1,753,919 research outputs found
Abstract rule-based argumentation
No full textThis article reviews abstract rule-based approaches to argumentation, in particular the ASPIC+ framework. In ASPIC+ and its predecessors, going back to the seminal work of John Pollock, arguments can be formed by combining strict and defeasible inference rules and conflicts between arguments can be resolved in terms of a preference relation on arguments. This results in abstract argumentation frameworks (a set of arguments with a binary relation of defeat), so that arguments can be evaluated with the theory of abstract argumentation. First the basic ASPIC+ framework is reviewed, possible ways to instantiate it are discussed and how these instantiations can satisfy closure and consistency properties. Then the relation between ASPIC+ and other work in formal argumentation and nonmonotonic logic is discussed, including a review of how other approaches can be reconstructed as instantiations of ASPIC+. Further developments and variants of the basic ASPIC+ framework are also reviewed, including developments with alternative or generalised notions of attack and defeat and variants with further constraints on arguments. Finally, implementations and applications of ASPIC+ are briefly reviewed and some open problems and avenues for further research are discussed
Deontic Dynamic Logic: a Retrospective
No full textIn this paper a retrospective is given on the development of deontic dynamic logic. It first reviews the basic system PDeL as introduced in 1988, with emphasis on conceptual issues and technical choices and properties. It then continues with later developments and applications by ourselves and related work by others. Thus we will see how contrary-to-duties and free choice permissions are treated, and how violations can be handled more expressively, including a way of dealing with red/green states and transitions
Extensions and modifications to explanatory coherence
No full textThagard’s theory of explanatory coherence (TEC) and its implementation ECHO might be considered as the de facto calculus of explanatory coherence. It is an elaborate framework to compare competing scientific theories. Recently, it has become apparent that TEC is also useful as a tool for the analysis of different scenarios in so-called sense-making systems. To this end, it is expedient to discuss a number of extensions and modifications to TEC. This article proposes a number of extensions and modifications to TEC in the context of sense-making systems. The following topics are discussed: input format, representation of false formulas, representation languages, relaxation methods, schemes of coherence, meta-explanations, scenarios, leaking hypotheses, knowledge acquisition, and contextual explanation. The discussion is detailed enough to carry through changes in existing sense-making systems
On direct and indirect probabilistic reasoning in legal proof
No full textIn the academic literature three approaches to rational legal proof are investigated, broadly speaking based, respectively on Bayesian statistics, on scenario construction and on argumentation. In this paper these approaches are discussed in light of a distinction between direct and indirect probabilistic reasoning. Direct probabilistic reasoning directly reasons from evidence to hypotheses, while indirect probabilistic reasoning reasons from hypotheses to evidence (and then back to the hypotheses). While statistical and story-based approaches usually model indirect probabilistic reasoning, argumentation-based approaches usually model direct probabilistic reasoning. It has been suggested that all legal probabilistic reasoning should be indirect, but in this paper it is argued that direct probabilistic reasoning has a rational basis and is, moreover, sometimes easier to perform for judges than indirect probabilistic reasoning. Moreover, direct probabilistic reasoning can be analysed in terms of standard probability theory, resulting in an alternative, non-Bayesian use of the terms "prior" and "posterior" probability and without the need to estimate unconditional probabilities of the hypotheses
Visually Embodying Well-Typedness of Algebraic Data Structures through Maramafication
No full textThis paper presents a maramafication of an essential part of FPLs: the construction of well-typed algebraic data structures based on type definitions with at most one type parameter. Maramafication means the design of visual ‘twins’ of existing programming constructs using spatial metaphors rooted in common sense or inborn spatial intuition, to achieve self-explanatoriness. This is, among others, useful to considerably reduce the gap between programmers and non-programmers in the creation of programs, for educational purposes or for invoking enthusiasm among non-programmers
Programming multi-agent systems
Full text linkWith the significant advances in the area of autonomous agents and multi-agent systems in the last decade, promising technologies for the development and engineering of multi-agent systems have emerged. The result is a variety of agent-oriented programming languages, development frameworks, execution platforms, and tools that facilitate building and engineering of multi-agent systems. This paper provides an overview of the multi-agent programming research field and explains the aim and characteristics of various multi-agent programming languages and development frameworks. This overview is complemented with a discussion on the current trends and challenges in this research community
Analyze of the Measuring Performance for Artificially Business Intelligent Systems
