1,481 research outputs found
Development, characterization and applications of new sub-2micron totally porous WhelkO-1 brush-type and macrocyclic chiral stationary phases
No full textOver the last ten years, the technological progress has led to the development of stationary phases on ever smaller silica particles and instuments (UHPLC/UHPSFC) with a reduced extra-column volume able to reach very high pressure. These innovations allow to obtain higher efficiencies, resolutions and permit to reduce the analysis time and the eluent consumption. For these reasons also chiral stationary phases (CSPs) are moving to sub-2μm particles diameter. This talk concerns the development of two different sub-2μm CSPs based on the WhelkO-1 [1] and on the teicoplanin macrocyclic selectors[2]. The first selector has been covalently bonded on fully porous 1.8 μm Kromasil and the second one on totally porous and monodispersed 1.9 μm Titan silica particles (TEICO-Titan). Both CSPs were packed in columns with an internal diameter of 4.6 mm and different lengths, from 10 cm down to 1 cm, the latter geometry permitting very short analysis time. The different columns containing the two CSPs were analyzed under several elution conditions to obtain a complete thermodynamic and kinetic characterization. The UHPLC columns packed with the brush-type WhelkO-1-CSP were evaluated using normal phase and supercritical fluid eluents. Kinetic performances were estimated using trans-stilbene oxide as a probe, and resulted in efficiencies up to 250’000 plates/m at the optimal flow-rate of 2.0 mL/min under normal phase elution conditions. To evaluate the thermodynamic performances a large library screening[3] was performed using carbon dioxide based eluents under sub-critical fluid conditions: in one working day, 81 out of 129 randomly collected racemates were resolved under identical eluting conditions using a 9 min methanol in CO2 gradient with 0.1% TFA or 0.1% NH3 added for acidic and basic compounds, respectively.
The TEICO-Titan 1.9 μm CSP showed a broad field of application in different environments (reversed phase, polar organic mode, sub-critical fluid and normal phase). The thermodynamic performances of the new TEICO-Titan 1.9 μm have been evaluated with several N-protected amino acids, aryloxy acids, pharmaceutical compounds, sulfoxides and phosphine oxides. This CSP frequently showed high enantio-selectivity values: these resulted in large resolutions on the 10 cm long column (Rs up to 10.7 with Fmoc-D,L-Ala) and allowed the use of 2 cm and even 1 cm long columns in many cases, providing a considerable reduction of the analysis time maintaining a baseline enantiomeric separation.
References
[1] D. Kotoni, A. Ciogli, C. Molinaro, I. D’Acquarica, J. Kocergin, T. Szczerb, H. Ritchie, C. Villani, F. Gasparrini, Anal. Chem., 84 (2012), 6805
[2] Berthod A., Chen X., Kullman J.P., Armstrong D.W., Gasparrini F., D’Acquarica I., Villani C., Carotti A., Anal. Chem. 72 (2000) 1767-1780;
[3] L. Sciascera, O. Ismail, A. Ciogli, D. Kotoni, A. Cavazzini, L. Botta, T. Szczerba, J. Kocergin, C. Villani, F. Gasparrini, JCA, 1383 (2015) 160–16
Exploring the potential of zwitterionic teicoplanin-based CSPs by using macroporous superficially porous silica particles 2.7 μm 160Å and 3.4 μm 400Å
No full textDuring the last years, the research in the enantioselective Ultra High Performance Chromatography (eUHPC) is going to push the limits of high efficient and ultrafast analyses. In this work, novel Chiral Stationary Phases (CSPs) were prepared by covalently bonding the teicoplanin selector (TE_A2-2) on Halo 2.7μm 160Å and 3.4μm 400Å Superficially Porous silica Particles (SPP). An innovative bonding protocol allowed to obtain a zwitterionic teicoplanin based CSP, which was used to produce the already known UHPC-FPP-Titan-Tzwitt CSP based on 1.9 μm 120Å Fully Porous monodispersed silica Particles (FPP) and UHPC-SPP-Halo90-Tzwitt CSP 2.0 μm [1-3]. Columns with an internal diameter of 4.6 mm and different lengths (50 and 100 mm) were packed with all CSPs and characterized in terms of permeability, efficiency and thermodynamic under HILIC conditions. The kinetic performance was evaluated through the use of van Deemter curves. The UHPC-SPP-Halo160-Tzwitt 2.7 μm column exhibited extremely high efficiencies on both achiral (>323,000 theoretical plates/meter, N/m; hr: 1.14) and chiral compounds (>240,000 N/m; hr: 1.53) under HILIC conditions, attesting the high potential of this CSP from the kinetic viewpoint. An extreme efficiency was recorded by using the HPC-SPP-Halo400-Tzwitt 3.4 μm column which allowed to achieve an efficiency of 280’000 N/m on naphthalene (hr: 1.05). Furthermore, taking into account the thermodynamic viewpoint, the UHPC-SPP-Halo160-Tzwitt 2.7 μm exhibited the highest resolution power (Rs/tr,2) thanks to its enantioselectivity values because of the higher selector density on the silica matrix. In conclusion, in this study we demonstrate the potential of the use of SPP macroporous silica particles in the UHPLC chiral field opening an interesting scenario in the chiral chromatography area.
