22 research outputs found
Examination of the host response in brain tissue during herpes simplex virus encephalitis
No full textBackground: Herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSVE) continues to be one of the most devastating infections of the central nervous system (CNS) despite effective antiviral treatment. The pathogenesis of the disease has not been completely studied, and little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying cellular death and tissue damage. Better understanding of the HSVE pathogenesis is required to develop better treatment and reduce of patients’ morbidity and mortality.
Method: Post-mortem brain tissue from adult HSVE (n=3) and road traffic accident (RTA; n=5) cases were examined to characterise the neuropathological changes, immune activation and infiltration of the inflammatory cells, and changes in transcript abundance during herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection. Patients with HIV encephalitis (n=3) provided further control tissue.
Results: There was extensive neuropathological change and widespread necrosis in temporal and frontal regions of the brain among the HSVE cases. CNS cells showed characteristic signs of lytic damage. Infection was associated with microglial activation and infiltration by macrophages and lymphocytes. Genome-wide gene-expression micro-array analysis of the brain tissue demonstrated 287 host transcripts with significantly lower abundance in HSVE compared to RTA cases. Mitochondrial DNA encoded transcripts were significantly over-represented in the set of low abundant transcripts (
Stylistics of Syntactic Layer in the Story of Samak-e Ayyar
No full textIn stylistics, surface structures are very important. The surface structure that the author chooses from possible surface structures to express his view of deep structure causes to produce sub-meanings, resonances, stylistic, and rhetorical devices. Thus, the syntactic structure of a text plays an important role in its style. The story of Samak-e Ayyar is one of the most prominent championship chivalry written in the sixth century. Using the descriptive-analytic method, this study examines the syntactic layer of the tale and its proportion to the theme. The most important features are artistic conciseness; high frequency of verbs in sentences; abundance of short sentences, independent and dependent sentences; the beginning of verbs, displacement part of sentences because of rhetorical motive, the abundance of active and state verbs, and creating active voice, use of prefixed verbs, the emergence of grammatical mood in verbs of sentences, dominant of the indicative mood, rising and falling intonation in speech. Also, linking sentences are a mixture of discrete and coherent styles that give the story some kind of movement and fluency. It can be said that the syntactic structure of this story is proportional to its theme and plays a key role in its conveyance of meaning, clarity, enjoyment, and acceptance
Macrobius' Saturnalia - Book 1 : edition, traduction and commentary
No full textCette thèse porte sur les Saturnales (Saturnalia) de Macrobe, auteur d’expression latine du Ve siècle après J.-C., et plus précisément sur le premier de sept livres qui composent l’ouvrage selon son découpage traditionnel. Elle consiste, d’abord, dans une édition du texte sur la base de quatorze manuscrits : une introduction codicologique en pose les principes, le texte est accompagné d’un apparat positif et les choix éditoriaux sont discutés en notes ; est également proposée une traduction nouvelle qui intègre les apports de celles, en français, de H. Bornecque (1937) et de Ch. Guittard (1997), ainsi que des traductions en langue étrangère et des recherches menées depuis sur les Saturnales, notamment par B. Goldlust sur la poétique de l’œuvre ; cette thèse présente enfin une synthèse raisonnée des remarques formulées par les précédents éditeurs, traducteurs, annotateurs et critiques des Saturnales, accompagné d’une annotation inédite portant sur la dimension astronomique de l’ouvrage. Ainsi, nous nous sommes employé, dans la partie de notre thèse consacrée au commentaire de l’ouvrage, à élucider, à la lumière de Commentaire sur le Songe de Scipion ainsi que des textes astrologiques et astronomiques de l’Antiquité, les références cosmologiques que convoque Macrobe dans des développements portant principalement sur des questions calendaires ou religieuses, pour ainsi dire en passant, ainsi qu’à éclairer tout l’implicite du vocabulaire spécialisé, quoique parfois faussement familier, que l’auteur emploie dans son ouvrage.This thesis concerns the Saturnalia (Saturnalia) of Macrobius, a author of Latin language from the 5th century AD, and more precisely on the first of seven books which compose the work according to its traditional division. It consists, first, of an edition of the text on the basis of fourteen manuscripts: a codicological introduction sets out the principles, the text is accompanied by a positive appearance and the editorial choices are discussed in notes; a new translation is also proposed which integrates