 4</i>: propodus, posterior margin bearing <b>spines or setae</b>; coxa 4, posterior margin <b>straight, not shallowly concave.</b></p> <p> <i>Pereopod 5, male</i>: similar to but shorter than pereopods 6 and 7 or <b>variously modified with posteriorly concave basis or posteriorly expanded and spinose merus.</b></p> <p> <i>Uropod 1</i>: peduncle with short ventrodistal spinous process underlying the rami, length <b>~15–35%</b> of the outer ramus length.</p> <p> <i>Uropod 3</i>: peduncle bearing 1–2 rows of spines dorsally, ending in a single spine at the distal margin, but <b>without a corona of spines</b> around the margin or setae; rami <b>without spines mid-dorsally</b>, outer ramus subequal to or shorter than the inner and bearing <b>3–8</b> minute dorsal cusps apically, <b>without (rarely with) a small apical straight spine</b>.</p> <p> <b>Component species (with transferred species in bold).</b> <b> <i>Ischyrocerus longimanus</i> (Haswell, 1879)</b> (Australia); <b> <i>I. parvus</i> Stout, 1913</b> (California); <b> <i>I. carinatus</i> K.H. Barnard, 1916</b> (South Africa); <b> <i>I. gorgoniae</i> K.H. Barnard, 1940</b> (South Africa); <b> <i>I. ctenophorus</i> Schellenberg, 1953</b> (South Africa); <b> <i>Coxischyrocerus inexpectatus</i> (Ruffo, 1959)</b> (Mediterranean, Red Sea?); <i>N. claustris</i> J.L. Barnard, 1969 (California); <i>N. lilipuna</i> J.L. Barnard, 1970 (Hawaii); <b> <i>I. oahu</i> J.L. Barnard, 1970</b> (Hawaii); <b> <i>I. oahu oahu</i> J.L. Barnard, 1970</b> (Hawaii); <i>N. chinipa</i> J.L. Barnard, 1979 (Galapagos Islands and Panama); <b> <i>I. oahu armatus</i> Ledoyer, 1979</b> (Madagascar); <b> <i>Tropischyrocerus socia</i> (Myers, 1989)</b> (Bora Bora); <b> <i>I. mediodens</i> Myers, 1995</b> (Papua New Guinea); <b> <i>I. parma</i> Myers, 1995</b> (Papua New Guinea); <b> <i>I. apiensis</i> Myers, 1997</b> (Samoa); <i>N. vidali</i> Ortiz & Lalana, 2002 (Cuba); <b> <i>C. rhombocoxus</i> Just, 2009</b> (Australia); <b> <i>T. pugilus</i> Just, 2009</b> (Australia).</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> Species of <i>Ischyrocerus</i> were transferred to <i>Neoischyrocerus</i> if they demonstrated at least one key character (grossly enlarged and pendulous male gnathopod 2 similar in shape to that of others in the genus; dactyls with comb-like striae as noted in J.L. Barnard (1970), Conlan (1995) and Ortiz & Lalana (2002); similar spination on uropod 3). Presence or absence of these striae were not mentioned by other authors, therefore questioning as to whether this character had been looked for. Mouthpart characteristics were not widely described, but may be useful for generic definition, especially the clavate vs slenderer shape of the mandibular palp and the presence/absence of a long apical seta on the maxilla 1 inner plate.</p> <p> <b>Excluded but uncertain generic status</b>. <i>Ischyrocerus kapu</i> J.L. Barnard, 1970 from Hawaii. The author based the generic assignment on a single male specimen. He noted its resemblance to <i>N. lilipuna</i> but also considered that it should be in a new genus. On balance, though, he assigned it to <i>Ischyrocerus</i> but noted that this was based on limited information because the specimen lacked antennae and pereopods and the female was also unknown. The male’s gnathopod 2 is unusual in having a long conical extension of the merus underneath the propodus, a feature that is not known for either <i>Ischyrocerus</i> or <i>Neoischyrocerus</i>. Myers (1995) stated that <i>I. kapu</i> is congeneric with other species being transferred to <i>Neoischyrocerus</i>. The male’s propodus is wider than in other members of <i>Neoischyrocerus</i>, but its uropod 3 resembles other species of <i>Neoischyrocerus</i> rather than <i>Ischyrocerus</i>. Further material demonstrating the species’ complete morphology is required before it can be confidently transferred to <i>Neoischyrocerus</i> or to a new genus.</p>Published as part of <i>Conlan, Kathleen E., 2021, New genera for species of Jassa Leach (Crustacea: Amphipoda) and their relationship to a revised Ischyrocerini, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 4921 (1)</i> on pages 58-59, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4921.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/4496015">http://zenodo.org/record/4496015</a>
Classical swine fever and foot-and-mouth disease in Lao PDR
Get PDFApproximately 75% of the population of Lao PDR is engaged in agriculture and the vast majority (approximately 90%) of these producers are in the smallholder sector. Livestock are an important contributor to national, agricultural and village economies and are relied on for food security. The pig population has increased over the past 5 years at an annual average increase of 4.7% at the national herd level and up to 20% in some provinces. Cattle and buffalo populations have grown at more modest rates of 1–2% (Figure 1).
Disease, including foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and classical swine fever (CSF), is a major constraint to efficient and sustainable livestock production. Up to 80–90% of pigs and 99% of cattle and buffalo are produced in the smallholder sector using low input practices; as such, there is limited private sector input. Disease reporting, diagnosis, control and prevention are addressed by the Lao Government through the National Department of Livestock and Fisheries (DLF) and local agriculture and forestry offices at provincial and district government levels. These activities are supported by international partners such as the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), Commonwealth Scientific and Investigation Research Organisation (CSIRO), Japanese International Cooperation Association (JICA), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), European Union (EU) and Office International des Epizooties (OIE).
