182,452 research outputs found
Children and intra-household inequality : a theoretical analysis
No full textArguing that resources within the household are not allocated according to need, several researchers have tried to model intra-household allocative behavior. One group (1990) argued that as households become better off, intra-household inequality first increases then decreases. The behavior of intra-household inequality as household welfare improves is clearly important for policy, as interventions are often restricted to the household level - although the objective is to improve the welfare of the least-well-off individual. The author shows here that many of the tractable derivations of intra-household resource allocation are available in what might be called the"linear expenditure systems"framework. He analyzes the relationship between intra-household inequality and total household resources for models of intra-household allocation that lead to a linear expenditure reduced form. He then investigates three structural models : household welfare maximization; cooperative bargaining; and a noncooperative game with children as public goods. The author indicates how these models should be modified to produce reduced forms that are better represented in the evidence.Urban Housing,Poverty Lines,Environmental Economics&Policies,Inequality,Housing&Human Habitats
The Asymmetric Effect of Endowments on Vertical Intra-Industrial Trade
No full textThis paper investigates the determinants of Spanish vertical intra-industrytrade with a large sample of countries. We empirically test the comparative advantageexplanation. For this aim, we build physical, human and technologicalcapital stocks. On average, when using OLS techniques, differences in endowmentsare a limitation for vertical intra-industry trade. Using quantile regressionstechniques, we observe that this negative effect decreases in absolute terms asvertical intra-industry trade flows increase and, in some cases, become positivefor the upper tails, thus supporting the view of a reduced version of the comparativeadvantage explanation. Este artículo trata de analizar los determinantes del comercio intra-industrialvertical en Espña con una muestra de países extensa. Se contrasta empíricamentela hipóteis de la ventaja comparativa. Con esta finalidad, hemos construido seriesde capital físico, humano y tecnológico. En media, cuando se utiliza la estimaciónMCO, las diferencias en dotaciones suponen una limitación al comercio intraindustrialvertical. Usando la técnica de regresion por cuantiles, se observa queeste efecto negativo disminuye, en términos absolutos, a medida que los flujos decomercio intra-industrial vertical se incrementan y, en algunos casos, llegan a serpositivos en los cuantiles altos de la distribución. Este resultado ofrece evidenciaa favor de una versión reducida de la hipótesis de la ventaja comparativa.Comercio Intra-industrial, Ventaja Comparativa, Diferenciación Vertical, Stocks de Capital, Regresión Quantilica. Comparative Advantage, Vertical Differentiation, Capital Stocks, Quantile Regressions.
Foreign direct investment and China's bilateral intra-industry trade with Japan and the US
No full textThis paper analyzes dynamic changes of China's intra-industry trade with its major trading partners, Japan and the US, from 1980 to 2004. It also investigates to what extent foreign direct investment promoted intra-industry trade. The empirical results show that, while shares of China's intra-industry trade with both Japan and U.S rose substantially, its intra-industry trade with Japan has reached 35 per cent of the overall trade, considerably larger than 10 per cent with the US. Sino-Japan intra-industry trade concentrated in the electrical and machinery sectors accounted for 52 per cent and 46 per cent of overall trade respectively. On the other hand, it is in the chemical and food sectors where intra-industry trade represented a relatively large proportion of Sino-US trade, 50 per cent and 30 per cent accordingly in each sector. In addition, the analysis indicates that Japanese direct investment in China performed a significant role in enhancing intra-industry trade between Japan and China. However, it found no evidence that the US direct investment in China contributed to the growth of the bilateral intra-industry trade between the two countries.intra-industry trade; FDI; China
Effects of intra-amygdala R(+) 7-OH-DPAT on intra-accumbens d- amphetamine-associated learning II. Instrumental conditioning
No full textRats were trained to associate an initially neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) with a response-independent, intra-accumbens infusion of d-amphetamine (the unconditioned stimulus; US). Elsewhere, we have reported that as a result of this training, presentations of the CS alone elicited a conditioned response consisting of increased locomotor activity and that acquisition of this conditioned response was enhanced by post-session, intra-amygdala infusion of the dopamine D3receptor preferring agonist, R(+) 7-OH-DPAT. Here, in this same group of animals, we have examined the conditioned rewarding properties of the drug-associated CS by determining its ability to support the acquisition of a novel instrumental response in the absence of drug reward. Thus, rats were presented with two novel levers. Presentation of the drug-associated CS was made contingent upon depression of one of the levers (CR lever), while responding upon the other lever (NCR lever) had no programmed consequences. Preferential responding upon the lever delivering the drug-associated CS was observed despite a 6-week interval between CS-US training and the conditioned reward test. Intra-accumbens administration of d-amphetamine (0-20 Î1⁄4g) increased the control over behaviour exerted by the CS, increasing CR, but not NCR lever responding. In contrast, rats that received three pairings of an intra-accumbens infusion of d-amphetamine in combination with intra-amygdala infusion of R(+) 7-OH-DPAT, 3 weeks prior to testing, displayed similar rates of response upon both levers and were insensitive to the potentiation of responding for conditioned reward following intraaccumbens d-amphetamine. However, intra-accumbens d- amphetamine stimulated locomotor activity in a similar, dose-related manner in both groups. In this way, rats that had received intra-accumbens infusion of d-amphetamine in combination with intra-amygdala infusion of R(+) 7-OH- DPAT appeared exactly like control group rats, for which the CS had been paired with intra-accumbens d-amphetamine on a negative basis only. A locomotor activity test indicated that one behavioural consequence of intra- amygdala administration of R(+) 7-OH-DPAT was the reduction of the unconditioned locomotor response resulting from intra-accumbens administration of d-amphetamine. Hence, the present data demonstrate that the conditioned rewarding properties of a drug-associated CS are specific to the CS-US association and are relatively insensitive to decay over time. However, the rewarding properties of a drug-associated CS were selectively abolished following activation of amygdala D3receptors during presentation of the drug reward. Potential explanations for this effect are discussed, including the possibility that intra-amygdala R(+) 7-OH-DPAT reduced the incentive value of the US