the contributions of those, in French, of H. Bornecque (1937) and Ch. Guittard (1997), as well as translations into foreign languages and research carried out since on the Saturnalia, in particular by B. Goldlust on the poetics of the work; this thesis finally presents a reasoned synthesis of the remarks made by the previous editors, translators, annotators and critics of the Saturnalia, accompanied by an original annotation relating to the astronomical dimension of the work. Thus, we have endeavored, in the part of our thesis devoted to the commentary of the work, to elucidate, in the light of Commentary on the Dream of Scipio as well as astrological and astronomical texts from Antiquity, the cosmological references that calls Macrobius into developments relating mainly to calendar or religious questions, so to speak in passing, as well as to clarifying all the implicit specialized vocabulary, although sometimes falsely familiar, that the author uses in his work
Prosper of Aquitaine against John Cassian : Introduction, critical edition and annotated translation of the Liber contra collatorem
No full textLe Liber contra collatorem est un traité composé par Prosper d’Aquitaine en 432-433, qui réfute les positions d’un certain « conférencier », c’est-à-dire l’auteur des Conférences, Jean Cassien. C’est dans cette œuvre que Prosper, défenseur de saint Augustin et de sa doctrine de la grâce, a pu fournir la critique la plus complète des théories propagées par les adversaires provençaux de l’évêque d’Hippone, en s’appuyant exclusivement sur des extraits tirés de la Conl. XIII « Sur la protection de Dieu ».En abordant, dans une première partie, les aspects les plus importants de l’œuvre (finalité du traité, modus operandi, genre littéraire, pratiques polémiques, enjeux théologiques), la présente thèse cherche à défendre l’hypothèse qu’en composant son Liber, Prosper a voulu constituer un dossier à charge suffisamment argumenté pour obtenir de l’évêque de Rome une condamnation officielle de ce que l’on a nommé le « semipélagianisme » et, par là, la reconnaissance de l’autorité de la doctrine augustinienne en matière de grâce. La seconde partie consiste en l’étude de l’ensemble de la tradition manuscrite du traité et des témoignages médiévaux le concernant, qui permet de mettre en évidence une histoire du texte aussi riche que complexe, qui justifie pleinement l’établissement d’une nouvelle édition – la première qui soit critique – de nature à corriger un textus receptus, datant de 1711, qui ne laisse pas d’être par endroits problématique. Cette édition est assortie d’une traduction française et d’une annotation destinée à éclairer les passages les plus importants ou les moins facilement compréhensibles du texte.The Liber contra collatorem is a treatise written in 432-433 by Prosper of Aquitaine, who refutes the positions taken by a certain “lecturer”, by which John Cassian is meant, author of the Conferences. As an advocate of Augustine and of his doctrine of grace, Prosper has provided in this work most fully his criticism of the theories expressed by the bishop of Hippo’s Southern-French opponents. In order to do this, Prosper built only on excerpts from Conference nr. 13, “On the protection of God”. The first part of this thesis addresses the principal aspects of the work: the purpose of the treatise, the modus operandi, the literary genre, polemical practices, and theological issues. In doing so, this thesis defends the hypothesis that Prosper wrote his treatise in order to assemble a sufficiently argued file to obtain an official condemnation by the bishop of Rome of what has been called “Semipelagianism” and thus the recognition of the authority of the Augustinian doctrine of grace. The second part presents a study of the manuscript tradition of the treatise and of its medieval testimonies, which allows unraveling a rich and complex textual history. Hence, a new edition is justified, the first critical one, correcting and replacing the textus receptus dating from 1711, which is problematic at various points. The edition here presented is provided with a French translation and annotated in order to cast light on the most important or les easily comprehensible passages of the text
Recent advancement in isolation, processing, characterization and applications of emerging nanocellulose: A review
No full textThe emergence of nanocellulose from various natural resources as a promising nanomaterial has been gaining interest for a wide range application. Nanocellulose serves as an excellent candidate since it contributes numerous superior properties and functionalities. In this review, details of the three main nanocellulose categorised: cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), cellulose nanofibril (CNF), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) have been described. We focused on the preparation and isolation techniques to produce nanocellulose including alkaline pre-treatment, acid hydrolysis, TEMPO-mediated oxidation, and enzymatic hydrolysis. The surface modification of nanocellulose through esterification, silylation, amidation, phosphorylation, and carboxymethylation to improve the diverse applications has also been reviewed. Some invigorating perspectives on the applications, challenges, and future directions on the relevant issues regarding nanocellulose are also presented
