75 research outputs found
Study of Japanese defenses of Betio Island (Tarawa Atoll) : part I, fortifications and weapons.
No full textThis portion of the study of the BETIO defenses was prepared jointly by the Intelligence Section (D-2) of the Second Marine Division and the Joint Intelligence Center, Pacific Ocean Areas. Tactical discussions and some photographs were provided by D-2 personnel, while other photographs, all drawings, and reproduction were provided by the JICPOA. Some of the illustrations, showing installations before the assault, are from Japanese negatives captured on BETIO. The urgency of early publication of this material has precluded any more thorough study or discussion of the general defensive plan than is included herein.
Table of Contents: A. General Discussion of the defense of Betio; B. Coast Defense Guns; C. Heavy Anti-Aircraft Dual-Purpose Guns; D. 13 mm Anti-Aircraft and Beach Defense Machine Guns; E. Field Guns and Emplacements; F. Heavy Machine Gun Emplacements, Rifle and Light Machine Guns Pits; G. Barricades and Obstacles; H. Shelters, I. Mines, Mortars and Grenades; J. Tanks; K. Command Posts.
Note: Page 4 of supplement is missing from document
The collectors : Naval, Army and Air Intelligence in the New Zealand Armed Forces during the Second World War
No full textThis thesis examines the performance of the intelligence collection organisations of the armed services of New Zealand during the Second World War. It considers the intelligence bodies of the Navy, the Army and the Air Force and looks at their growth, development and demise, and assesses their effectiveness as intelligence organisations. The question of how much New Zealand could be expected to achieve in the field of intelligence arises, not least because New Zealand was demographically small, had a long coastline and was geographically relatively remote. How much could New Zealand contribute to the Allied cause in intelligence terms is another issue, and what forms did any participation take? Were there lessons to be learned from the wartime experience (there were, but they went for the most part largely unheeded)?
New Zealand, like other countries, had a fragmented approach to intelligence collection, making for a degree of complexity over a range of activity, despite the intelligence organisations being of modest size. The examination of the organisations in this thesis includes multi-service and multi-departmental dimensions along with the production of useful intelligence. Whether good use was made of intelligence collected is another matter. There was a substantial amount of liaison, contact and practice between departments of state as to various aspects of intelligence, the Organization for National Security and coastwatching being two notable areas. The overarching role and limitations of the Organization for National Security with regard to intelligence is explored, and the development of a combined intelligence centre examined. The participation of New Zealand signals intelligence organisations in the great Allied interception offensive is detailed, along with the mundane but fundamental task of coastal surveillance. The establishment and spectacular decline of the first local independent security service is traced. Both the intelligence and security aspects of the Army's operationally deployed units are covered, along with the growth of RNZAF air intelligence.
The effectiveness of all of these organisations could hardly be expected to be uniform, and indeed it was not. Some bodies succeeded in their collection roles beyond expectations, others were reasonably effective, and two organisations failed dismally in different ways, for a number of reasons. If a pattern emerges at all, it is that small single service component-type intelligence sections collecting operational intelligence were the most effective New Zealand intelligence organisations. Operational focus and. operational requirements underlay the drive for successful collection. Most significant within the Allied context were the signals intelligence bodies. At the other end of the scale, larger co-operative interdepartmental New Zealand intelligence ventures failed to deliver projected results.
New Zealand's armed forces had an interesting variety of intelligence contributions during the Second World War. Of these, the most effective organisations collected intelligence to meet directed operational requirements
Numerical Simulation of a Marine Current Turbine in Turbulent Flow
No full textThe copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the authorThe marine current turbine (MCT) is an exciting proposition for the extraction of renewable tidal and marine current power. However, the numerical prediction of the performance of the MCT is difficult due to its complex geometry, the surrounding turbulent flow and the free surface. The main purpose of this research is to develop a computational tool for the simulation of a MCT in turbulent flow and in this thesis, the author has modified a 3D Large Eddy Simulation (LES) numerical code to simulate a three blade MCT under a variety of operating conditions based on the Immersed Boundary Method (IBM) and the Conservative Level Set Method (CLS).
The interaction between the solid structure and surrounding fluid is modelled by the immersed boundary method, which the author modified to handle the complex geometrical conditions. The conservative free surface (CLS) scheme was implemented in the original Cgles code to capture the free surface effect.
