4 research outputs found
MARÍA ZAMBRANO. L’AVVENTURA DI ESSERE FILOSOFA: PENSIERO E AZIONE.
No full textIl vivo interesse che, in particolare nell’ultimo trentennio, si è registrato in Italia per il pensiero filosofico di María Zambrano è il motivo principale di questo lavoro. All’interno della considerevole letteratura già esistente, si propone un’analisi critica del pensiero zambraniano a partire dai suoi primi scritti. Nel pensiero spagnolo del XX secolo Zambrano segna una delle traiettorie più originali e, forse, è tra le filosofe europee che ancora continuano a suscitare intenso interesse, a giudicare dalle numerose tesi, ricerche e traduzioni delle sue opere. Cruciale è la critica che lei muove alla tradizione filosofica occidentale e alla ragione discorsiva e sistematica dei filosofi. Paradigmatico è, fra l’altro, il suo invito a praticare un pensiero che sveli le fallacie della tradizione filosofica. A suo avviso, si tratta di ridefinire lo statuto filosofico perché accolga un altro modello di ragione. Un esempio è quello che lei propone con la ragione poetica. Essa non è solo ragione, e non è solo poesia, in quanto è insieme ragione e poesia. Questa ricerca è suddivisa in due parti.
Nella prima, l’attenzione è focalizzata, in particolare, sul decennio cruciale per la storia spagnola, che va dal 1928 al 1939. Il che porta, a orientarci più nel dettaglio, sui prodromi del pensiero poetico e filosofico di María Zambrano, a partire dai suoi studi, in Madrid, con José Ortega y Gasset e Manuel García Morente, Xavier Zubiri e J. Besteiro; dai suoi contatti con i più noti poeti spagnoli, come Antonio Machado, Emilio Prados, Miguel Hernandéz; dalle sue relazioni politico-culturali come, per esempio, l’associazionismo universitario. La seconda parte di questa ricerca intende mostrare, invece, attraverso alcune testimonianze paradigmatiche, quelle orme visibili e indelebili di una generazione in crisi, per l’appunto, della Generación del Toro.
Questa ricerca ha anche due esigenze metodologiche. A partire dal lavoro di dottorato su Spinoza, mai concluso e che, però, lei riepilogò in un manoscritto e in un pregnante articolo, si segnalano alcuni dei nodi teoretici più rilevanti della lettura dell’autrice. In tal senso, è utile rileggere, anche, il rapporto complesso con Ortega, studioso attento della filosofia spinoziana e della politica spagnola, attraverso, fra l’altro, alcune delle lettere che Zambrano gli invia negli anni Trenta. È interessante inoltre ricordare il suo impegno civile e politico, avviato già prima dell’avvento della dittatura «primoriverista» e che segna, di fatto, una tappa importante della sua critica filosofica. Il che è cruciale anche per ricostruire, storicamente, i movimenti giovanili e le associazioni studentesche che proprio in questo contesto contribuirono ad accelerare quel processo di rimodernizzazione politico-culturale della penisola iberica.The lively interest , recorded in Italy, particularly in the last three decades, for the philosophical thought of María Zambrano is the main reason of this work. Within the considerable existing literature , we propose a critical analysis of zambranian thought starting from his early writings. In the Spanish thought of the twentieth century Zambrano marks one of the most original trajectories and, perhaps, is one of the European philosophers who still continue to arouse intense interest , judging by the many theses, research and translations of his works. Crucial is the criticism that she moves to the Western philosophical tradition and to discursive and systematic reason of philosophers. Paradigmatic is , among other things , his invitation to practice a thought that reveal the fallacies of the philosophical tradition . In her view, it has to be redefined the philosophical status in order to accept another model of reason . An example is what she proposes with the poetic reason . It is not just reason, and not just poetry , as it is both reason and poetry. This research is divided into two parts.
In the first, the attention is focused in particular on the crucial decade for Spanish history , which goes from 1928 to 1939 . This leads , to orient ourselves in more detail, about the beginnings of the poetic and philosophical thought of María Zambrano , from his studies in Madrid with José Ortega y Gasset and Manuel García Morente , Xavier Zubiri and J. Besteiro , from his contacts with the most important Spanish poets such as Antonio Machado, Emilio Prados, Miguel Hernandéz , its political and cultural relations as , for example, university associations . The second part of this research will show , however, through some paradigmatic testimonials those visible and indelible footsteps of a generation in crisis , in fact , of the Generación of Toro .