Full text linkThis paper analyzes the measuring performance of artificially business intelligent systems. Thousands of persons-years have been devoted to the research and development in the vari¬ous aspects of artificially intelligent systems. Much progress has been attained. However, there has been no means of evaluating the progress of the field. How can we assess the cur¬rent state of the science? Most of business intelligent systems are beginning to be deployed commercially. How can a commercial buyer evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the intelligent candidate and decide which system will perform best for their business applica¬tion? If constructing a system from existing components, how does one select the one that is most appropriate within the desired business intelligent systems? The ability to measure the capabilities of business intelligent systems or components is more that an exercise in satisfy¬ing intellectual or philosophical curiosity. Without measurements and subsequent quantitative evaluation, it is difficult to gauge progress. It is both in a spirit of scientific enquiry and for pragmatic motivations that we embark on the quest for metrics for performance and intelli¬gence of business intelligent systems.artificially intelligent systems, analyze of the measuring performance, business intelligent systems, metrics for performance, meas¬urement performance
Artificial Intelligence in Health Care and Medicine: A Personalized Approach
Full text linkArtificial Intelligence (AI) is becoming more and more ubiquitous, and AI also invades health care and related fields ever more. We believe this is a good thing. Inspired by work that we have done in various projects at the Alan Turing Institute Almere (ATIA), Delft University of Technology (TUD), Utrecht University (UU), and Vrije University (VU), we’ll review a number of applications of AI in health care and medicine, mainly from a personal viewpoint, expertise and interest. In many of the projects we have worked on there is a shared focus and interest in creating a more personalized approach to health care and medicine. It is this focus on a more personalized health care that we want to highlight in this paper. To this end, we review various examples of work to illustrate and argue that AI, and Social AI in particular, has great potential for improving healthcare and enabling a more personalized approach. We show techniques from Social AI can be effectively applied in developing Behavior Change Management systems, and illustrate its use in related work on data collection for Value-Based Health Care. In particular, we’ll discuss artificial emotions, serious games for healthcare, and artificial companions to assist with the care of patients in a hospital or home setting. These companions are able to monitor the behavior of patients, help them remind of taking medication, but also can have conversations with them giving them the feeling that they are cared for. We argue that these examples of Social AI techniques can be used to enable and improve personalized health care even in times where health care is economized upon like we face in The Netherlands. More generally, in this article we discuss various methods and techniques from AI to do this
Value based Agents for Social Simulation of Fishery Management
No full textAlthough there have been many simulations of ecological systems that include social aspects of the persons involved, very little have considered the social aspects of the communities themselves as a separate system. In this paper we will integrate social, economic and ecological models in order to simulate a more realistic fishery community. We need this type of integrated model when we want to explore the effects of new fishing policies on these communities. We argue that a value based approach for the agents is essential and show how this can be used to integrate the different systems.javascript:void(0)
Norm-based mechanism design
Full text linkThe increasing presence of autonomous (software) systems in open environments in general, and the complex interactions taking place among them in particular, require flexible control and coordination mechanisms to guarantee desirable overall system level properties without limiting the autonomy of the involved systems. In artificial intelligence, and in particular in the multi-agent systems research field, social laws, norms, and sanctions have been widely proposed as flexible means for coordinating the behaviour of autonomous agents in multi-agent settings. Recently, many languages have been proposed to specify and implement norm-based environments where the behaviour of autonomous agents is monitored, evaluated based on norms, and possibly sanctioned if norms are violated. In this paper, we first introduce a formal setting of multi-agent environments based on concurrent game structures which abstracts from concrete specification languages. We extend this formal setting with norms and sanctions, and show how concepts from mechanism design can be used to formally analyse and verify whether a specific behaviour can be enforced (or implemented) if agents follow their subjective preferences. We relate concepts from mechanism design to our setting, where agents' preferences are modelled by linear time temporal logic (LTL) formulae. This proposal bridges the gap between norms and mechanism design allowing us to formally study and analyse the effect of norms and sanctions on the behaviour of rational agents. The proposed machinery can be used to check whether specific norms and sanctions have the designer's expected effect on the rational agents' behaviour or if a set of norms and sanctions that realise the effect exists at all. We investigate the computational complexity of our framework, focusing on its implementation in Nash equilibria and we show that it is located at the second and third level of the polynomial hierarchy. Despite this high complexity, on the positive side, these results are in line with existing complexity results of related problems. Finally, we propose a concrete executable specification language that can be used to implement multi-agent environments. We show that the proposed specification language generates specific concurrent game structures and that the abstract multi-agent environment setting can be applied to study and analyse the behaviour of multi-agent programs with and without norms
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