421 research outputs found
Le vocabulaire caractéristique du Premier ministre du Québec J. Charest comparé à ses prédécesseurs.
No full textHow to measure the singularities of the vocabulary of an author? We answer with the help of an example: the speeches of Jean Charest (Premier of Quebec since 2003). In order to minimize the influence of the context of enunciation, we use a reference corpus containing the speeches by his predecessors (the prime ministers of Quebec since the early twentieth century). The calculation of the specific vocabulary is presented, several improvements are proposed. In addition to the characteristics of speeches by J. Charest, this experience shows that the more a word is used, the more likely it is to be caracteristic.Comment mesurer les singularités du vocabulaire d'un locuteur ? On répond à l'aide d'un exemple : les discours de Jean Charest (Premier ministre du Québec depuis 2003). Pour minimiser l'influence du contexte de l'énonciation, on utilise un corpus de référence contenant les discours émis par ses prédécesseurs (les Premiers ministres du Québec depuis le début du XXe siècle). Le calcul du vocabulaire spécifique est rappelé, plusieurs améliorations sont proposées. Outre les caractéristiques des discours de J. Charest, l'expérience montre que plus un vocable est employé, plus il a de chances d'être caractéristique
J. F. Récher, curé. Quittance à Charest pour le service anniversaire de Madame de Lanaudière.
No full text1 pag
Domestic lighting
No full textLighting is one of the determinants of quality of life. In most developing countries, households spend a considerable part of their cash income on modern fuels to meet their lighting needs. The average amount of fuel consumed for lighting is much higher in villages without electricity than in villages with it; moreover, people with non-electric light have much lower lighting levels than people with electric lights. Why then do people use non-electric lighting when electricity is available? Mainly because they fit well with poor family spending patterns. The initial cost and per month cost of a wick lamp are low, and kerosene can be bought in small quantities as needed. Households with electricity are accustomed to much higher levels of light, for which they have to finance a connection charge, installation cost and for which they pay more for regular use. It is found that houses with electric lighting typically have lighting in every room, whereas non-electric users tend to use only one lamp for the whole house. Although both kinds of lamp give light, they are not directly comparable; it takes 18 kerosene lamps to give off the light of a single 60 watt incandescent bulb.Energy and Poverty Alleviation,Energy and Environment,Renewable Energy,Energy Demand,Engineering
Global occurrence of Torque teno virus in water systems
No full textBacterial indicator organisms are used globally to assess the microbiological safety of waters. However, waterborne viral outbreaks have occurred in drinking water systems despite negative bacterial results. Using viral markers may therefore provide more accurate health risk assessment data. In this study, fecal, wastewater, stormwater, surface water (fresh and salt), groundwater, and drinking water samples were analyzed for the presence or concentration of traditional indicators, innovative indicators and viral markers. Samples were obtained in the United States, Italy, and Australia and results compared to those reported for studies conducted in Asia and South America as well. Indicators included total coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci, male-specific coliphages, somatic coliphages and microviradae. Viral markers included adenovirus, polyomavirus, and a potential new surrogate, Torque teno virus (TTV). TTV was more frequently found in wastewaters (38-100%) and waters influenced by waste discharges (25%) than in surface waters used as drinking water sources (5%). TTV was also specific to human rather than animal feces. While TTV numbers were strongly correlated to other viral markers in wastewaters, suggesting its utility as a fecal contamination marker, data limitations and TTV presence in treated drinking waters demonstrates that additional research is needed on this potential viral indicator
Generation of 3D functional microvascular networks with human mesenchymal stem cells in microfluidic systems
No full textLa dévolution des programmes de main-d’œuvre et l'efficacité des services publics d'emploi: le point de vue des agents d'aide à l'emploi
No full textNuméro de référence interne originel : a1.4 g 37
A microfluidic 3D in vitro model for specificity of breast cancer metastasis to bone
No full textCancer metastases arise following extravasation of circulating tumor cells with certain tumors exhibiting high organ specificity. Here, we developed a 3D microfluidic model to analyze the specificity of human breast cancer metastases to bone, recreating a vascularized osteo-cell conditioned microenvironment with human osteo-differentiated bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial cells. The tri-culture system allowed us to study the transendothelial migration of highly metastatic breast cancer cells and to monitor their behavior within the bone-like matrix. Extravasation, quantified 24 h after cancer cell injection, was significantly higher in the osteo-cell conditioned microenvironment compared to collagen gel-only matrices (77.5 ± 3.7% vs. 37.6 ± 7.3%), and the migration distance was also significantly greater (50.8 ± 6.2 μm vs. 31.8 ± 5.0 μm). Extravasated cells proliferated to form micrometastases of various sizes containing 4 to more than 60 cells by day 5. We demonstrated that the breast cancer cell receptor CXCR2 and the bone-secreted chemokine CXCL5 play a major role in the extravasation process, influencing extravasation rate and traveled distance. Our study provides novel 3D in vitro quantitative data on extravasation and micrometastasis generation of breast cancer cells within a bone-like microenvironment and demonstrates the potential value of microfluidic systems to better understand cancer biology and screen for new therapeutics.National Cancer Institute (U.S.) (R33 CA174550-01)National Cancer Institute (U.S.) (R21 CA140096)Italian Ministry of Health (Fellowship)Fondazione Fratelli Agostino and Enrico Rocca (Progetto Rocca Doctoral Fellowship)Repligen Corporation (Fellowship in Cancer Research)Charles Stark Draper Laboratory (Fellowship)National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF (2012-022481)Korean Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) (20124010203250
Inuit du Labrador canadien au milieu du siècle dernier et leurs descendants de la Basse-Côte-Nord
No full text- …