Disease reporting and communication are passive and reports are made from villages through government administrations at district and provincial levels and then to the national level—the DLF and the National Animal Health Centre (NAHC). Communication of FMD-related information at regional and international levels is coordinated by the OIE South-East Asian FMD regional coordination unit (SEAFMD RCU), where reports are submitted monthly. Disease reporting for CSF is less well coordinated and information is provided to the OIE
Peramphithoe chujaensis Kim, Hong, Conlan & Lee, 2012, sp. nov.
No full textPeramphithoe chujaensis sp. nov. (Korean name: Chu-ja-do-cham-yeop-sae-u, new) (figs 3–6) Type material. Holotype, adult male, 10.9 mm, (appendages on one slide), cat no. NIBRIV0000246630, Sangchujado Is., Jeju-si, Korea, 33 ° 57 ʹ 51 ʺN, 126 ° 17 ʹ 11 ʺE; 15 November 2008 (Y.H. Kim) by SCUBA diving at 6 m in depth. Paratypes, 1 Ƥ, 10.7 mm, dissected (appendages on one slide), NIBRIV0000246631, other data same as Holotype; 1 adult Ƥ, 6.8 mm, CMNC 2012 -0012, other data same as holotype; and the remaining paratypes (15 juveniles, 3.2–5.8 mm), DKU 201204, in the collection of the first author. Type locality. Sangchujado Is., Jeju-si, Korea. Etymology. The species name is derived from the type locality, Chujado Island located off the south coast of Korea. Diagnosis. Head as long as wide. Eye circular, medium. Epimeral plate 2 quadrate posteroventrally, epimeral plate 3 subquadrate posteroventrally. Antenna 1 peduncular article 1 subequal in length to article 2, flagellum elongate, more than 3 x as long as peduncle. Antenna 2 less than half length of antenna 1, with plumose setae ventrally (male only). Lower lip, medial lobe of outer lobe as long as lateral lobe. Maxilla 1 inner plate with 1 subapical seta. Maxilla 2 inner plate subequal in length to outer. Maxilliped outer plate extending beyond end of palp article 2. Gnathopod 1 carpus subequal to propodus. In male, gnathopod 2 propodus dilated proximally, about 0.7 x as wide as long, palm excavate. In male, pereopods 5–7 meri and carpi strongly expanded. In female, gnathopod 2 propodus, pereopods 5–7 meri and carpi rectangular, ordinary. Uropod 3 peduncle more than twice the length of rami. Description. Male, holotype. Body (figs 3, 4A) 10.9 mm long; head as long as wide, subequal in length to pereonites 1–2 combined; circular eye occupying lateral cephalic lobes; pereon and pleon smooth; Epimeral plates 1–3 (Fig. 4 B) without ventral seta or spine, epimeral plate 2 quadrate posteroventrally, epimeral plate 3 roundedquadrate posteroventrally, prominently concave midposteriorly. Antenna 1 (Fig. 4 C) less setose than antenna 2, about 0.7 x as long as body length, length ratio of peduncular articles 1–3 = 1.00: 0.92: 0.28, article 1 with 2 ventral and 3 distoventral spinules; flagellum 37 -articulate, 3.52 x as long as peduncle; accessory flagellum absent. Antenna 2 (Fig. 4 D) setose, short, about 0.4 x as long as antenna 1; length ratio peduncular articles 3–5 = 1.00: 2.50: 2.14; ventral margins of peduncular articles 3–5 and flagellum with transverse rows of plumose and simple setae; flagellum 13 -articulate, 0.61 x as long as peduncle. Lower lip (Fig. 4 E) inner lobe ovate; outer lobe tripartite, medial lobe subequal in length to lateral lobe, both lobes pubescent apically. Right mandible (Fig. 4 F) incisor with 9 blunt teeth; lacinia mobilis with 7 tiny crenulated teeth; molar truncate, fully triturating; accessory setal row of 11 setae between lacinia mobilis and molar; palp well developed, triarticulate, article 2 1.28 x as long as distal one, with one submarginal seta; article 3 with 8 pinnate unequal setae on distal margin; left mandible similar to right one, but lacinia mobilis 9 dentate, more distinct and more pointed than that of the right one. Maxilla 1 (Fig. 4 G) inner plate subtriangular, with subapical seta; outer plate with 10 sclerotized spine-teeth (3 simple, 2 bifid and 6 denticulate) apically; palp biarticulate, distal article with 1 simple and 3 tricuspidate spines apically. Maxilla 2 (Fig. 4 H) inner plate subequal in length but more slender than outer one, apical and inner margins with row of pinnate setae; outer plate with pinnate setae on apical and apicolateral margins. Maxilliped (Fig. 4 I) inner plate developed, lateral and apical submargins with pinnate setae, apical margin with 1 spine on right, 2 on left; outer plate subovate, extending beyond end of palp article 2, inner margin with 1 longitudinal row of conical, serrated teeth, distal half of outer margin with slender setiform teeth and setae; palp 4 -articulate, article 1 short, with 3 simple setae apically, article 2 1.33 x as long as article 3, with a row of pinnate setae on inner margin, article 4 0.68 x as long as article 3, with inner marginal surface covered by tiny setules; unguis acute, well developed. Gnathopod 1 (Fig. 5 A) coxa subrectangular, with 4 simple setae posterodistally; carpus