Varieties or Qualities? Horizontal and Vertical Intra-industry Trade within the NAFTA Trade Bloc
No full textThis article investigates empirically the nature and the dynamics of intra-regional trade in North America. Specifically, we analyze intra-NAFTA patterns of horizontal and vertical intra-industry trade - H(V)IIT - in the United States, Canada and Mexico over the 1992-2002 period and examine some industry characteristics of observed IIT patterns for each IIT component. The results indicate that though HIIT and VIIT exhibit different trends, both IIT types are important in labour/resource-intensive sectors, suggesting that comparative advantage may be an important factor in intra-NAFTA IIT. The most striking finding is that HIIT is consistently increasing, while VIIT exhibits a significant downward trend. Hence, our findings suggest that intra-NAFTA IIT has increasingly become an exchange of different varieties rather than different qualities, indicating to some extent an economic convergence process within the NAFTA trade bloc.International Relations/Trade,
International Cooperation and Intra-Industrial Transactions
No full textThe paper examines theoretically the empirical observation or increasing levels of intra-industrial trade flows. The relationship between intra-industrial trade and consumer preferences in addition to product differentiation advanced by internationally active firms are discussed within the framework of a simple model of international trade in differentiated goods. In an international free trade scenario, ranking high in product differentiation and monopolistic market structures, the intensity of international trade activities steadily rises as the structure of consumer preferences exhibits demand pattern similarity: export and import levels rise simultaneously. Intra-industrial commodities exchanges as well as investment cross-hauling of multinational enterprises prove to be important vehicles international cooperation among nation.intra-industrial trade; consumer preferences; product differentiation; international trade; multinational enterprises
Does intra-firm bargaining matter for business cycle dynamics?
No full textWe analyse the implications of intra-firm bargaining for business cycle dynamics in models with large firms and search frictions. Intra-firm bargaining implies a feedback effect from the marginal revenue product to wage setting which leads firms to over-hire in order to reduce workers' bargaining position within the firm. The key to this effect are decreasing returns and/or downward-sloping demand. We show that equilibrium wages and employment are higher in steady state compared to a bargaining framework in which firms neglect this feedback. However, the effects of intra-firm bargaining on adjustment dynamics, volatility and comovement are negligible. --Strategic wage setting,search and matching frictions,business cycle propagation
Determinants of the pattern of horizontal and vertical intra-industry trade: what can we learn from Portuguese data?
No full textWe rely on vertical and horizontal differentiation models to study the cross-industry and cross-country determinants of Portuguese intra-industry trade in 1997. We identify distinct factors for each type and the comparative advantage explanation for the vertical case. To confirm the robustness of the results we use alternative measures for a continuous dependent variable and re-estimate all equations with a Probit model. The probabilistic model takes into account the fact that we expect a relation between the existence of the explanatory variables and the existence of the phenomenon, but the way some of the factors impact is not a priori known.horizontal intra-industry trade; vertical intra-industry trade; Portugal.
Pattern and Determinants of Intra-Industry Trade in Australian Manufacturing
No full textThis paper the presents pattern and determinants of intra-industry trade (IIT) in Australian manufacturing since the late 1970s. The results point to a sharp rise in IIT from the mid 1980s which appears to be linked with an outward-oriented policy. Industry level analysis indicates that industries which experienced a sharp fall in protection are the industries with the higher levels of IIT. These include textile, garments, rubber products, and machinery and equipment. An increasing trend in IIT suggests that the short-term adjustment costs associated with trade liberalisation are likely to be lower, and that liberalisation can proceed without huge short-term adjustment costs. Using a logit model the determinants of IIT are investigated. Results indicate that intra-industry trade is positively related to product differentiation and scale economies, and negatively related to the levels of protection and foreign ownership in the pre-liberalisation period. In the post-liberalisation period, however, it is scale economies that explain the inter-industry variations in IIT. R&D intensity and close economic integration appear to have no impact on IIT regardless of the nature of the policy regime.Intra-industry trade, trade liberalisation, outward-orientation
Intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) as primary therapy for infants less than 3 months of age.
No full textA&B: 6.9-week-old boy with unilateral sporadic retinoblastoma in right eye (Group D). A, Fundus photographs at initial examination (6.9-week-old). Right eye: large tumor with retinal detachment. B, Fundus photographs after 2 cycles of intra-arterial chemotherapy. After 2 cycles of IAC, complete tumor regression was achieved. C&D: 6.6-week-old boy with unilateral sporadic retinoblastoma in left eye (Group D). C, Fundus photographs at initial examination (6.6-week-old). Left eye: large tumor with retinal detachment. D, Fundus photographs after 3 cycles of intra-arterial chemotherapy. The tumor has shrunk and highly calcified. E&F: 11.3-week-old girl with unilateral sporadic retinoblastoma in right eye (Group D). E, Fundus photographs at initial examination (11.3-week-old). Right eye: large tumor with retinal detachment. F, Fundus photographs after 3 cycles of intra-arterial chemotherapy. The tumor has shrunk and highly calcified.</p
- …