[1] O.H. Ismail, A. Ciogli, C. Villani, M. De Martino, M. Pierini, A. Cavazzini, D.S. Bell, F. Gasparrini, J. Chromatogr. A, 1427 (2016) 55–68.
[2] O.H. Ismail, M. Antonelli, A. Ciogli, C. Villani, A. Cavazzini, M. Catani, F. Gasparrini, J. Chromatogr. A, 1520 (2017) 91–102
[3] O.H. Ismail, M. Antonelli, A. Ciogli, M. De Martino, M. Catani, C. Villani, A. Cavazzini, M. Ye, D.S. Bell, F. Gasparrini, J. Chromatogr. A., 1576 (2018), 42-50
Video interview with author and manuscript owner Professor Sa’adiya Omar
No full textFieldwork Team: Dr. Mustapha Hashim Kurfi (Principal Investigator), Hauwa Usman (Local Project Manager), Alhaji Abubakar Maikudi Aishat (General Field Facilitator). Technical Team: Prof. Fallou Ngom (Project Director and former Director of the African Studies Center), and Eleni Castrol (Technical Lead, BU Libraries). These collections on Gender in Nigerian Ajami Manuscripts are copied as part of the African Studies Center’s African Ajami Library. Access Condition and Copyright: These materials are subject to copyright. All rights reserved to the author. For use, distribution or reproduction contact Professor Fallou Ngom ([email protected]). Required Citation: Kurfi, M. H., Hauwa U., Ngom, F., and Castro, E. (2020). African Ajami Library: Gender in Nigerian Ajami Manuscripts. Boston: Boston University Libraries: http://hdl.handle.net/2144/41953. For Inquiries: Please Contact Professor Fallou Ngom ([email protected]).Video interview with author and manuscript owner Professor Sa’adiya Omar. Professor Sa’adiya Omar, the most celebrated author of women in the Sokoto Caliphate of Northern Nigeria. Professor Sa’adiya currently occupies the position of Nana Asma’u and Modibbo Kilo, the leaders of the Yantaru movement, i.e. Uwartaru (the Mother of the Yantaru). Equally, she had served as the National Amirah (President) of the largest Muslim umbrella organization in Nigeria – Federation of Muslim Women’s Associations in Nigeria (FOMWAN). As at the present, she serves in many capacities and is a member of various Islamic committees in Sokoto state and in Nigeria in general
Characterization and applications in seconds time scale of new totally porous sub-2micron CSPs: brush-type and macrocyclic selectors.