subequal in length to propodus, posterior margin slightly rounded with unequal simple setae; propodus subrectangular, palm transverse, straight, defined by 1 small spine; dactylus falcate, with 1 penicillate seta anteroproximally; length ratio of articles 2–7 = 1.00: 0.24: 0.37: 0.59: 0.61: 0.30. Gnathopod 2 (Fig. 5 B) coxa similar to coxa 1, with 5 unequal setae on distal margin; basis subrectangular, with long setae posteriorly; carpus subtriangular, rounded posterior lobe setaceous; propodus large, about 0.7 x as wide as long, subequal in length to basis, distal part narrower than proximal; palm excavate, curved concavely, with densely long to short setae marginally; dactylus falcate, with 1 penicillate seta anteroproximally, row of setules on medial margin, 0.83 x as long as propodus. Pereopod 3 (Fig. 5 C) coxa subrectangular, ventral margin smooth, truncated, with 6 setae posterodistally; basis expanded, with row of simple setae posteriorly; merus widening anteriorly, anterodistal corner protruding; dactylus falcate, with 1 penicillate seta anteroproximally; length ratio of articles 2–7 = 1.00: 0.25: 0.47: 0.41: 0.38: 0.19. Pereopod 4 similar to pereopod 3, but coxa (Fig. 5 D) slightly wider than coxa 3. Pereopod 5 (Fig. 5 E) coxa bilobate, dorsodistal protruding lobe with 2 feeble spines; basis expanded, subequal in length to width, anterior margin with 1 proximal spine and several groups of setae, posterovental lobe slightly protruding, with 1 spine; merus subtriangular, strongly expanding distally; carpus subquadrate, expanded, 1.05 x as long as wide; propodus comparatively more slender than carpus, posterior margin with a row of 5 robust spines and 2 subdistal spines; length ratio of articles 2–7 = 1.00: 0.35: 0.68: 0.76: 0.76: 0.24. Pereopod 6 (Fig. 5 F) basis weakly expanded, 1.61 x as long as wide, with 1 spine posterodistally; merus and carpus expanded, subequal in length; propodus narrow, subrectangular, posterior margin with 5 robust spines and triad spines subdistally; length ratio of articles 2–7 = 1.00: 0.25: 0.45: 0.49: 0.76: 0.21. Pereopod 7 (Fig. 5 G) similar to pereopod 6, but longer and wider; carpus subequal in length and 3.2 x as wide as to propodus; length ratio of articles 2–7 = 1.00: 0.29: 0.68: 0.70: 0.73: 0.20. Uropod 1 (Fig. 5 H) peduncle 1.1 x as long as inner ramus, bearing enlarged distoventral spur, with 5 dorsolateral (2 proximal spines missing), 7 dorsomedial spines and a row of basofacial setae; outer ramus slightly shorter than inner one. Uropod 2 (Fig. 6 A) peduncle subequal in length to outer ramus, ventral spur short and slightly pointed, with 3 dorsolateral and 3 dorsomedial spines; outer ramus slightly shorter than inner one, both rami with 2 rows of spines, and a cluster apically. Uropod 3 (Fig. 6 B) peduncle more than twice the length of rami, with 3 groups of lateral setae, a row of 11 ventral setae laterally, duad and triad spines mediodistally; both rami subequal in length, outer ramus bearing 2 hooked terminal spines, inner one apically setose and with one small spine. Telson (Fig. 6 C) fleshy, subtriangular, wider than deep, posterodistal apex truncate and bulging, with simple or penicillate setae submarginally. Female, paratype. Body (Fig. 6 D) length 10.7 mm, morphologically similar to male in shape, including gnathopod 1, which is not sexually dimorphic, subchelate. Antenna 2, gnathopod 2 and pereopods 5-7 sexually dimorphic. Antenna 2 lacking plumose setae ventrally. Gnathopod 1 (Fig. 6 E), carpus subequal in length to propodus. Gnathopod 2 (Fig. 6 F), carpus subtriangular and shorter than carpus of gnathopod 1; propodus similar in shape to but wider than propodus of gnathopod 1; palm steeply oblique. Pereopods 5–7 (figs 6 G–I), meri and carpi not expanded but ordinary rectangular in form. Variation. Unfortunately, only one mature male specimen was collected in the present study so that it is impossible to judge how much variation may occur during the mature stage in male. Body length at maturity of male is 10.9 mm, female 6.8-10.7 mm, because the 6.8 mm female (CMNC 2012 -0012) was found brooding offspring. In these 2 mature females, gnathopod 1 to pereopod 7 ratio of article lengths are similar to each other. The mature female, 6.8 mm, however, pereopods 5–7 bases slightly wider than those of large female (10.7 mm long); pereopods 5–7 propodi with a row of 4, 5, and 4 spines along posterior margins, respectively, while 5, 6, and 4 spines in the large female; uropods 1–2 peduncles with 5 and 3 dorsolateral spines, while 6 and 3 in the large female; uropods 1–2 outer rami with 6 and 5 outer spines, while 7 and 5 in the large female. On the other hand, small juveniles (4.2–5.8 mm), antenna 1 has a flagellum of 17–30; antenna 2 a flagellum of 9–13 articles; pereopods 5–7 propodi with a row of 3 –4, 4, 3–4 spines posteriorly; uropods 1–2 peduncles with 3–4 and 2 dorsolateral spines; uropods 1–2 rami with 3–5 and 3–4 outer spines. Remarks. Among the species of