This research also has two methodological requirements . Since doctoral work on Spinoza , never-ended and that, though, she summarized in a manuscript and in a meaningful article , we highlight some of the most relevant theoretical nodes of the reading of the author. In this sense , it is useful to recall , too, the complex relationship with Ortega, careful student of the philosophy of Spinoza and Spanish politics , through some of the letters that Zambrano sends in the Thirties. It is also interesting to recall his civil and political commitment , which began even before the advent of the " primoriverist " dictatorship and that marks , in fact, an important stage of her philosophical critique . Which is also crucial to reconstruct , historically , youth movements and student associations in this context that helped to accelerate the process of a political-cultural modernization of the Iberian Peninsula
Association of intraoperative end-tidal CO2 levels with postoperative outcomes: a patient-level analysis of two randomised clinical trials
No full textBackground: The relationship between intraoperative end-tidal CO2 (etCO2) levels and postoperative outcomes remains unclear. We conducted a post hoc analysis of two randomised trials in adults undergoing major surgery under general anaesthesia. Methods: We re-analysed individual participant data comparing high or low positive end-expiratory pressure with low tidal volume intraoperative ventilation using a merged database derived from two randomised trials in non-obese (PROVHILO: ISRCTN70332574) and obese (PROBESE: NCT02148692) patients. The exposure of interest was low etCO2 (<4.7 kPa) vs normal-high etCO2 (≥4.7 kPa). The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications within 5 days. A time-weighted etCO2 analysis and propensity score matching were also performed to adjust for confounding. Results: Of 2793 participants, 891 (29.4%; 52% female) had low etCO2, compared with 1972/2793 (70.6%; 65% female) participants with normal-high etCO2. Compared with participants with normal-high etCO2, higher minute volumes (normalised to body weight) were delivered in participants with low etCO2. Postoperative pulmonary complications developed in 278/821 (34%) participants with low etCO2, compared with 462/1972 (23%) participants who had normal-high etCO2 (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.1–1.6; P<0.001). The time-weighted analysis showed an inverse linear relationship between the mean etCO2 and postoperative pulmonary complications, which was also confirmed by propensity matching. Conclusions: Low etCO2 occurs often during intraoperative ventilation and is associated with a higher rate of PPCs. The etCO2 level has an inverse dose-dependent relationship with postoperative pulmonary complications. Clinical trial registration: NCT05550181
Individual and combined effects of chemical and mechanical power on postoperative pulmonary complications: a secondary analysis of the REPEAT study
No full textIntroduction: Intra-operative supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilation expose the lungs to potentially injurious energy. This can be quantified as 'chemical power' and 'mechanical power', respectively. In this study, we sought to determine if intra-operative chemical and mechanical power, individually and/or in combination, are associated with postoperative pulmonary complications. Methods: Using an individual patient data analysis of three randomised clinical trials of intra-operative ventilation, we summarised intra-operative chemical and mechanical power using time-weighted averages. We evaluated the association between intra-operative chemical and mechanical power and a collapsed composite of postoperative pulmonary complications using multivariable logistic regression to estimate the odds ratios related to the effect of 1 J.min-1 increase in chemical or mechanical power with adjustment for demographic and intra-operative characteristics. We also included an interaction term to assess for potential synergistic effects of chemical and mechanical power on postoperative pulmonary complications. Results: Of 3837 patients recruited to three individual trials, 2492 with full datasets were included in the analysis. Intra-operative time-weighted average (SD) chemical power was 10.2 (3.9) J.min-1 and mechanical power was 10.5 (4.4) J.min-1. An increase of 1 J.min-1 in chemical power was associated with 8% higher odds of postoperative pulmonary complications (OR 1.08, 95%CI 1.05-1.10, p < 0.001), while the same increase in mechanical power raised odds by 5% (OR 1.05, 95%CI 1.02-1.08, p = 0.003). We did not find evidence of a significant interaction between chemical and mechanical power (p = 0.40), suggestive of an additive rather than synergistic effect on postoperative pulmonary complications. Discussion: Both chemical and mechanical power are independently associated with postoperative pulmonary complications. Further work is required to determine causality
High PEEP with recruitment maneuvers versus Low PEEP During General Anesthesia for Surgery -a Bayesian individual patient data meta-analysis of three randomized clinical trials
No full textBackground: The influence of high positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) with recruitment maneuvers on the occurrence of postoperative pulmonary complications after surgery is still not definitively established. Bayesian analysis can help to gain further insights from the available data and provide a probabilistic framework that is easier to interpret. Our objective was to estimate the posterior probability that the use of high PEEP with recruitment maneuvers is associated with reduced postoperative pulmonary complications in patients with intermediate-to-high risk under neutral, pessimistic, and optimistic expectations regarding the treatment effect. Methods: Multilevel Bayesian logistic regression analysis on individual patient data from three randomized clinical trials carried out on surgical patients at Intermediate-to-High Risk for postoperative pulmonary complications. The main outcome was the occurrence of postoperative pulmonary complications in the early postoperative period. We studied the effect of high PEEP with recruitment maneuvers versus Low PEEP Ventilation. Priors were chosen to reflect neutral, pessimistic, and optimistic expectations of the treatment effect. Results: Using a neutral, pessimistic, or optimistic prior, the posterior mean odds ratio (OR) for High PEEP with recruitment maneuvers compared to Low PEEP was 0.85 (95% Credible Interval [CrI] 0.71 to 1.02), 0.87 (0.72 to 1.04), and 0.86 (0.71 to 1.02), respectively. Regardless of prior beliefs, the posterior probability of experiencing a beneficial effect exceeded 90%. Subgroup analysis indicated a more pronounced effect in patients who underwent laparoscopy (OR: 0.67 [0.50 to 0.87]) and those at high risk for PPCs (OR: 0.80 [0.53 to 1.13]). Sensitivity analysis, considering severe postoperative pulmonary complications only or applying a different heterogeneity prior, yielded consistent results. Conclusion: High PEEP with recruitment maneuvers demonstrated a moderate reduction in the probability of PPC occurrence, with a high posterior probability of benefit observed consistently across various prior beliefs, particularly among patients who underwent laparoscopy