No full textOver the last ten years, the technological progress has led to the development of stationary phases on ever smaller silica particles and instruments (UHPLC/UHPSFC) with a reduced extra-column volume able to reach very high pressure. These innovations allow higher efficiencies, resolutions and permit to reduce the analysis time and the eluent consumption. For these reasons also chiral stationary phases (CSPs) are moving to sub-2μm particles diameter. This talk concerns the development of two different sub-2μm CSPs based on the WhelkO-1[1] and on the teicoplanin selectors[2]. The first selector was covalently bonded on fully porous 1.8 μm Kromasil and the second one on totally porous and monodispersed 1.9 μm Titan silica particles. Both CSPs were packed in columns with an I.D. of 4.6 mm and different lengths, from 10 cm down to 1 cm, the latter geometry permitting very short analysis time. The UHPLC columns packed with the WhelkO-1-CSP were evaluated using normal phase and supercritical fluid eluents. Kinetic performances were estimated using trans-stilbene oxide as a probe, and resulted in efficiencies up to 250’000 plates/m under normal phase conditions. To evaluate the thermodynamic performances a large library screening[3] was performed under sub-critical fluid conditions: in one working day, 81 out of 129 randomly collected racemates were resolved under identical eluting conditions. The new UHPC-Titan120-Chirobiotic-TZWIT-1.9 showed a broad field of application in different environments (reversed phase, polar organic mode, HILIC, sub-critical fluid and normal phase). The thermodynamic performances of the new TEICO-Titan 1.9 μm have been evaluated with several N-protected amino acids, aryloxy acids, pharmaceutical compounds, sulfoxides and phosphine oxides. This CSP frequently showed high enantio-selectivity values: downsizing in column length, from 10-cm down to 1-cm was easily possible maintain high efficiency obtaining baseline separations and providing a considerable reduction of the analysis time. Ultra-fast enantiomeric separations in less than 60 seconds could get a routine in the chiral screening methods.
References
[1] D. Kotoni, A. Ciogli, C. Molinaro, I. D’Acquarica, J. Kocergin, T. Szczerb, H. Ritchie, C. Villani, F. Gasparrini, Anal. Chem., 84 (2012), 6805
[2] Berthod A., Chen X., Kullman J.P., Armstrong D.W., Gasparrini F., D’Acquarica I., Villani C., Carotti A., Anal. Chem. 72 (2000) 1767-1780;
[3] L. Sciascera, O. Ismail, A. Ciogli, D. Kotoni, A. Cavazzini, L. Botta, T. Szczerba, J. Kocergin, C. Villani, F. Gasparrini, JCA, 1383 (2015) 160–16
Omar Khayyam’s Epicureanism: The Spanish Translations of Rubaiyats
No full textThis translation appears as the following chapter in:
Omar Khayyam’s Epicureanism: The Spanish Translations of Rubaiyats (1904-1930). Peripheral Transmodernities: South-to-South Dialogues Between the Luso-Hispanic World and “the Orient,” by Axel Gasquet, edited by Ignacio López-Calvo. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, (257-77). Invited Translator. Book chapter. (2012)
Teicoplanin Chiral Stationary Phases On 2.0 μm And 2.7 μm Superficially Porous Particles: Chromatographic Evaluation And Comparison With Teicoplanin On 1.9 μm Fully Porous Particles.
No full textFor the first time, a new generation of Chiral Stationary Phases (CSPs) for Ultra-High Performance Chromatography (UHPC) was prepared covalently bonding the teicoplanin (TE_A2) selector on Halo 2.0μm and 2.7μm (90Å, 125m2/g) Superficially Porous silica Particles (SPP) [1]. The new CSPs were compared with the already known UHPC-FPP-Titan-Tzwitt 1.9 CSP based on Fully Porous monodispersed silica Particles [2]. Columns with an internal diameter of 4.6 mm and different lengths (20, 50 and 100 mm) were packed with the three CSPs and characterized in terms of permeability, efficiency, retention and enantioselectivity under HILIC conditions. Van Deemter curves, generated using both achiral and chiral analytes, showed excellent results with more than 310000 plates/m at 1.6 mL/min (thiourea, k’= 0.6), and more than 290000 plates/m at 0.9 mL/min (2-(4-chloro-phenoxy)-propionic acid, 1st eluted enantiomer, k’= 0.8) on the SPP-Halo 2.0μm. The kinetic performance limits of the columns were investigated also through different kinetic plots, that proved the superior potential of the SPP-Halo 2.0μm and FPP-Titan 1.9μm compared to the SPP-Halo 2.7μm particles in the majority of the kinetic plots area, especially in the region of the ultra-fast/ultra-high efficiency separations. For several chiral analytes, the columns packed with SPP-Halo 2.0μm and FPP-Titan 1.9μm CSP were superior, in terms of efficiency, to the columns packed with SPP-Halo 2.7μm, proving the validity of the van Deemter analysis. Furthermore, from the thermodynamic point of view, the SPP-Halo 2.0μm have shown the best resolution power, with Rs values significantly higher than those of the SPP-Halo 2.7μm and FPP-Titan 1.9μm. Lastly Ultra-High speed – Ultra-High Performance applications performed on three 5-cm long columns, using chiral probes and different eluent flow-rate (1.0 – 6.0 mL/min) showed very high efficiency values and the FPP-Titan 1.9μm CSP, and again a lower performance for the columns packed with the SPP-Halo 2.7μm CSP. Considering the high resolution values observed, 2-cm long columns were prepared and used to explore Ultra-High speed – Ultra-High Performance separations in the seconds time regime: the enantiomers of Haloxyfop were resolved in only 3 seconds with a resolution Rs = 2 on the column packed with SPP-Halo 2.0μm CSP, using an eluent flow rate of 8.0 mL/min.
