2,918 research outputs found
Are rain gauges in the right place?
No full textRain gauges are a powerful tool to measure rain entering a watershed. When water flow through a watershed is modeled, these rainfall measurements are used as inputs. Hydrological models have become increasingly complex as they more accurately represent the physical processes occurring. This is mostly done by increasing the spatial and temporal resolution of the model. As this resolution is increased, the inputs also need to increase. This thesis looks into if rain gauges are in the right place when used as inputs for hydrological models. This has been done by analysing four factors which literature showed to have affect rain gauges. The four considered factors are: the distribution of rain gauges, the steepness of the slope they are on, the location on that slope and their location within a watershed. For each of these factors algorithms have been developed in Python which compute relevant information on a given station. These algorithms have been applied to 368 gauges across the United Kingdom (UK), available from an open data source. The rain gauges are well distributed across different altitudes matching the distribution of heights across the UK. Above 400 m there are no gauges and this area is therefore underrepresented. The spacing of stations is good, a few close together and some isolated gauges on islands. The steepness of slopes varies strongly, when a steepness of 25% is used as a threshold only around 3% are on too steep of a slope. A fair amount of gauges are on ridges. Especially those near the coast have steep seaward slopes and thus will suffer from underestimating the actual rainfall. Within watersheds gauges are often near rivers causing other areas of the watershed to be underrepresented, especially areas of higher elevation. In future research it is recommended to use more gauges in the data set. Secondly focusing on a baseline comparison can help identify which stations are placed incorrectly. Lastly it is recommended to vary the resolution of elevation data and the spatial area considered, focusing on watersheds.GitHub containing used code - https://github.com/Daafip/Are-rain-gauges-in-the-right-placeCivil Engineerin
Acid Rain - 02
No full textDocument - An article written by Martha Kostuch entitled, The Sour Side of Acid Rain, and letters from Martha Kostuch about acid rain. Brief to the Subcommittee on Acid Rain of the Standing Committee on Fisheries and Forestry (9 pages
Platsenta transkriptoom ja miRNoom tervete ja komplikatsioonidega raseduste korral
No full textVäitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsiooneIga raseduse kulg on unikaalne aga iga ema soov on see läbida komplikatsioonideta ning saada endale täie tervise juures vastsündinu. Palju oleneb raseda elustiilist ja geneetikast millise tulemini jõutakse. Ma saame elustiili harjumusi muuta ja parandada aga geneetikaga saame hinnata võimalike probleemide riske. Selle jaoks vajame täpseid teadmisi kuidas platsentas geenide ja mikroRNAde ekspressioon on reguleeritud. Platsenta töötab kui ema ja loote vaheline suhtlusvahend, reguleerides hapniku ja toitainete transporti lootele ja sealsete jääkainete eemaldamist. Platsenta kasv on kiire ning selle jaoks on vajalik täpne geenide ekspressiooni taseme regulatsioon, et tagada lootele võimalikult soodne kasvukeskkond. Üheks geenide ekspressiooni regulaatoriteks on mikroRNAd, mis võimaldavad kiiresti reguleerida geenide ekspressiooni taset. Käesolev uuring keskendus geenide ja mikroRNAde profiili uurimisele platsenta koes tervete ja komplikatsioonidega raseduste korral. Lisaks hindasime millised regulaatorid on veel olulised mikroRNAde ekspressiooni taseme muutuseks. Leidsime, et preeklampsia korral on platsentas muutunud suurel hulgal geenide (n=215) ja mikroRNAde (n=66) ekspressiooni tase võrreldes normaalsete platsentadega. Lisaks leidsime, et tulenevalt gestatsiooni ajast on mikroRNAdel varieeruv ekspressiooni profiil. Platsenta spetsiifiliste mikroRNAde analüüsimisel leidsime, et vastavalt mikroRNA klastrile on neil kindel gestatsiooni ajast tingitud ekspressioon. Geenide ja mikroRNAde ekspressiooni andmestikku omavahelisel võrdlusel, leidsime nende vahelise tugeva seose, mis võimaldas mikroRNAd grupeerida funktsiooni alusel. Andmete analüüs, mis kasutab ühiselt nii geenide kui mikroRNAde ekspressiooni andmeid annab meile parema ülevaate kuidas erinevad raseduskomplikatsioonid mõjutavad geenide ja mikroRNAde ekspressiooni muutust.Every pregnancy is unique, but every mother’s dream is to have an uncomplicated pregnancy and a healthy newborn. Lifestyle and genetics are crucial factors for determining pregnancy outcomes. It is possible to adjust lifestyle, in the case of genetics, we can measure risk factors and mitigate their effect. We have the need to precisely understand how placental gene and microRNA expression regulates placenta function. The placenta connects the mother with the developing fetus, functioning as a nutrient exchange hub, supplying the fetus with nutrients and oxygen and removing waste products. Placenta development is fast and requires precise gene expression regulation for optimal fetal growth. MicroRNAs are small RNA molecules that regulate gene expression. This codependence is