genus Peramphithoe, only 3 other species have some degree of enlargement or broadening of pereopods 5–7 in the male: P. fa l s a Barnard, 1932, P. s p u r i a Krapp-Schickel, 1978 and P. p a r m e rong Poore & Lowry, 1997. However, male of P. chujaensis sp. nov. has a concave palm in the gnathopod 2 and ventral plumose setae on the antenna 2. These conditions do not occur in its congeners. Molecular data. CO 1 gene sequences (GenBank accession numbers JN 575621 – JN 575622) were obtained from two specimens. Sequence alignment was straightforward without any insertion or deletion. Intra-specific variation of the CO 1 gene sequence of P. chujaensis sp. nov. ranged 0.4 %, while inter-specific variation ranged from a low of 9.1 % (P. chujaensis sp. nov. and P. namhaensis) to a high of 12.1 % (P. chujaensis sp. nov. and P. t e a) (Figure 12, Table 2). Distribution. Korea (Chujado Is.).Published as part of Kim, Young-Hyo, Hong, Soon-Sang, Conlan, Kathleen E. & Lee, Kyung-Sook, 2012, The genus Peramphithoe Conlan & Bousfield, 1982 from Korean waters (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Ampithoidae), pp. 1-19 in Zootaxa 3400 on pages 6-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.21118
Emerging issues and parasite zoonoses in the SE Asian and Australasian region
Get PDFParasite zoonoses are common in the SE Asian region. However, recent case reports and surveillance activities have revealed a number of emerging issues that threaten both biosecurity and ongoing control efforts. In all cases, the application of molecular tools has contributed to the identification of new foci of infection, novel aetiological agents and epidemiological investigations. These emerging issues are discussed with reference to trypanosomes, Toxoplasma, fish-borne flukes, cysticercosis and hookworm
Seroprevalence of major bovine-associated zoonotic infectious diseases in the Lao People's Democratic Republic
Get PDFBovine-associated zoonotic infectious diseases pose a significant threat to human health in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). In all, 905 cattle and buffalo serum samples collected in northern Lao PDR in 2006 were used to determine seroprevalence of five major bovine zoonotic infectious diseases that included Taenia saginata cysticercosis, bovine tuberculosis, Q-fever, bovine brucellosis, and bovine leptospirosis. Five enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used to test for the presence of antibodies to the diseases, except Taenia saginata, for which we tested for the presence of Taenia metacestode circulating antigens. The overall highest prevalence was for T. saginata (46.4%), with lower prevalence for Q-fever (4%), leptospirosis (3%), tuberculosis (1%), and brucellosis (0.2%). Although there were no significant differences in the proportion of seroprevalence between sex and age of the animals sampled, there were significant differences between the provincial distributions. Further studies are required to determine the seroprevalence of these infections in other locations in Lao PDR, as well as other animal species including humans, in order to develop effective prevention and control strategies. This is the first study to investigate the prevalence of bovine zoonotic infectious agents in the Lao PDR. Positivity was demonstrated for all diseases investigated, with the highest prevalence for T. saginata antigen and Coxiella burnetti antibodies. For T. saginata, there were significant differences in the provincial distribution. Approximately 16% seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetti was noted in Xayabuly Province; however, there are no clear reasons why this was the case, and further studies are required to determine risk factors associated with this observation
Serologic study of pig-associated viral zoonoses in Laos
Get PDFWe conducted a serologic survey of four high-priority pig-associated viral zoonoses, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), hepatitis E virus (HEV), Nipah virus (NiV), and swine influenza virus (SIV), in Laos. We collected blood from pigs at slaughter during May 2008-January 2009 in four northern provinces. Japanese encephalitis virus hemagglutination inhibition seroprevalence was 74.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 71.5-77.9%), JEV IgM seroprevalence was 2.3% (95% CI = 1.2-3.2%), and HEV seroprevalence was 21.1% (95% CI = 18.1-24.0%). Antibodies to SIV were detected in 1.8% (95% CI = 0.8-2.8%) of pigs by screening enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and only subtype H3N2 was detected by hemagglutination inhibition in two animals with an inconclusive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay result. No NiV antibody-positive pigs were detected. Our evidence indicates that peak JEV and HEV transmission coincides with the start of the monsoonal wet season and poses the greatest risk for human infection
Belonging Between Spaces: Did I need refugees more than they needed me?