REFERENCES
1. O.H. Ismail, M. Antonelli, A. Ciogli, G. Sestito, D.S Bell, A. Cavazzini, C. Villani, F. Gasparrini, JCA, in preparation
2. O.H. Ismail, A. Ciogli, C. Villani, M. De Martino, M. Pierini, A. Cavazzini, D.S. Bell, F. Gasparrini, JCA, 1427 (2016), 55–6
3,5-Dinitrobenzoyl-9-amino-9-deoxy-9-epiquinine as Pirkle-Anion Exchange Hybrid-Type Chiral Selector in High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
No full textA new chiral stationary phase was designed by
introducing 9-amino-9-deoxy-9-epiquinine, one of the
most versatile organocatalysts in asymmetric synthesis, as
chiral scaffold. The derivatization of its amino group with
the 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl (DNB) fragment provided hydrogen
bonding and π–π donor/acceptor systems in addition to
the quinoline and quinuclidine moieties having two nitrogen
atoms with different basicities. The selector offers
multiple interaction sites in both typical of the Pirkle-type
phases and classical of weak-anion-exchanger phases. The
immobilization step took place through thiol-ene addition
onto 3-mercaptopropyl-silica gel and gave a grafting
density of 180 μmol of chiral selector per gram of silica.
A silica with reduced particle size (Daisogel silica, pore
size 120 Å, particle size 2.5 μm, and specific surface area
343 m2 g−1) has been employed to improve the efficiency
and the speed of separations. The chiral stationary phase
was packed in a small format column (50 × 4.6 mm) that
allowed, by van Deemter analysis, 180,000 plates/m and
approximately 5.1 μm of plate height. The ability of chiral
discrimination was then studied with more than 30 test
compounds using both polar-organic and normal phase
conditions. In polar-organic mode, N-protected amino acids, α-aryloxy carboxylic acids, as well the non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory profens were analyzed. Interesting
results were obtained in normal phase elution, where
the chiral selector behaves like a Pirkle-type stationary
phase. Aryl amides, esterified DNB-amino acids, benzodiazepines,
and binaphthol were well resolved with a very
good peak symmetry and in short analysis time (mainly in
less than 5 min)
Ƴantarun Nana Asma’u Ɗan Fodiyo: Tsarinsu da Taskace Waƙoƙinsu (The Associates of Nana Asma’u bn Fodiyo: Their Structures and the Preservation of their Poems)
No full textThe entire manuscript is available for download as a single PDF file. Higher-resolution images may be available upon request. For technical assistance, please contact [email protected]. Fieldwork Team: Dr. Mustapha Hashim Kurfi (Principal Investigator), Hauwa Usman (Local Project Manager), Alhaji Abubakar Maikudi Aishat (General Field Facilitator). Technical Team: Prof. Fallou Ngom (Project Director and the Former Director of African Studies Center), and Eleni Castro (Technical Lead, BU Libraries). These collections of Gender in Nigerian Ajami Manuscripts are copied as part of the African Studies Center’s Ajami Library.
Access Condition and Copyright: These materials are subject to copyright. All rights reserved to the author. For use, distribution or reproduction contact Professor Fallou Ngom ([email protected]).