A series of simulations of turbulent flow in an open channel with different slope conditions were conducted using the modified free surface code. Supercritical flow with Froude number up to 1.94 was simulated and a decrease of the integral constant in the law of the wall has been noticed which matches well with the experimental data.
Further simulations of the marine current turbine in turbulent flow have been carried out for different operating conditions and good match with experimental data was observed for all flow conditions. The effect of waves on the performance of the turbine was also investigated and it has been noticed that this existence will increase the power performance of the turbine due to the increase of free stream velocity
Hydrographic study of Barnegat Bay, year II: Data analysis and additional field data collection: Final report, Volume I
No full textThis report documents the data collection and analysis conducted by members of Rutgers University for the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP), Office of Environmental Planning. This second-year work was a continuation of the inquiry performed for the NJDEP Division of Science and Research in the first year. The primary objective of the first-year effort was the collection of field data. The primary objective of the second-year effort was collection of additional field data and analysis of data collected in the first and second years. The funding for the second-year effort was initially provided by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Region II. An additional fund was provided later by NJDEP for the data analysis effort in the second year. These two parts of effort are described in this Year II report. In this report, the results of field data analysis on freshwater input and flushing time are presented first (Section I), the results of field data analysis on wind-induced and other subtidal currents are presented next (Section II), and collection and analysis of additional field data are presented at the end (Section III)
Effects of EMFs from Undersea Power Cables on Elasmobranchs and Other Marine Species.
Get PDFAnthropogenic electromagnetic fields (EMFs) have been introduced into the marine environmentaround the world and from a wide variety of sources for well over a century. Despite this, littleis known about potential ecological impacts from EMFs. For decades, power transmissioncables have been installed across bays and river mouths, and connecting near-shore islands to themainland, with little consideration of possible effects to marine species from EMFs. At a time ofgreater environmental awareness, the US now faces the possibility of a new source of EMFs overa much greater extent of the seabed from offshore renewable energy facilities in coastal waters.This literature review synthesizes information on the types of power cables and models theexpected EMFs from representative cables. Available information on electro- and magnetosensitivityof marine organisms, including elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) and other fishspecies, marine mammals, sea turtles, and invertebrates is summarized and used in conjunctionwith the power cable modeling results to evaluate the level of confidence the existing state ofknowledge provides for impact assessment. Gaps in our knowledge of power cablecharacteristics and the biology needed to understand and predict impacts are summarized andform the basis of recommendations for future research priorities. Potential mitigationopportunities are described with a discussion of their potential secondary impacts as well assuggested methods for monitoring mitigation effectiveness. Finally, because interest in offshorerenewable energy has increased throughout US coastal waters, there is a concern that organismscould be exposed to multiple seabed power cables. Cumulative effects of this exposure are discussed
2012-13 Season Voyage Track and Underway Data
No full textProgress Code: completedStatement: This dataset contains raw data and has only had very crude minimum and maximum range valids applied. Please verify the data before use.On every voyage of the Aurora Australis, approximately 50 onboard sensors collect data on average every 10 seconds. These data are known as the underway datasets. The type of data collected include water and air temperature, wind speeds, ship speed and location, humidity, fluorescence, salinity and so on. For the full list of available data types, see the website.<br/> <br/>These data are broadcast "live" (every 30 minutes) back to Australia and are available via the Australian Oceanographic Data Centre's portal (see the provided link). Once the ship returns to port, the data are then transferred to Australian Antarctic Division servers where they are then made available via the Marine Science Data Search system (see the provided URL).<br/><br/>This dataset contains the track and underway data for all Australian Antarctic Division voyages carried out with the RSV Aurora Australia in the 2012-13 season, at 10 second resolution.<br/><br/>Underway (meteorological) data are available online via the Australian Antarctic Division Data Centre web page (or via the Related URL section)
Aurora Australis Voyage 1 1994-95 Underway Data
No full textProgress Code: completedStatement: Please see the Marine Science Support Data Quality Report via the Related URL section.