No full textThis thesis critically examines (my) Whiteness via embodied and situated experiences, with refugees, using autoethnography. Drawing on and contributing to decolonial theory coupled with Intersectional feminism. New embodied knowledge emerged as the author moved between three spaces, around Copenhagen, in search of data, namely Trampoline House, Welcome House and Women who Craft, Tingbjerg. That resulted in a shift in perspective which inspired the author to change the direction of her thesis, and method mid-semester, from Participatory Action Research, with refugees, to exposing (her) whiteness, using autoethnography, and her (mis)perception of what it really means to do benevolent research. Thus, turning the researcher's gaze inward enabled the author to become the unexpected subject of her own analysis. Which allowed the research process itself to become a point of (un)learning, not just for the researcher but one that contributes to refugee studies, critical whiteness studies as well as feminist theory and decolonial knowledge cultivation in the Nordic and Danish context
Ischyrocerini Kroyer 1838
No full textTribe Ischyrocerini Krøyer, 1838 Supplementary Table S2 Type genus. Ischyrocerus Krøyer, 1838 Diagnosis (with changes from Just (2017) in bold). Antennae: slender, antenna 1 with accessory flagellum (occasionally vestigial). Mandible: palp with 3 articles, the third expanded distally (occasionally similar in shape to the second). Coxae 1–4: progressively deepening, subrectangular to oval (occasionally coxa 1 much smaller than and mostly obscured by coxa 2 and differing in shape), margins entire. Gnathopod 1: carpus shorter than the propodus (occasionally longer), propodus oval to weakly subchelate. Gnathopod 2: propodus in adult male (and occasionally in the female) moderately to strongly enlarged compared to gnathopod 1, of varying shape (occasionally hardly modified). Pereopods 3–4: merus moderately to fully overlapping the carpus anteriorly, dactyl shorter than the carpus (occasionally longer ). Pereopods 5–7: of similar form, increasing in length backwards (occasionally 6 larger than 5 and 7). Urosomites: 1–3 free. Uropods 1 and 2: peduncle without distoventral corona of spines, with 2 subequal rami with or without an underlying peduncular spinous process (occasionally uropod 2 outer ramus modified). Uropod 3: peduncle long (occasionally short), broad proximally, narrow distally, biramous (occasionally uniramous), outer ramus terminating in cusps and/or spine(s). Telson: entire, with one to many dorsally or apically projecting setae or spines. Component genera. Jassa Leach, 1814; Ischyrocerus Krøyer, 1838; Paradryope Stebbing, 1888; Microjassa Stebbing, 1899; Parajassa Stebbing, 1899; Hemijassa Walker, 1907 ; Isaeopsis K.H. Barnard, 1916; Pseudischyrocerus Schellenberg, 1931; Bathyphotis Stephensen, 1944; Ventojassa J.L. Barnard, 1970; Neoischyrocerus Conlan, 1995; Scutischyrocerus Myers, 1995; Ruffojassa Vader & Myers, 1996; Veronajassa Vader & Myers, 1996; Alatajassa Conlan, 2007; Myersius Souza-Filho & Serejo, 2014; Pleojassa n. gen.; Plumulojassa n. gen. Changes to Ischyrocerus and Neoischyrocerus Ischyrocerus is primarily a cold water, Northern Hemisphere genus, captured from deep trawls (Stephensen 1944; Gurjanova 1951) as far north as the high Arctic, but also found in the intertidal and shallow subtidal zone (J.L. Barnard 1962). It has been extensively found in the Southern Hemisphere as well, though mostly in warmer waters (Myers 1995, 1997; Just 2009). This large genus requires revision and may prove to be less cosmopolitan than previously thought by J.L. Barnard & Karaman (1991). Three genera have been created for warm water Ischyrocerus -like species: Neoischyrocerus Conlan, 1995 (4 species), Coxischyrocerus Just, 2009 (2 species) and Tropischyrocerus Just, 2009 (2 species). These genera embrace species in which the male develops an enormously lengthened and pendulous gnathopod 2 (about 200–300% the length of gnathopod 1) with an anteriorly rounded ischium and a very long propodus with the palm nearly the full length of the propodus, and the proximal end of the palm marked by a bulge next to the carpus (the S. Californian N. claustris (J.L. Barnard, 1969), N. chinipa (J.L. Barnard, 1979) from the Galapagos and Pacific Panama, N. vidali Ortiz & Lalana, 2002 from the Cuban Caribbean, C. inexpectatus (Ruffo, 1959) from the Mediterranean Sea and T. socia (Myers, 1989) from Bora Bora), a tooth-like projection (e.g., N. lilipuna (J.L. Barnard, 1970) from Hawaii and T. pugilus Just, 2009 from Australia), or with neither (e.g., C. rhombocoxus Just, 2009 from Australia). The dactyl may be the full length of the propodus or shorter, the length growth related. By comparison, the female’s gnathopods are similarly sized with the second only slightly larger than the first. Other commonalities are antennae with long filtering setae that are not pediform or sexually dimorphic, a 2-articulate accessory flagellum with the second article minute, pereopods 3 and 4 with little overlap of the merus over the carpus, a well developed peduncular spinous process under the rami of uropod 1, a spiny peduncle of uropod 3 with the outer ramus bearing a row of minute cusps and the inner ramus tipped by a small spine, and the telson with a pair of strong, dorsally projecting spines. The difficulty with these genera is where species cross the generic boundaries. Examples are: enlarged coxa 2 relative to coxa 1 in the adult male (C. rhombocoxus and N. claustris), similar gnathopod propodus appearance as noted above, and similar female gnathopod palms (convex in all species in the three genera except for T. pugilus), pereopod 3 and 4 propodus posteriorly spinose (N. lilipuna, N. vidali, T. socia and C. inexpectatus). The generic-level differences among the genera therefore recede into issues of sexual variation (e.g., enlargement of coxa 2 relative to coxa 1 that was used to define Coxischyrocerus but also occurs in Neoischyrocerus, or the modified pereopod 5 basis shape in adult males of C. rhombocoxus and