Materials in this web edition may be cited as: Kurfi, M. H., Hauwa U., Ngom, F., and Castro, E. (2020). African Ajami Library: Gender in Nigerian Ajami Manuscripts. Boston: Boston University Libraries: http://hdl.handle.net/2144/41953. For Inquiries: Please Contact Professor Fallou Ngom ([email protected]).Provenance / Custodial history: This document is owned and authored by Professor Sa’adiya Omar who is the most celebrated author on women in the Sokoto Caliphate of Northern Nigeria. Professor Sa’adiya Omar was born into the families of Khadi Malam Usman Salihu and Fatima (Goggon Takai) in 1952 at Kiru in Kano state, Nigeria. Her background and love for the pursuit of Islamic knowledge had immersed her in the Islamic traditional knowledge system. She holds a BA in Hausa language and Islamic Studies in 1978 from Bayero University, Kano and an MA from the University of London in 1984. Her PhD in Linguistics is from Usman dan Fodio University, Sokoto. She served as the National Amirah (President) of the largest Muslim umbrella organization in Nigeria – Federation of Muslim Women’s Associations in Nigeria (FOMWAN). At the present, she serves in many capacities, including being a member of various Islamic committees in Sokoto state and across Nigeria.This document deals with the origin, structure, methods of operation, functions, and literary works (especially poems) of the women Ƴantaru movement published by Professor Sadiya Omar in 2013. Ƴantaru (Hausa: The Associates) is an educational organization that was founded by Nana Asma’u (1783 – 1864), the daughter of Usman dan Fodio. It was a pioneering effort for Muslim women’s education and enlightenment in West Africa. The organization was founded and led by Nana Asma’u and later by Modibbo Kilo and other Muslim female educators who served as supervisors to Jajis (Education Extension Workers). The document was authored by Professor Sa’adiya Omar, who is a member of the Ƴantaru movement, a native Hausa speaker, and a member of the royal family of the Sokoto Caliphate. She currently occupies the position and seat of the Ƴantaru movement leaders (Nana Asma’u and her successor Modibbo Kilo). They are known in Hausa as Uwar Taru (Mother of the Ƴantaru Movement). The document captures the reflects the diacritics of the Hausa Ajami orthography. With over 170 pages, it includes a table of contents and a cover page with an image of the Ƴantaru’s Jajis wearing traditional handcrafted hats. These hats are put on only by women who have been deemed well-educated, well-trained, and qualified to teach and foster moral values in their communities. The hats are similar to academic gowns and hats worn by graduates in commencement ceremonies in Western traditions.The contents of this collection were developed with support of the Title VI National Resource Center grant # P015A180164 from the U.S. Department of Education. However, those contents do not necessarily represent the policy of the U.S. Department of Education, and you should not assume endorsement by the Federal Government
Malamai Mata a Daular Usmaniyya a Ƙarni Na Sha-tara da Karni Na Ashirin (Women Clerics of the Usmaniyya Empire [Sokoto Caliphate] in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries)
No full textThe entire manuscript is available for download as a single PDF file. Higher-resolution images may be available upon request. For technical assistance, please contact [email protected]. Fieldwork Team: Dr. Mustapha Hashim Kurfi (Principal Investigator), Hauwa Usman (Local Project Manager), Alhaji Abubakar Maikudi Aishat (General Field Facilitator). Technical Team: Prof. Fallou Ngom (Project Director and former Director of the African Studies Center), and Eleni Castro (Technical Lead, BU Libraries). These collections on Gender in Nigerian Ajami Manuscripts are copied as part of the African Studies Center’s African Ajami Library. Access Condition and Copyright: These materials are subject to copyright. All rights reserved to the author. For use, distribution or reproduction contact Professor Fallou Ngom ([email protected]). Required Citation: Kurfi, M. H., Hauwa U., Ngom, F., and Castro, E. (2020). African Ajami Library: Gender in Nigerian Ajami Manuscripts. Boston: Boston University Libraries: http://hdl.handle.net/2144/41953. For Inquiries: Please Contact Professor Fallou Ngom ([email protected]).Provenance / Custodial history: This document is owned and authored by Professor Sa’adiya Omar who is the most celebrated author on women in the Sokoto Caliphate of Northern Nigeria. Professor Sa’adiya Omar was born into the families of Khadi Malam Usman Salihu and Fatima (Goggon Takai) in 1952 at Kiru in Kano state, Nigeria. Her background and love for the pursuit of Islamic knowledge had immersed her in the Islamic traditional knowledge system. She holds a BA in Hausa language and Islamic Studies in 1978 from Bayero University, Kano and an MA from the University of London in 1984. Her PhD in Linguistics is from