275,616 research outputs found
Foreign direct investment and China's bilateral intra-industry trade with Japan and the US
No full textThis paper analyzes dynamic changes of China's intra-industry trade with its major trading partners, Japan and the US, from 1980 to 2004. It also investigates to what extent foreign direct investment promoted intra-industry trade. The empirical results show that, while shares of China's intra-industry trade with both Japan and U.S rose substantially, its intra-industry trade with Japan has reached 35 per cent of the overall trade, considerably larger than 10 per cent with the US. Sino-Japan intra-industry trade concentrated in the electrical and machinery sectors accounted for 52 per cent and 46 per cent of overall trade respectively. On the other hand, it is in the chemical and food sectors where intra-industry trade represented a relatively large proportion of Sino-US trade, 50 per cent and 30 per cent accordingly in each sector. In addition, the analysis indicates that Japanese direct investment in China performed a significant role in enhancing intra-industry trade between Japan and China. However, it found no evidence that the US direct investment in China contributed to the growth of the bilateral intra-industry trade between the two countries.intra-industry trade; FDI; China
Children and intra-household inequality : a theoretical analysis
No full textArguing that resources within the household are not allocated according to need, several researchers have tried to model intra-household allocative behavior. One group (1990) argued that as households become better off, intra-household inequality first increases then decreases. The behavior of intra-household inequality as household welfare improves is clearly important for policy, as interventions are often restricted to the household level - although the objective is to improve the welfare of the least-well-off individual. The author shows here that many of the tractable derivations of intra-household resource allocation are available in what might be called the"linear expenditure systems"framework. He analyzes the relationship between intra-household inequality and total household resources for models of intra-household allocation that lead to a linear expenditure reduced form. He then investigates three structural models : household welfare maximization; cooperative bargaining; and a noncooperative game with children as public goods. The author indicates how these models should be modified to produce reduced forms that are better represented in the evidence.Urban Housing,Poverty Lines,Environmental Economics&Policies,Inequality,Housing&Human Habitats
The Asymmetric Effect of Endowments on Vertical Intra-Industrial Trade
No full textThis paper investigates the determinants of Spanish vertical intra-industrytrade with a large sample of countries. We empirically test the comparative advantageexplanation. For this aim, we build physical, human and technologicalcapital stocks. On average, when using OLS techniques, differences in endowmentsare a limitation for vertical intra-industry trade. Using quantile regressionstechniques, we observe that this negative effect decreases in absolute terms asvertical intra-industry trade flows increase and, in some cases, become positivefor the upper tails, thus supporting the view of a reduced version of the comparativeadvantage explanation. Este artículo trata de analizar los determinantes del comercio intra-industrialvertical en Espña con una muestra de países extensa. Se contrasta empíricamentela hipóteis de la ventaja comparativa. Con esta finalidad, hemos construido seriesde capital físico, humano y tecnológico. En media, cuando se utiliza la estimaciónMCO, las diferencias en dotaciones suponen una limitación al comercio intraindustrialvertical. Usando la técnica de regresion por cuantiles, se observa queeste efecto negativo disminuye, en términos absolutos, a medida que los flujos decomercio intra-industrial vertical se incrementan y, en algunos casos, llegan a serpositivos en los cuantiles altos de la distribución. Este resultado ofrece evidenciaa favor de una versión reducida de la hipótesis de la ventaja comparativa.Comercio Intra-industrial, Ventaja Comparativa, Diferenciación Vertical, Stocks de Capital, Regresión Quantilica. Comparative Advantage, Vertical Differentiation, Capital Stocks, Quantile Regressions.
Do Endowments Matter for Vertical Intra-Industry Trade with Emergent Countries? Empirical Evidence for Spain
No full textIn this paper, we study the nature of Spanish intra-industry trade and find that intra-industry trade with CEEC, Asian and Mediterranean countries has increased considerably since the middle of the Nineties. The second aim of the paper is to study if the comparative advantage argument also explains the vertical intra-industry trade between countries with different income levels. To this end we build physical, technological and human capital stocks for a large sample of countries. Results obtained with the panel techniques support the idea of a neo Ricardian explanation of vertical intra-industry trade rather than the neo-Hecksher-Ohlin explanation for intra-industry trade with emergent countries. Furthermore, our results suggest that the variables considered, mostly country-specific better explain vertical intra-industry trade than horizontal intra-industry trade. Results obtained with the Heckman method support the idea that intra-industry trade is more likely to occur with emergent countries with higher income per capita and with OECD countries that have a more similar level of income to that of Spain. Differences in endowments play an important role to determine the volume of intra-industry trade rather than the probability of intra-industry trade to occur. An additional contribution of this paper is to demonstrate that panel approach allows for more robust conclusions than OLS estimations when explaining intra-industry trade. The Heckman procedure to account for the zero flows also represents a major improvement respect to the standard approachIntra-industry trade; Comparative Advantage, Spain, Vertical Differentiation, Panel data, Truncated models.