C. inexpectatus). Therefore, Coxischyrocerus Just, 2009 and Tropischyrocerus Just, 2009 are herein merged into the senior genus Neoischyrocerus Conlan, 1995. Myers (1995, 1997) noted the need for diminutive Indo-Pacific species placed at that time in Ischyrocerus or Jassa to be placed in their own genus and these are also included, as noted below. Genus Neoischyrocerus n. comb. Supplementary Table S3 Type species. N. claustris J.L. Barnard, 1969 Diagnosis. (with differences from Ischyrocerus in bold). Body length at maturity 1–2 mm (usually), rarely 4–6 mm. Tropical and warm temperate distribution, collected from algae, sponges, corals or from a spiny lobster, 0–16 m, 9– 40°N and 5– 34°S. Pereon: dorsally smooth (most species), ridged or carinate (some species). Antenna 1: accessory flagellum 2 articles (second minute), projecting forward or flush with the flagellum; antennae 1 and 2 peduncles subequal in width or antenna 2, 10% wider (based on comparison of antenna 1 peduncle article 2 with antenna 2 peduncle article 4), peduncular setae and setal pattern similar to antenna 1, or slightly shorter, not plumose. Gnathopod 2, adult male: 190–350% the length of gnathopod 1, basis and propodus especially elongate; coxa 1, 60–110% the depth of coxa 2; basis concave or sinuous; ischium anteriorly rounded; propodus often slender (posterior length 180–400% of central width), palm nearly the full length of the propodus, often with a bulge or tooth defining it proximally at the junction of the carpus (sometimes palm continuous with the carpus), sometimes centrally toothed instead and with shallow bulge or teeth at the junction of the dactyl; dactyl half or nearly the full length of the propodus. Gnathopod 2, juvenile male: shorter than the adult male gnathopod 2, palm bearing 1–2 strong spines about midway along the length of the propodus, dactyl ending at the spines. Gnathopod 2, female: only slightly larger than gnathopod 1, palm of the propodus convex (usually) or shallowly concave (rarely). Pereopods 3 and 4: propodus, posterior margin bearing spines or setae; coxa 4, posterior margin straight, not shallowly concave. Pereopod 5, male: similar to but shorter than pereopods 6 and 7 or variously modified with posteriorly concave basis or posteriorly expanded and spinose merus. Uropod 1: peduncle with short ventrodistal spinous process underlying the rami, length ~15–35% of the outer ramus length. Uropod 3: peduncle bearing 1–2 rows of spines dorsally, ending in a single spine at the distal margin, but without a corona of spines around the margin or setae; rami without spines mid-dorsally, outer ramus subequal to or shorter than the inner and bearing 3–8 minute dorsal cusps apically, without (rarely with) a small apical straight spine. Component species (with transferred species in bold). Ischyrocerus longimanus (Haswell, 1879) (Australia); I. parvus Stout, 1913 (California); I. carinatus K.H. Barnard, 1916 (South Africa); I. gorgoniae K.H. Barnard, 1940 (South Africa); I. ctenophorus Schellenberg, 1953 (South Africa); Coxischyrocerus inexpectatus (Ruffo, 1959) (Mediterranean, Red Sea?); N. claustris J.L. Barnard, 1969 (California); N. lilipuna J.L. Barnard, 1970 (Hawaii); I. oahu J.L. Barnard, 1970 (Hawaii); I. oahu oahu J.L. Barnard, 1970 (Hawaii); N. chinipa J.L. Barnard, 1979 (Galapagos Islands and Panama); I. oahu armatus Ledoyer, 1979 (Madagascar); Tropischyrocerus socia (Myers, 1989) (Bora Bora); I. mediodens Myers, 1995 (Papua New Guinea); I. parma Myers, 1995 (Papua New Guinea); I. apiensis Myers, 1997 (Samoa); N. vidali Ortiz & Lalana, 2002 (Cuba); C. rhombocoxus Just, 2009 (Australia); T. pugilus Just, 2009 (Australia). Remarks. Species of Ischyrocerus were transferred to Neoischyrocerus if they demonstrated at least one key character (grossly enlarged and pendulous male gnathopod 2 similar in shape to that of others in the genus; dactyls with comb-like striae as noted in J.L. Barnard (1970), Conlan (1995) and Ortiz & Lalana (2002); similar spination on uropod 3). Presence or absence of these striae were not mentioned by other authors, therefore questioning as to whether this character had been looked for. Mouthpart characteristics were not widely described, but may be useful for generic definition, especially the clavate vs slenderer shape of the mandibular palp and the presence/absence of a long apical seta on the maxilla 1 inner plate. Excluded but uncertain generic status. Ischyrocerus kapu J.L. Barnard, 1970 from Hawaii. The author based the generic assignment on a single male specimen. He noted its resemblance to N. lilipuna but also considered that it should be in a new genus. On balance, though, he assigned it to Ischyrocerus but noted that this was based on limited information because the specimen lacked antennae and pereopods and the female was also unknown. The male’s gnathopod 2 is unusual in having a long conical extension of the merus underneath the propodus, a feature that is not known for either Ischyrocerus or Neoischyrocerus. Myers (1995) stated that I. kapu is congeneric with other species being transferred to Neoischyrocerus. The male’s propodus is wider than in other members of Neoischyrocerus, but its uropod 3 resembles other species of Neoischyrocerus rather than Ischyrocerus. Further material demonstrating the species’ complete morphology is required before it can be confidently transferred to Neoischyrocerus or to a new genus. Genus Ischyrocerus n. comb. Supplementary Table S4 Type species. Ischyrocerus anguipes Krøyer, 1838 Diagnosis (with differences from Neoischyrocerus in bold). Body length at maturity 2–18 mm, though most species are> 5 mm long at adulthood. Primarily known from the Northern Hemisphere in cold temperate to polar waters from 32°N (La Jolla, California; J.L. Barnard 1969) to 81°N in the Arctic Ocean (Stephensen 1944), collected from algae, hydroids, crabs or substrate unknown, 1 to ~ 2000 m. Widely known in Europe but not in the Southern Hemisphere, although one species was found at 42°S off of Chile (J.L. Barnard 1964). Pereon: dorsally smooth (most species), ridged or carinate (some