77,000 research outputs found
The vanishing author in computer-generated works: a critical analysis of recent Australian case law
No full textAbstract
The use of software is ubiquitous in the creation of many copyright works, yet the requirement in copyright law that every work have a human author who engages in independent intellectual effort means that its use may prevent copyright subsistence. Several recent Australian cases have refocused attention on authorship as an essential criterion of copyright subsistence, and these cases suggest that much computer-produced output may be authorless and thus lack copyright protection. This article, the first in a two-part series, analyses how each case deals with the question of authorship of computer-produced works and why the use of software diminishes copyright protection for a significant number of computer-generated works. The article critiques the application of conventional notions of human authorship developed in the pre-computer age to modern productions and suggests alternative approaches to authorship that satisfy both the major objectives of copyright policy and the need to adapt to the computer age. The article argues that, without a broader judicial approach to authorship of computer-generated works, Parliament must remedy the lacuna in protection for these ‘authorless’ works. Possible solutions for reform are suggested. In a forthcoming article, the author comprehensively examines those reform proposals
Measurement of the CP-violating phase phi(s) in (B)over-bar(s)(0) -> J / psi pi(+)pi(-) decays
No full textThe mixing-induced CP -violating phase ϕs in View the MathML source and View the MathML source decays is measured using the J/ψπ+π− final state in data, taken from 3 fb−1 of integrated luminosity, collected with the LHCb detector in 7 and 8 TeV centre-of-mass pp collisions at the LHC. A time-dependent flavour-tagged amplitude analysis, allowing for direct CP violation, yields a value for the phase ϕs=70±68±8 mrad. This result is consistent with the Standard Model expectation and previous measurements
Reduced dimensionality spin-orbit dynamics of CH3 + HCl reversible arrow CH4 Cl on ab initio surfaces
No full textA reduced dimensionality quantum scattering method is extended to the study of spin-orbit nonadiabatic transitions in the CH3 + HCl reversible arrow CH4 + Cl(P-2(J)) reaction. Three two-dimensional potential energy surfaces are developed by fitting a 29 parameter double-Morse function to CCSD(T)/IB//MP2/cc-pV(T+d)Z-dk ab initio data; interaction between surfaces is described by geometry-dependent spin-orbit coupling functions fit to MCSCF/cc-pV(T+d)Z-dk ab initio data. Spectator modes are treated adiabatically via inclusion of curvilinear projected frequencies. The total scattering wave function is expanded in a vibronic basis set and close-coupled equations are solved via R-matrix propagation. Ground state thermal rate constants for forward and reverse reactions agree well with experiment. Multi-surface reaction probabilities, integral cross sections, and initial-state selected branching ratios all highlight the importance of vibrational energy in mediating nonadiabatic transition. Electronically excited state dynamics are seen to play a small but significant role as consistent with experimental conclusions. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3592732]</p
Ab initio simulations of iron-nickel alloys at Earth's core conditions
No full textWe report ab initio density functional theory calculations on iron–nickel (FeNi) alloys at conditions representative of the Earth's inner core. We test different concentrations of Ni, up to ∼39 wt% using ab initio lattice dynamics, and investigate the thermodynamic and vibrational stability of the three candidate crystal structures (bcc, hcp and fcc). First of all, at inner core pressures, we find that pure Fe transforms from the hcp to the fcc phase at around 6000 K. Secondly, in agreement with low pressure experiments on Fe–Ni alloys, we find the fcc structure is stabilised by the incorporation of Ni under core pressures and temperatures. Our results show that the fcc structure may, therefore, be stable under core conditions depending on the temperature in the inner core and the Ni content. Lastly, we find that within the quasi-harmonic approximation, there is no stability field for FeNi alloys in the bcc structure under core conditions
Autocrine induction of tumor protease production and invasion by a metallothionein-regulated TGF-beta 1 (Ser223, 225).