Where data for a particular sensor do not exist for a particular time, the last known value is used unless the sensor has been disabled or has encountered an error. For example, some sensors only record data every minute, but the resolution for the underway dataset is 10 seconds, so the same value will be used 6 times a minute. No averages are taken for sensors that capture data at a rate other than every 10 seconds. Instead, each record will be a snapshot of each sensor at that time.This dataset contains the underway data from Voyage 1 1994-95 of the Aurora Australis. This was a resupply cruise, with limited marine science being carried out. NoQalms data types were logged at 20-second intervals. The observations were taken between August and October 1995 en route from Hobart to Macquarie Island to Davis and back to Hobart. See the Marine Science Support Data Quality Report via the Related URL section.<br/> <br/>From the voyage leader's report:<br/><br/>The aims of the voyage were as follows:<br/><br/>1) Conduct iceberg observations in accordance with instructions provided by the Glaciology Section.<br/>2) Meet any obligations for inspection of the vessel by other Treaty parties.<br/>3) Support the following marine science activities.<br/> - Study the East Antarctic Sea Ice Zone: Characteristics and Ocean - Ice - Atmosphere Interaction (Dr Ian Allison).<br/> - Antarctic Pack Ice Seals (Dr Bill de la Mare).<br/> - Sulphur Gas Production in the Southern Ocean (Dr Graham Jones).<br/> - Collection of live Antarctic Krill, "Euphausia superba" (Dr Steve Nicol, collection by John Kitchener) - Not completed.<br/>4) Transfer personnel and cargo by helicopter between the ship and shore at Macquarie Island including helipad components, RTA essential cargo and non-essential cargo weighing more than 700kg.<br/>5) Conduct the Macquarie Island hut resupply, subject to weather conditions, helicopter availability and schedule limitations.<br/>6) Transfer personnel and cargo by helicopter, or over ice transport if ice conditions are suitable, between the ship and shore at Davis.<br/>7) Evaluate and report on the performance and suitability of S76 helicopters for Antarctic Division operations, within the scope of their use on the voyage
Coastal land use in the Maltese islands: a description and appraisal
Get PDFThe area of the Maltese Islands is 316 km , and with an official coastal length of 180 km(^2) possess a high ratio of coastal length to area. The physical properties of the coast include a highly indented and largely accessible coastline having a low sloping profile, on the north, east and south-east littoral of Malta, presenting inlets, bays and deep harbours. Most of the recreational, industrial and coastal residential areas are situated around these areas together with a wide range of fortifications and military defensive structures built as part of the coastal defensive network of Malta over the last five centuries. In contrast, the other parts of the coast, including Gozo, consists of a largely inaccessible coastline made up of cliffs and boulder scree slopes with the few indentations marking sandy beaches. These areas have a high aesthetic quality. The rapid pace of development over last half-century has witnessed an economic transformation from an economy based on British military spending to one based on the development of coastal areas for marine-related services, tourism and residential and second-home development. Coastal land use conflicts have intensified with economic development and as people have sought to make a more use of the coast. This thesis is concerned with the evaluation of the coastal land use in the Maltese Islands. A historical overview of the coast is first presented, then a methodology for the mapping, surveying and estimation of the land uses along the coastal zone of the Maltese Islands is developed. This is based on a number of coastal field surveys that the author participated in between 1989 and 1998. The coastal zone was divided into sixteen segments and mapping is covered by sixteen land uses. The main results were that coastal development was centred in areas where a high natural coastal indentation and good physical accessibility of the coast were present, these, in turn, gave rise to land use conflict. In addition, civil engineering works and modifications such as rock-cutting, jetties, breakwaters and, in densely populated areas, promenades, intensified land use conflict. A notable difference in the type of coastal development processes to the north (tourism) and south (industry) of the Great Fault is evident. The thesis also includes the part played by the Malta Environment and Planning Authority in influencing coastal land uses, the main land use modifications proposed in the European Union accession talks and a brief assessment of the land use situation in selected localities in 2003
Mechanical and microstructural data from deformation experiments on marine and meteoric ice from the Amery Ice Shelf