species). Antenna 1: accessory flagellum 2 articles (second minute), flush with the flagellum or rarely projecting forward; antenna 2 peduncle article 4, 115–170% wider than antenna 1 peduncle article 2 (or rarely equal width), setae and setal pattern similar to antenna 1 or setae shorter, occasionally plumose. Gnathopod 2, adult male: 100–220% the length of gnathopod 1, basis usually not especially elongate, propodus elongate and slender or short and broad (rarely similar to gnathopod 1); coxa 1 70–140% the depth of coxa 2; basis concave or straight; ischium anteriorly rounded or straight; propodus variably shaped, slender or broad (posterior length 120–290% of central width), palm only on the distal portion of the propodus or nearly the full length of the propodus, without a bulge or tooth defining it proximally at the junction of the carpus, palm variously toothed; dactyl 33–75% the length of the propodus. Gnathopod 2, juvenile male: shorter than the adult male gnathopod 2, palm bearing 1–2 strong spines about midway along the length of the propodus, dactyl ending at the spines. Gnathopod 2, female: only slightly larger than gnathopod 1, palm of the propodus convex or concave. Pereopods 3 and 4: propodus, posterior margin bearing setae but not spines; c oxa 4, posterior margin straight to shallowly concave. Pereopod 5, male: similar to but shorter than pereopods 6 and 7 or basis posteriorly concave; merus not differing. Uropod 1: peduncle with short ventrodistal spinous process underlying the rami, length ~25–50% of the outer ramus length. Uropod 3: peduncle bearing 0–2 rows of spines dorsally, ending in a corona of spines at the distal margin (rarely a single seta or single spine); rami with 0–1 spines (outer), 0–4 spines (inner), outer ramus subequal to a third shorter than the inner and bearing 0–9 cusps, occasionally with 1–2 apical spines that are straight or dorsally recurved. Component species. Ischyrocerus anguipes Krøyer, 1838 (N. Europe and Arctic Ocean); I. latipes Krøyer, 1842 (Arctic Ocean); I. minutus Liljeborg, 1851 (N. Europe); I. megacheir (Boeck, 1871) (40°N– 80°N, Atlantic to Arctic Ocean); I. brevicornis (Sars, 1879) (E. Greenland, Arctic Ocean); I. tuberculatus (Hoek, 1882) (Barents Sea, 71°N– 77°N); I. tenuicornis (Sars, 1885) (N. Europe); I. nanoides (Hansen, 1887) (Arctic, Baffin Bay and W Greenland, 61°N – 81°N); I. megalops Sars, 1894 (N. Europe); I. commensalis Chevreux, 1900 (E. Atlantic Canada and Saguenay Fjord); I. brusilovi Gurjanova, 1933 (Russian waters); I. enigmaticus Gurjanova, 1934 (Kara Sea, 78°58ʹN); I. cristatus Gurjanova, 1938 (Sea of Japan); I. elongatus Gurjanova, 1938 (Sea of Japan); I. rhodomelae Gurjanova, 1938 (Sea of Japan); I. serratus Gurjanova, 1938 (Sea of Japan); I. hanseni Stephensen, 1944 (64°N, between Iceland and Greenland); I. albanovi Gurjanova, 1946 (Arctic Ocean); I. laptevi Gurjanova, 1946 (Arctic Ocean); I. chamissoi Gurjanova, 1951 (Russian waters); I. dezhnevi Gurjanova, 1951 (Russian waters); I. krascheninnikovi Gurjanova, 1951 (Russian waters); I. stephenseni Gurjanova, 1951 (Russian waters); I. pelagops J.L. Barnard, 1962 (California); I. hortator J.L. Barnard, 1964 (off Chile); I. malacus J.L. Barnard, 1964 (California); I. gurjanovae Kudrjaschov, 1975 (Kurile Islands); I. tzvetkovae Kudrjaschov, 1975 (Kurile Islands); I. fractus King & Holmes, 2004 (Ireland). Remarks. Species were retained in Ischyrocerus if they lacked the key characters noted above for Neoischyrocerus in the appearance of the male gnathopod 2, pereopod dactyls or uropod 3 spination pattern. Ischyrocerus fractus is the only species known in this genus where the male’s gnathopod 2 propodus is very little different from the female’s. It is also the smallest known at adulthood for this genus (2 mm). Excluded, but uncertain generic status. Ischyrocerus camptonyx Thurston, 1974b from subantarctic Signy Island is not Ischyrocerus. It is possibly an undescribed species of Jassa or synonymous with J. alonsoae, in which case Thurston’s name would take precedence. Jassa thurstoni Conlan, 1990 (called J. falcata form 2 by Thurston) and Pleojassa moorei n. sp. (called J. falcata form 3) are also known from Thurston’s collections there. For I. camptonyx, hallmarks of the genus Jassa, rather than Ischyrocerus are the spines at the tip of the antenna 2, the sinuous palmed gnathopod 2, the strong overlap of the merus over the carpus on pereopods 3 and 4, the typical Jassa -like uropod 3 with long peduncle lacking mid-dorsal spines (but with a corona of spines around the distal margin), a lateral setal brush and the strong hooked spines at the tip of the outer ramus, and the telson with a long seta at each corner rather than a spine. However, Thurston describes the uropod outer ramus “with three stout hooked spines dorsally near apex and a minute comb with five-six teeth laterally”, which does not correspond to his illustration and are not Jassa -like. Possibly, though, his description could be interpreted differently. One of the three spines may be the apically immersed, dorsally recurved spine typical of Jassa, the other two spines are cusps, and the five–six teeth are minute dorsal cusps proximal to the two large ones. If so, then this also speaks of I. camptonyx as being a Jassa, either its own species or synonymous with J. alonsoae. It is not a Pleojassa, even though the male’s second-gnathopod resembles that of P. moorei, because this genus lacks a gill on gnathopod 2 while I. camptonyx possesses one. Thurston considered that the few males available for study were juvenile because they all lacked a thumb as in Jassa. However, some of these specimens were larger than the adult, ovigerous females. The female allotype was 4.5 mm and the male holotype was 5.5 mm. This suggests that the male holotype is actually an adult that will not produce a thumb, in which case it is not Jassa. Therefore, until the range of variation can be assessed in Thurston’s specimens, this species should remain in Ischyrocerus with a question as to its proper generic placement. Uncertain status of Ischyrocerus anguipes in