Recent progress of sol-gel coating of pure magnesium in biomedical applications. A review
No full textMagnesium (Mg) has attracted great attention as a possible biomedical implant due to its appropriate mechanical property, good biocompatibility, and lightweight. However, fast and uneven degradation has been a significant problem of pure Mg. The goal of this review was to investigate the current state of the art in the corrosion resistance and load-bearing capacities of osteopromotive biomaterials created by altering Mg surface coating with Hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramics. Initially, the osteopromotive characteristics of magnesium and also the magnesium corrosion behaviour in the human body’s microenvironment were discussed. Following that, the different HA sol-gel coating methods in modifying the surface and corrosion behaviour of Mg were established. It was proposed that the optimal HA coating is about 5 to 6 µm as a corrosion barrier, which may also be improved by heat treatment at temperatures ranging from 300°C to 450°C. Finally, the strategies of HA sol-gel surface modification to improve the apatite formed and their degradation issue to promote healing in orthopaedic high load-bearing skeletal sites were elucidated
The fabrication of titanium alloy biomedical implants using additive manufacturing: a way forward
No full textA biomedical implant is a man-made transplanted device used to replace missing life structures and support damaged biological hard tissue. The primary goal of these structures is to preserve the anatomical fixation of the human body. Currently, advanced titanium alloys occupy almost half of the market share of implant products however, they still pose concerns such as decreasing osteogenesis during application. This paper presents a review of the role of additive manufacturing (AM) in providing innovative methods for fabricating metallic alloys toward Industrial Revolution 4.0. Initially, an overview of biomedical implants is discussed, followed by an examination of the ability of titanium alloys produced using AM methods. Mechanical properties and other issues relating to the functional application of these biomedical implants are promptly discovered. Further, the effect of bone-implant contact between implants and tissues, which can lead to failure, while advanced methods to improve osteointegration through surface modification of the AM fabricated titanium alloys are also scrutinised
Emerging Trends in Nanotechnology: Aerogel-Based Materials for Biomedical Applications
No full textAt present, aerogel is one of the most interesting materials globally. The network of aerogel consists of pores with nanometer widths, which leads to a variety of functional properties and broad applications. Aerogel is categorized as inorganic, organic, carbon, and biopolymers, and can be modified by the addition of advanced materials and nanofillers. Herein, this review critically discusses the basic preparation of aerogel from the sol–gel reaction with derivation and modification of a standard method to produce various aerogels for diverse functionalities. In addition, the biocompatibility of various types of aerogels were elaborated. Then, biomedical applications of aerogel were focused on this review as a drug delivery carrier, wound healing agent, antioxidant, anti-toxicity, bone regenerative, cartilage tissue activities and in dental fields. The clinical status of aerogel in the biomedical sector is shown to be similarly far from adequate. Moreover, due to their remarkable properties, aerogels are found to be preferably used as tissue scaffolds and drug delivery systems. The advanced studies in areas including self-healing, additive manufacturing (AM) technology, toxicity, and fluorescent-based aerogel are crucially important and are further addressed
Constellation of memory: about "Nostalgia de la Luz" [2010] and "El Botón de Nácar" [2015] by Patricio Guzmán
No full text"Nostalgia de la Luz" [2010] y "El Botón de Nácar" [2015] son parte de una trilogía a cargo del documentalista chileno Patricio Guzmán. En estas dos películas el autor se propone una reflexión sobre la memoria histórica y política de Chile. Lo singular de su propuesta son los elementos aparentemente disímiles que participan del diálogo. Es así como los pueblos originarios del sur de Chile y los desaparecidos de la dictadura de Pinochet se urden en un entramado con el desierto de Atacama, la astronomía, las mujeres buscadoras de Calama, el agua y los botones de nácar, entre otros hilos de la historia. El resultado es un tejido del tiempo, una posible relación con este, con todo aquello que implica pensarlo –historia, ciencia, ética, territorios, relaciones– o como pensamiento de lo impensable. ¿Qué elementos traman las imágenes de lo real que Guzmán propone? ¿Cuál es la potencia de estas imágenes? Si pensamos en ellas cual vórtice que interrumpe el flujo de la corriente de las imágenes‐movimiento, ¿hacia dónde rota nuestro lazo con el mundo?, ¿qué nos depara creer con lo impensable?, ¿qué implica imaginar el caos? Para ensayar algunas respuestas posibles y de este modo dar cuenta de ciertos aspectos del problema de lo real en el documental contemporáneo, me propongo el análisis de estos dos films en función de tres vértices: 1) la creencia, 2) la imaginación y 3) el tiempo, considerando que estos trazan una cartografía de la memoria que los dos films de Guzmán visibilizan.