No full textProgress Code: completedStatement: Experiment LC020 is missing a large amount of displacement data due to a malfunctioning dial gauge. Grain sizes from all meteoric ice samples are unreliable, as they are very large relative to the sample/section size. Strain rate data from meteoric ice samples are likely controlled by a small number of grains, for the same reason.<b>Purpose</b><br/>This dataset was collected as part of a project to quantify the rheology of marine ice in comparison with other ice types.These data were collected from compressional ice deformation experiments on samples of standard (laboratory-made) ice, and marine and meteoric ice from the Amery Ice Shelf, cores AM01, AM04 and G1. Experiments were performed in the IMAS Ice Mechanics Laboratory between 2018 and 2022, following the methods described in:<br/><br/>Craw, L., Treverrow, A., Fan, S., Peternell, M., Cook, S., McCormack, F., and Roberts, J.: The temperature change shortcut: effects of mid-experiment temp<br/>erature changes on the deformation of polycrystalline ice, The Cryosphere, 15, 2235–2250, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2235-2021, 2021.<br/><br/>all_experiments.csv contains a list of all experiments performed, and the following fields:<br/>temperature = target temperature of the experiment, in degrees (actual temperature is recorded in the data files for each experiment)<br/>ice_type = string denoting standard, marine or meteoric ice<br/>starting_point = the index of the data point in the raw data file where the experiment begins (i.e. load was applied to the sample)<br/>end_point = the index of the data point in the raw data file where the experiment ends<br/>secondary_rate = secondary minimum strain rate, picked manually from the curve<br/>secondary_strain = the total strain at the secondary minimum<br/>tertiary_rate_1 = first tertiary strain rate, picked manually from the curve<br/>tertiary_strain_1 = the total strain at the first tertiary creep stage<br/>tertiary_rate_2 = second tertiary strain rate, picked manually from the curve (this value only exists in experiments with more than one temperature point)<br/>tertiary_strain_2 = the total strain at the second tertiary creep stage<br/>max_axial_strain = the maximum (final) axial strain reached<br/>max_octahedral_strain = the maximum (final) octahedral strain reached<br/>total_time_hours = total experiment run-time in hours<br/>total_time_days = total experiment run-time in days<br/>undeformed_median_grain_size = median grain size measured in a thin section before the experiment (this was not always recorded)<br/>undeformed_number_of_grains = the number of grains in the section used to calculate the median grain size (for quality control purposes)<br/>deformed_median_grain_size = median grain size measured in a thin section after the experiment (this was not always recorded)<br/>deformed_number_of_grains = the number of grains in the section used to calculate the median grain size (for quality control purposes)<br/>undeformed_jindex = J-index describing the density of c-axis alignment measured in a thin section taken before the experiment (1 denotes random distribution, an infinite value denotes a single orientation)<br/>deformed_jindex = J-index describing the density of c-axis alignment measured in a thin section taken after the experiment (1 denotes random distribution, an infinite value denotes a single orientation)<br/><br/>For each experiment listed in all_experiments.csv, a raw mechanical data file and a processed mechanical data file are supplied, alongside .mat files containing fabric analyser and EBSD data (where collected) from thin sections.<br/><br/>[experiment_number]_raw_data.csv contains the data as logged during the experiment:<br/>time = time in hours<br/>v_dis = vertical diplacement of the top platen (at the top of the sample) relative to its original position<br/>h_dis = not recorded in these experiments<br/>temp = temperature in degrees celsius<br/><br/>[experiment_number]_smoothed.csv contains the processed data used to plot strain rate vs. strain curves:<br/>smoothed_mean_time = the mean time in hours corresponding to the strain rate data<br/>smoothed_axial_strain = the total axial strain calculated over intervals of 250 data points<br/>smoothed_axial_strain_rate = the axial strain rate calculated over intervals of 250 data points<br/>smoothed_octahedral_strain = the total octahedral strain calculated over intervals of 250 data points<br/>smoothed_octahedral_strain_rate = the octahedral strain rate calculated over intervals of 250 data points<br/><br/>[experiment_number]_FA_smoothed.mat contains fabric analyser data (spatially indexed Euler orientations) formatted to be read by the MTEX toolbox (https://mtex-toolbox.github.io/). These were converted from the original .cis data format using methods outlined in Craw et al., 2021 (reference above). <br/><br/>[experiment_number]_ebsd_smoothed.mat contains EBSD data (spatially indexed Euler orientations) formatted to be read by the MTEX toolbox (https://mtex-toolbox.github.io/). These data have been smoothed using a half quadratic filter.<br/><br/>Please direct any questions to [email protected]
The Second International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture
Get PDFProceedings of the symposium held in 1987 in Bangkok, Thailand, by tilapia scientists to discuss strategies for future research and development in the tilapia industry worldwide. Contains 82 full papers, 17 poster abstracts and author and species indexes. The full papers were presented under 7 sessions: culture systems, management and production; pathology; genetics and reproduction; nutrition, physiology; biology and ecology; and economics and socioeconomics.Tilapia culture, Conferences
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