Varieties or Qualities? Horizontal and Vertical Intra-industry Trade within the NAFTA Trade Bloc
No full textThis article investigates empirically the nature and the dynamics of intra-regional trade in North America. Specifically, we analyze intra-NAFTA patterns of horizontal and vertical intra-industry trade - H(V)IIT - in the United States, Canada and Mexico over the 1992-2002 period and examine some industry characteristics of observed IIT patterns for each IIT component. The results indicate that though HIIT and VIIT exhibit different trends, both IIT types are important in labour/resource-intensive sectors, suggesting that comparative advantage may be an important factor in intra-NAFTA IIT. The most striking finding is that HIIT is consistently increasing, while VIIT exhibits a significant downward trend. Hence, our findings suggest that intra-NAFTA IIT has increasingly become an exchange of different varieties rather than different qualities, indicating to some extent an economic convergence process within the NAFTA trade bloc.International Relations/Trade,
Do Endowments Matter for Vertical Intra-Industry Trade with Emergent Countries? Empirical Evidence for Spain.
No full textIn this paper, we study the nature of Spanish intra-industry trade and find that intra-industry trade with CEEC, Asian and Mediterranean countries has increased considerably since the middle of the Nineties. The second aim of the paper is to study if the comparative advantage argument also explains the vertical intra-industry trade between countries with different income levels. To this end we build physical, technological and human capital stocks for a large sample of countries. Results obtained with the panel techniques support the idea of a neo Ricardian explanation of VIIT rather than the neo-Hecksher-Ohlin explanation for intra-industry trade with emergent countries. Furthermore, our results suggest that the variables considered, mostly country-specific better explain vertical intra-industry trade than horizontal intra-industry trade. Results obtained with the Heckman method support the idea that IIT is more likely to occur with emergent countries with higher i ncome per capita and with OECD countries that have a more similar level of income to that of Spain. Differences in endowments play an important role to determine the volume of IIT rather than the probability of IIT to occur. An aditional contribution of this paper is to demonstrate that panel approach allows for more robust conclusions than OLS estimations when explaining intra-industry trade. The Heckman procedure to account for the zero flows also represents a major improvement respect to the standard approach.Intra-industry trade; Comparative Advantage, Spain, Vertical Differentiation, Panel data, Truncated models.
Horizontal and Vertical Intra-Industry Trade between the Former CEFTA Countries and the European Union
No full textThis paper analyses the production structure or intra-industry trade specialization (IIT) of the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia in foreign trade with EU member states from 1995 to 2001 at the five-digit level of the SITC. The results confirmed that former CEFTA countries in general showed IIT specialization in the production of vertically differentiated products of lower quality either at the aggregate level of the manufacturing sectors (i.e. SITC 5–8) or at the level of the twenty chosen manufacturing activities (i.e. divisions 17–36 of the ISIC) and that differences also exist between IIT specializations of these countries.intra-industry trade, horizontal and vertical intra-industry trade, CEFTA countries
ARE INTRA-HOUSEHOLD ALLOCATIONS EFFICIENT?
No full textThis paper describes two problems when testing the efficiency of intra-household allocations. First, using Monte Carlo simulations I show that the test proposed for efficiency in consumption has a high type-II error, leading to a false acceptance of the hypothesis. Second, I show it is possible that even under asymmetric information the hypothesis of efficiency, incorrectly, cannot be rejected. Finally, I propose a test to account for asymmetric of information.Research Methods/ Statistical Methods,
Controversies in the use of sentinel nodes : microinvasion, post surgery and after preoperative systemic treatment
No full textIn the past 10 years, sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has become a safe and accurate method for axillary staging. Several recent publications worldwide have been progressively elucidating old controversies. The list of clinical scenarios in which SLNB was initially contraindicated seems to be dwindling as experience with this technique increases. Here we discuss the suitability of SLNB in the settings of microinvasive cancer, after breast or axillary surgery and after neoadjuvant chemotherap
Intra-examiner reliability of post assessment criteria.
No full textIntra-examiner reliability of post assessment criteria.</p
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