No full textAn expression vector was constructed in which TGF-beta-1 was placed under the control of the metallothionein promoter. Cys223 and Cys225 in the TGF-beta-1 propeptide were converted to serines, mutations which result in dissociation of the pro-peptide and secretion of bioactive TGF-beta-1 [Brunner,A.M., Marquardt,H., Malacko,A.R., Lioubin,M.N. and Purchio,A.F. (1989) J. Biol. Chem., 264, 13660-13664]. A fibrosarcoma was transfected with this plasmid and a clone (17.18) was selected in which TGF-beta-1 mRNA was able to be induced six-fold following zinc sulphate treatment. These cells increased the secretion of bioactive TGF-beta-1 14-fold and exhibited a coincidental increase in jun-B mRNA expression, suggesting that secreted TGF-beta-1 was acting to induce this early response gene by autocrine activation. Following zinc sulphate induction, the tumor cells became progressively more motile and able to invade collagen gels. In contrast to parental tumor not bearing the TGF-beta-1 expression vector, zinc sulphate stimulation of clone 17.18 enhanced collagenase IV and procathepsin L mRNA levels and enhanced the secretion of many collagenolytic proteases into the medium. Since the action of TGF-beta generally decreases proteolysis by suppression of protease transcription, we compared the response of normal parental fibroblasts to ras-transformed fibrosarcomas and confirmed that TGF-beta could greatly enhance collagenase IV and procathepsin L mRNA levels while having little effect on non-transformed fibroblasts. These experiments indicate that induction of TGF-beta secretion can enhance motility and protease production through autocrine activation, thus increasing the invasion potential of fibrosarcomas.PT: J; CR: ANZANO MA, 1985, MOL CELL BIOL, V5, P242 BARNARD JA, 1990, BIOCHIM BIOPHYS ACTA, V1032, P79 BERNHARD EJ, 1990, CANCER RES, V50, P3872 BRUNNER AM, 1989, J BIOL CHEM, V264, P13660 CHOMCZYNSKI P, 1987, ANAL BIOCHEM, V162, P156 COFFEY RJ, 1987, CANCER RES, V47, P4590 DANIELPOUR D, 1989, J CELL PHYSIOL, V138, P79 DERYNCK R, 1987, CANCER RES, V47, P707 EDWARDS DR, 1987, EMBO J, V6, P1889 EGAN SE, 1987, MOL CELL BIOL, V7, P830 FELGNER PL, 1987, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V84, P7413 GARBISA S, 1987, CANCER RES, V47, P1523 GENTRY LE, 1988, MOL CELL BIOL, V8, P4162 HEUSSEN C, 1980, ANAL BIOCHEM, V102, P196 KIM SJ, 1989, J BIOL CHEM, V264, P402 KIM SJ, 1989, J BIOL CHEM, V264, P7041 LAIHO M, 1986, J CELL BIOL 1, V103, P2403 LAIHO M, 1987, J BIOL CHEM, V262, P17467 LAWRENCE D, 1985, BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO, V133, P1026 LIOTTA LA, 1988, CANCER SURV, V7, P631 LIOTTA LA, 1990, CANCER METAST REV, V9, P285 LIOTTA LA, 1991, CELL, V64, P327 LYONS RM, 1988, J CELL BIOL, V106, P1659 MASON RW, 1987, BIOCHEM J, V248, P449 MASSAGUE J, 1990, ANNU REV CELL BIOL, V6, P597 MATRISIAN LM, 1986, MOL CELL BIOL, V6, P1679 MATRISIAN LM, 1986, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V83, P9413 MCDONNELL SE, 1990, MOL CELL BIOL, V10, P4284 NATHAN C, 1991, J CELL BIOL, V113, P981 OSTROWSKI LE, 1988, MOL CARCINOGEN, V1, P13 PERTOVAARA L, 1989, MOL CELL BIOL, V9, P1255 POSTLETHWAITE AE, 1987, J EXP MED, V165, P251 ROBERTS AB, 1988, BRIT J CANCER, V57, P594 ROBERTS AB, 1989, PEPTIDE GROWTH FACTO ROBERTS AB, 1990, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V327, P145 SATO Y, 1989, J CELL BIOL, V109, P309 SCHOR SL, 1982, INT J CANCER, V29, P57 SCHWARZ LC, 1988, CANCER RES, V48, P6999 SCHWARZ LC, 1990, GROWTH FACTORS, V3, P115 SHIELDS JM, 1984, IMMUNOLOGY, V51, P259 SLOANE BF, 1986, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V83, P2483 SPORN MB, 1985, NATURE, V313, P745 STETLERSTEVENSO.WG, 1990, CANCER METAST REV, V9, P289 STETLERSTEVENSO.WG, 1990, J BIOL CHEM, V265, P13933 WAHL SM, 1987, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V84, P5788 WAKEFIELD LM, 1988, J BIOL CHEM, V263, P7646 WEIDNER KM, 1990, J CELL BIOL, V111, P2097 WELCH DR, 1990, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V87, P7678 WILHELM SM, 1989, J BIOL CHEM, V264, P17213; NR: 49; TC: 113; J9: EMBO J; PG: 7; GA: HM836Source type: Electronic(1
Ab initio pair potentials at metal-ceramic interfaces
No full textA systematic approach is proposed to obtain the interfacial interatomic potentials. By inverting ab initio adhesive energy curves for the metal-MgO ceramic interfaces, We derive interfacial potentials between Ag and O2-, Ag and Mg2+, Al and O2-, Al and Mg2+. The interfacial potentials, obtained from this method, demonstrate general features of bondings between metal atoms and ceramic ions
Nicolai Myleri ab Ehrenbach/ ICti Celeberrimi Opera Iuridico-Politica, Sive Heptas Tractatuum De Iure Statuum Publico Imperii Romano-Germanici
No full textDie auf dem Haupttbl. angegeben Werke sind im Exemplar der ULB Halle ab II. aus einem Zeitraum von 1706-1723 angebunde
Workshop report. Linear-Scaling Ab Initio Calculations: Applications and Future Directions
No full textThe study of properties and of processes in materials, frequently hinges upon understanding phenomena which originate at the atomic level. In such cases the accurate description of the interactions between large numbers of atoms is critical and in turn requires the accurate description of the electrons which play a crucial role in the bonding of atoms into molecules, surfaces and solids. This can only be achieved by solving the equations of quantum mechanics. These