·Nostalgia de la Luz· [2010] and ·El Boton de nacar· [2015] are part of a trilogy made by the documentalist Patricio Guzman. In these two films the author proposes a reflection on Chile's historical and political memory. The singular of his proposal are the apparently dissimilar elements that participate in the dialogue. This is how the indigenous peoples of southern Chile and the disappeared of the Pinochet dictatorship get involved in the same plot with the Atacama Desert, astronomy, women seeking Calama, water and mother-of-pearl buttons, among other projections of the history. The result: A time's tissue, a possible relationship with it, with everything that implies thinking .history, science, ethics, territories, relationships. or as a thought of the unthinkable. What elements paint the images of the real that Guzman proposes? What is the power of these images? If we think of them as a vortex that interrupts the flow of the torrent of images-movement, where it rotate our relationship with the world? What does it imply to believe in the unthinkable? What does it mean to imagine chaos? In order to test some possible answers and thus to give an account of certain aspects of the real problem in the contemporary documentary, I propose the analysis of these two films in three vertices: 1) belief, 2) imagination and 3) the time, considering that these trace a cartography of the memory that the two films of Guzman visualize.Facultad de Bellas Arte
Constellation of memory: about "Nostalgia de la Luz" [2010] and "El Botón de Nácar" [2015] by Patricio Guzmán
No full text"Nostalgia de la Luz" [2010] y "El Botón de Nácar" [2015] son parte de una trilogía a cargo del documentalista chileno Patricio Guzmán. En estas dos películas el autor se propone una reflexión sobre la memoria histórica y política de Chile. Lo singular de su propuesta son los elementos aparentemente disímiles que participan del diálogo. Es así como los pueblos originarios del sur de Chile y los desaparecidos de la dictadura de Pinochet se urden en un entramado con el desierto de Atacama, la astronomía, las mujeres buscadoras de Calama, el agua y los botones de nácar, entre otros hilos de la historia. El resultado es un tejido del tiempo, una posible relación con este, con todo aquello que implica pensarlo –historia, ciencia, ética, territorios, relaciones– o como pensamiento de lo impensable. ¿Qué elementos traman las imágenes de lo real que Guzmán propone? ¿Cuál es la potencia de estas imágenes? Si pensamos en ellas cual vórtice que interrumpe el flujo de la corriente de las imágenes‐movimiento, ¿hacia dónde rota nuestro lazo con el mundo?, ¿qué nos depara creer con lo impensable?, ¿qué implica imaginar el caos? Para ensayar algunas respuestas posibles y de este modo dar cuenta de ciertos aspectos del problema de lo real en el documental contemporáneo, me propongo el análisis de estos dos films en función de tres vértices: 1) la creencia, 2) la imaginación y 3) el tiempo, considerando que estos trazan una cartografía de la memoria que los dos films de Guzmán visibilizan.·Nostalgia de la Luz· [2010] and ·El Boton de nacar· [2015] are part of a trilogy made by the documentalist Patricio Guzman. In these two films the author proposes a reflection on Chile's historical and political memory. The singular of his proposal are the apparently dissimilar elements that participate in the dialogue. This is how the indigenous peoples of southern Chile and the disappeared of the Pinochet dictatorship get involved in the same plot with the Atacama Desert, astronomy, women seeking Calama, water and mother-of-pearl buttons, among other projections of the history. The result: A time's tissue, a possible relationship with it, with everything that implies thinking .history, science, ethics, territories, relationships. or as a thought of the unthinkable. What elements paint the images of the real that Guzman proposes? What is the power of these images? If we think of them as a vortex that interrupts the flow of the torrent of images-movement, where it rotate our relationship with the world? What does it imply to believe in the unthinkable? What does it mean to imagine chaos? In order to test some possible answers and thus to give an account of certain aspects of the real problem in the contemporary documentary, I propose the analysis of these two films in three vertices: 1) belief, 2) imagination and 3) the time, considering that these trace a cartography of the memory that the two films of Guzman visualize.Facultad de Bellas Arte