Usman dan Fodio University, Sokoto. She served as the National Amirah (President) of the largest Muslim umbrella organization in Nigeria – Federation of Muslim Women’s Associations in Nigeria (FOMWAN). At the present, she serves in many capacities, including being a member of various Islamic committees in Sokoto state and across Nigeria.This document contains information on some forty (40) Muslim women educators from Usman dan Fodio’s Sokoto Caliphate. Written by Professor Sadiya Omar in 2017, the work focuses on women clerics who were famous for their knowledge, teaching, and literary writings. They contributed greatly to the spread of Islamic knowledge in their communities. They left a positive impact on the communities. With perhaps the exception of Nana Asma’u, who is widely known, most of the female educators in the manuscript are unsung heroines who are little known beyond the Sokoto Caliphate. The manuscript, Women Clerics of the Usmaniyya Empire in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, identifies the forty Muslim women clerics who lived in three different eras: 1) those who lived before the Sokoto Jihad, 2) those who lived during the Jihad in the 19th century, and 3) those who lived after the Jihad in the 20th century. The manuscript provides details on the Ƴantaru leaders (“The Associates”) who laid the foundation for the various Modibbos (Female Education Supervisors), a system that has endured to this day. The manuscript also examines the literary works of these women scholars, especially their poems, sermons and admonitions. The author explains that the rationale for writing this book was to serve as a reference point and a source of inspiration and motivation for her fellow women. The forty women educators in the manuscript had worked hard to be educated and to have a positive impact on the lives of many people in their communities, which made some of them famous in the Sokoto Caliphate. This work can serve as the basis for policy formulation on women and girl-child education in Muslim Africa and a means to empower women that is compatible with Islamic traditions.The contents of this collection were developed with support of the Title VI National Resource Center grant # P015A180164 from the U.S. Department of Education. However, those contents do not necessarily represent the policy of the U.S. Department of Education, and you should not assume endorsement by the Federal Government
An evaluation of the conquests During the reign of Caliph Omar according to Belâzürî and Ibn A?sem
No full textBelâzürî ve İbn A'sem'e Göre Hz. Ömer Dönemi Fetihlerinin Değerlendirilmesi? isimli bu tezde Hz. Ömer'in M.634-644 tarihleri arasında 10 yıllık halifelik döneminde gerçekleştirmiş olduğu fetihler iki ayrı Fütuhat kitabına göre incelenmiştir. Belâzüri'nin, fütûhât eserleri arasında yaygın olarak bilinen ?Fütûhu'l-Büldân? adlı eserinde Hz. Ömer döneminde gerçekleşen fetihleri çok ayrıntılı bir şekilde ele aldığı tespit edilmiştir. Eserde fetihlerin gerçekleşme şekilleri, yapılan fetihlerin sonuçlarına göre vergi sistemi, dönemin sosyal yapısı, devletin idarî yapısı, imâr ve iskân faaliyetleri ve benzer konular detaylı bir şekilde ele alınmıştır. Fütûhât kitaplarından birisi olan İbn A'sem'in ?el-Fütûh? adlı eserinde de Hz. Ömer dönemi fetihleri farklı yönleriyle ele alınmıştır. İbn A'sem fetihleri anlatırken şahıslar arasındaki diyaloglara, devlet erkânı arasındaki mektup yazışmalarına geniş yer vermiştir. Ayrıca İbn A'sem tarihçiler tarafından Şiî eğimli olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Böylece Hz. Ömer dönemi fetihleri bu iki eser arasındaki benzer ve farklı yönler ortaya konularak değerlendirilmiştir.In this thesis under the title ?An Evaluation of the Conquests During the Reign of Caliph Omar according to Belâzürî and Ibn A?sem?, Caliph Omar?s conquests during his ten-year caliphate between AD 634-644 has been examined according to two different ?Fütuhât? (plr. of conquest) sources. In Belâzüri?s book which is called ?Fütûhu?l-Büldân? which is widely known among fütûhât sources detailed accounts of the conquests during the reign of Caliph Omar could easily be found. In the source, methods of conquests, tax systems established after conquests, social structure of the time, administrative system of the state, public improvements and settlement activities and similar subjects is to be analysed in a detailed way. In Ibn A?sem?s book which is called ?el-Fütûh? which is one of the fütûhât sources, too, different aspects of the conquests during Omar?s caliphate is to be dealt with. Explaining the conquests, Ibn A?sem gives wide place to dialogues between different figures and correspondance between statesmen of the period. Furthermore, historians agree that Ibn A?sem had a tendency toward Shiism. Therefore,emphasizing similar and different aspects between the two sources the conquests in the time of Caliph Omar is to be examined
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