equations are too complicated to solve exactly; however their solutions can be approximated by computational techniques. The most accurate ? but also most computationally demanding ? are the “ab initio” techniques which do not use any empirical adjustable parameters. Amongst them, the Density Functional Theory (DFT) formulation of quantum mechanics stands out as an excellent compromise between accuracy and computational efficiency. However, the applicability of ab initio techniques is severely limited by poor scaling: the computational effort needed to perform an ab initio calculation increases with (at least) the third power of the number of atoms, N. This cubic-scaling bottleneck limits the number of atoms we can study to a few hundred at most, even on parallel supercomputers. To overcome this length-scale limitation, a number of researchers worldwide have been pioneering the development of a novel class of ab initio methods with linear-scaling or “Order N” (O(N)) computational cost which nevertheless retain the same high level of accuracy as the conventional approaches. While physically motivated, such methods have proved particularly hard to develop as they introduce highly non-trivial localisation constraints. Nevertheless, many major obstacles have been overcome and a number of O(N)
methods (SIESTA, CONQUEST, ONETEP, etc.) for ground state DFT calculations on systems with a gap (e.g. molecules, semiconductors and insulators) are now available and have reached a state of maturity that allows them to be used to study ”real” materials. The particular focus of this workshop is therefore to look forward to what can be achieved in the next few years. Our aim is twofold: (1) As O(N) methods are currently extending the applicability of DFT calculations
to problems involving biomolecules and nanostructures they are leading to completely new levels of understanding of these systems. This CECAM meeting will give us the opportunity to make an appraisal of such large-scale simulations and their potential to connect more directly to experiments. (2) We also want to examine the options for extending linear-scaling to problems that cannot be treated by ground-state DFT but require other, more complex approaches. These include methods for treating metallic systems, excited states and wavefunction-based theories for including electronic correlation. Finding ways to transform these methods to linear-scaling
cost, and hence extent their applicability to the nano-scale, is the next big challenge that the community of developers of large-scale electronic structure methods is beginning to face. We
hope that this workshop will stimulate these major new O(N) methodological developments by bringing together the leading groups in the development of O(N) DFT methods with the leading
groups in the development of metal and excited-state or wavefunction-based methods. Strong emphasis during the workshop will be given to discussion in order to promote the exchange
of ideas between different communities (Physics, Chemistry, Materials Science, Biochemistry) which are all interested in large-scale applications with ab initio accuracy but are approaching
them from different perspectives
Letter from Ab Jenkins to Mr. J. A. Baker, August 30, 1934.
No full textPhoto of a letter from Ab Jenkins to Mr. J. A. Baker of the Baker Motor Company, August 30, 1934, describing his reason for choosing a Ford V8 automobile as his family ca
Ab interno trabeculectomy: patient selection and perspectives
No full textKateki Vinod, Steven J Gedde Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA Abstract: Ab interno trabeculectomy is one among several recently introduced minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries that avoid a conjunctival incision and full-thickness sclerostomy involved in traditional glaucoma surgery. Ablation of the trabecular meshwork and inner wall of Schlemm’s canal is performed in an arcuate fashion via a clear corneal incision, alone or in combination with phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Intraocular pressure reduction following ab interno trabeculectomy is limited by resistance in distal outflow pathways and generally stabilizes in the mid-to-high teens. Relief of medication burden has been demonstrated by some studies. A very low rate of complications, most commonly transient hyphema and intraocular pressure elevations in the immediate postoperative period, have been reported. However, available data are derived from small retrospective and prospective case series. Randomized, controlled trials are needed to better elucidate the potential merits of ab interno trabeculectomy in the combined setting versus phacoemulsification cataract surgery alone and to compare it with other minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries. Keywords: ab interno trabeculectomy, glaucoma, intraocular pressure, minimally invasive glaucoma surgery, surgical outcome
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