the Southern Hemisphere. Sars’ (1894) excellent illustrations of I. anguipes may have resulted in some mis-identifications by early workers in the Southern Hemisphere. Alternatively, their identifications were correct and I. anguipes was being introduced by shipping if the specimens came from ports. K.H. Barnard’s (1916) “ I. anguipes ” could have been a species of Neoischyrocerus, however, as the specimens were 3 mm and the male’s second gnathopod propodus was 3.5 x longer than wide with the dactyl nearly the full length of the propodus, which is typical of adult male Neoischyrocerus. Schellenberg’s (1953) “ I. anguipes ” from L̹deritzbucht, Namibia was a 4.8 mm male which he stated differed from K.H. Barnard’s (1916) “ I. anguipes ” in its gnathopod 2 morphology. “The metacarpus of the 2nd gnathopod is shaped in the same way but stronger and exhibits a spination like on the first gnathopod. The palm is evenly finely corrugated (or: “wavy”) along its almost entire length.” (Der fast gleich geformte, aber stärkere Metacarpus des 2. Gnathopoden zeigt die Bestachelung wie am 1. Gnathopoden. Die Palma ist fast in ihrer ganzen Länge gleichmässig fein gewellt.) (translated from German to English by Jan Beermann, Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany). The similarly shaped gnathopods 1 and 2 suggest that this specimen was a female or juvenile, or an adult male of a different species, as adult male I. anguipes have a gnathopod 2 that is more than twice the length of gnathopod 1, with a concave, rather than convex palm. Schellenberg illustrated the uropod 3 outer ramus as 5-cusped, terminating in a basally immersed, dorsally recurved spine similar to Jassa. The corona of spines at the peduncle’s distal margin is typical of Ischyrocerus and Jassa. “ I. anguipes ” captured off the coast of Ceylon in ~ 150 m depth were briefly described by Walker (1904) but not illustrated. One male and one ovigerous female were 2.5 mm long. The male’s gnathopod 2 was similar to that of I. anguipes, but this could also be Neoischyrocerus which has similarly shaped, though more pendulous second gnathopods with the dactyl in the largest males nearly the full length of the propodus. Chilton (1921) described “ I anguipes ” from Lyttelton, New Zealand which were up to 6 mm long, saying that they closely resembled Sars’ (1894) illustrations of that species. His description was minimal, however, and he provided no illustrations. Genus Neoischyrocerus n. comb. Supplementary Table S3 Type species. N. claustris J.L. Barnard, 1969 Diagnosis. (with differences from Ischyrocerus in bold). Body length at maturity 1–2 mm (usually), rarely 4–6 mm. Tropical and warm temperate distribution, collected from algae, sponges, corals or from a spiny lobster, 0–16 m, 9– 40°N and 5– 34°S. Pereon: dorsally smooth (most species), ridged or carinate (some species). Antenna 1: accessory flagellum 2 articles (second minute), projecting forward or flush with the flagellum; antennae 1 and 2 peduncles subequal in width or antenna 2, 10% wider (based on comparison of antenna 1 peduncle article 2 with antenna 2 peduncle article 4), peduncular setae and setal pattern similar to antenna 1, or slightly shorter, not plumose. Gnathopod 2, adult male: 190–350% the length of gnathopod 1, basis and propodus especially elongate; coxa 1, 60–110% the depth of coxa 2; basis concave or sinuous; ischium anteriorly rounded; propodus often slender (posterior length 180–400% of central width), palm nearly the full length of the propodus, often with a bulge or tooth defining it proximally at the junction of the carpus (sometimes palm continuous with the carpus), sometimes centrally toothed instead and with shallow bulge or teeth at the junction of the dactyl; dactyl half or nearly the full length of the propodus. Gnathopod 2, juvenile male: shorter than the adult male gnathopod 2, palm bearing 1–2 strong spines about midway along the length of the propodus, dactyl ending at the spines. Gnathopod 2, female: only slightly larger than gnathopod 1, palm of the propodus convex (usually) or shallowly concave (rarely). Pereopods 3 and 4: propodus, posterior margin bearing spines or setae; coxa 4, posterior margin straight, not shallowly concave. Pereopod 5, male: similar to but shorter than pereopods 6 and 7 or variously modified with posteriorly concave basis or po
Management of classical swine fever and foot-and-mouth disease in Lao PDR : proceedings of an international workshop held in Vientiane, Lao PDR, 20-21 November 2006
No full textAnti-forensics: Furthering digital forensic science through a new extended, granular taxonomy
Get PDFAbstractAnti-forensic tools, techniques and methods are becoming a formidable obstacle for the digital forensic community. Thus, new research initiatives and strategies must be formulated to address this growing problem. In this work we first collect and categorize 308 anti-digital forensic tools to survey the field. We then devise an extended anti-forensic taxonomy to the one proposed by Rogers (2006) in order to create a more comprehensive taxonomy and facilitate linguistic standardization. Our work also takes into consideration anti-forensic activity which utilizes tools that were not originally designed for anti-forensic purposes, but can still be used with malicious intent. This category was labeled as Possible indications of anti-forensic activity, as certain software, scenarios, and digital artifacts could indicate anti-forensic activity on a system. We also publicly share our data sets, which includes categorical data on 308 collected anti-forensic tools, as well as 2780 unique hash values related to the installation files of 191 publicly available anti-forensic tools. As part of our analysis, the collected hash set was ran against the National Institute of Standards and Technology's 2016 National Software Reference Library, and only 423 matches were found out of the 2780 hashes. Our findings indicate a need for future endeavors in creating and maintaining exhaustive anti-forensic hash data sets
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