an informative study subject. This thesis aimed to analyze placental gene and microRNA expression in normal and complicated pregnancies and identify what could regulate their expression levels. Our findings show that in case of preeclampsia, gene and microRNA expression is shifted in placenta compared to normal pregnancy placentas (n=215 gene and n=66 microRNAs are differentially expressed). Describing microRNAs expression profiles in the context of gestation, we identified a distinct shift based on gestational progression. Placenta-specific microRNAs showed a similar expression change based on the cluster they are from. We found that microRNAs can be grouped based on their function when combining gene and microRNA expression datasets and evaluating their correlation. This kind of research gives more in-depth information on how placental gene and microRNA expression is regulated in different conditions and adds better understanding of gene and microRNA interactions.https://www.ester.ee/record=b555866
CDH13 geeni promootorala varieeruvuse seos südame- ja veresoonkonna tööd iseloomustavate parameetritega
No full text2018-06-0
Let it rain
No full textAs a result of the climate change, showers of rain become more and more extreme. This results in water problems in dense build areas where large amounts of rain water are immediately discharged into the sewer system. Rotterdam is one of these dense cities that struggles with this problem. The water system of Rotterdam can’t handle the amount of water during extreme weather. The sewer is discharged into the city canals which results in large water problems. Rotterdam is solving the direct causes of the water problems but also stimulation solutions to solve the problem in a indirect way. This project is about solving the water problem at its cause: the 99% hard surface in the inner city. The location along the Hoogstraat is chosen because it is a part of the area in which the municipality of Rotterdam has planned an open water system to collect rain water. Also the location includes a new-construction project and is situated along a main route. The special charachteristic of this is location is the link between the quiet Grote Kerkplein, the bustle Hoogstraat and the Delftsevaart. The Waterplan of Rotterdam argues for more temporary rain water storage in the innercity of Rotterdam. In the Museumpark a new parking garage is combined with water storage and the same concept will soon be used for the Zuidplein. But what happens if we combine rain water storage and architecture in a visible way? Multifunctional use of space and construction becomes possible and the relation between water and daily use will become more and more important. We already know buildings that collect rainwater and re-use it in a self-sufficient way. It is a challenge to design a building that also collects rain water from its surroundings and provides the surrounding area with purified water. If architecture and rain water storage are combined in a visible way the architecture and shape of the building will change if it rains. Rain water can be an integrated part of the architecture and the functional design. The project will be designed following these new concepts. The project will contain a restaurant and open air theater that is already planned in the area in the masterplan of KCAP. These two functions will be combined with a new and political relevant function: a museum about Water and Climate Change.Delta InterventionsArchitectureArchitectur
Sequenced placenta, serum and urine miRNomes of three healthy pregnancies
No full textSequenced miRNomes of the placenta, serum, and urine samples from three healthy pregnant females. Samples are collected from the third trimester
Citizen rain gauges improve hourly radar rainfall bias correction using a two-step Kalman filter
No full textThe low density of conventional rain gauge networks is often a limiting factor for radar rainfall bias correction. Citizen rain gauges offer a promising opportunity to collect rainfall data at a higher spatial density. In this paper, hourly radar rainfall bias adjustment was applied using two different rain gauge networks: tipping buckets, measured by Thai Meteorological Department (TMD), and daily citizen rain gauges. The radar rainfall bias correction factor was sequentially updated based on TMD and citizen rain gauge data using a two-step Kalman filter to incorporate the two gauge datasets of contrasting quality. Radar reflectivity data from the Sattahip radar station, gauge rainfall data from the TMD, and data from citizen rain gauges located in the Tubma Basin, Thailand, were used in the analysis. Daily data from the citizen rain gauge network were downscaled to an hourly resolution based on temporal distribution patterns obtained from radar rainfall time series and the TMD gauge network. Results show that an improvement in radar rainfall estimates was achieved by including the downscaled citizen observations compared with bias correction based on the conventional rain gauge network alone. These outcomes emphasize the value of citizen rainfall observations for radar bias correction, in particular in regions where conventional rain gauge networks are sparse.Water Resource
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