169 research outputs found
Hypercoagulopathy in Severe COVID-19: Implications for Acute Care.
No full textCOVID-19 was first described in late 2019 and has since developed into a pandemic affecting more than 21 million people worldwide. Of particular relevance for acute care is the occurrence of COVID-19-associated coagulopathy (CAC), which is characterised by hypercoagulability, immunothrombosis and venous thromboembolism, and contributes to hypoxia in a significant proportion of patients. This review describes diagnosis and treatment of CAC in the emergency department and in intensive care. We summarise the pathological mechanisms and common complications of CAC such as pulmonary thrombosis and venous thromboembolic events and discuss current strategies for thromboprophylaxis and therapeutic anti-coagulation in the acute care setting
Effekte von Morphin, Fentanyl und Ketamin auf leukozytäre Funktion, Transkriptionsfaktoren und Interleukin-8-Synthese
No full textIn der hier vorliegenden Arbeit wird der Einfluß der in der Anästhesie gebräuchlichen Analgetika Morphin, Fentanyl und Ketamin auf die Funktion neutrophiler Granulozyten dargelegt. Dazu wurden immunologische, durchflußzytometrische und molekularbiologische Untersuchungsverfahren eingesetzt. Die untersuchten Substanzen modulieren die Funktion, transkriptionelle Regulation und Proteinexpression von Granulozyten in unterschiedlicher Weise.
Morphin hemmt die Funktion neutrophiler Granulozyten konzentrations- und zeitabhängig. Erstmals wird dargestellt, daß der inhibitorische Effekt von Morphin auf die Phagozytose und den Oxidativen Burst durch die Freisetzung von NO als second messenger hervorgerufen wird. Die verminderte Expression von Komplement-, Fcg- und CD14-Rezeptoren korreliert mit diesen Funktionseinschränkungen. Zudem reguliert Morphin die intrazelluläre Signaltransduktion und führt dadurch zu einer Minderung der LPS-induzierten DNA-Bindungsaktivität der Transkriptionsfaktoren NF-kB und AP-1. Die hemmende Wirkung von Morphin auf transkriptionsregulierende Proteine wird in dieser Arbeit erstmals an humanen Leukozyten nachgewiesen. Dabei stellt die Morphin-abhängige Freisetzung von NO das Schlüsselereignis für die hemmenden Effekte von Morphin dar: Durch NOS-Antagonisten kann die Morphin-induzierte Hemmung von Rezeptorenexpression, Granulozytenfunktion und Transkriptionsfaktoren verhindert werden, während NO-Donoren die Morphin-Wirkung imitieren. Die Blockade von Opiatrezeptoren mit Naloxon hebt die inhibierende Wirkung von Morphin ebenfalls auf, so daß eine Bindung an NO-freisetzende µ-Rezeptoren auf Granulozyten als kausaler Mechanismus angesehen werden kann. Die Inhibierung der Transkriptionsfaktoren NF-kB und AP-1 korreliert im Vollblut nicht mit einer verminderten Produktion von IL-8 als NF-kB- bzw. AP-1-abhängigem Mediator. Die exakten intrazellulären Mechanismen und die funktionelle Bedeutung dieser Granulozyten-inhibierenden Effekte von Morphin auf das Entzündungsgeschehen müssen in zukünftigen Untersuchungen geklärt werden.Fentanyl zeigt weder aktivierende noch inhibierende Wirkungen auf Granulozytenfunktion und Expression von Oberflächenrezeptoren. Grundlage hierfür kann die mangelnde Affinität von Fentanyl für die auf Leukozyten exprimierten Opiatrezeptoren sein. Basierend auf der Annahme, daß diese Substanz immunologisch inert ist, wurden Effekte auf transkriptionelle Regulation und Proteinsynthese nicht untersucht.
Ketamin hemmt die Granulozytenfunktion und die Expression von Komplement-, Fcg- und CD14-Rezeptoren konzentrationsabhängig, wobei die Dauer der Ketamin-Inkubation nicht von Bedeutung ist. Erstmals wird in dieser Arbeit ein inhibitorischer Effekt von Ketamin auf die LPS-induzierte DNA-Bindungsaktivität der Transkriptionsfaktoren NF-kB und AP-1 beschrieben, wobei konsekutiv die leukozytäre Produktion von IL-8 auf transkriptioneller Ebene gehemmt wird. Das Ausmaß der Hemmung durch Ketamin hängt dabei von der zur Stimulation eingesetzten LPS-Dosierung ab. Im Gegensatz zu Morphin-induzierten Veränderungen sind diese Effekte unabhängig von NO als second messenger und werden nicht durch Opiat- oder NMDA-Rezeptoren vermittelt. Damit unterscheiden sich die Signaltransduktionswege Ketamin-vermittelter Effekte auf Immunzellen grundlegend von denjenigen, die für die anästhetische und psychomimetische Wirkung dieser Substanz im ZNS verantwortlich sind. Enantiomer-spezifische Effekte spielen für die immunsupprimierende Wirkung von Ketamin nur eine untergeordnete Rolle. Folgestudien sind erforderlich, um die an der Ketamin-abhängigen Inhibierung beteiligten intrazellulären Mediatoren und Stoffwechselwege in Leukozyten zu definieren.
Der in dieser Studie erstmals zur Untersuchung von Analgetika-induzierten Veränderungen von Transkriptionsfaktoren angewandte durchflußzytometrische Vollblut-Assay weist eine hohe Reproduzierbarkeit auf, ermöglicht eine verläßliche und schnelle Quantifizierung des nukleären NF-kB- bzw. AP-1-Gehalts und liefert mit klassischen Verfahren vergleichbare Ergebnisse. Bei dieser Technik kann auf eine Zellseparation verzichtet werden, so daß die physiologischen Zustände im Vollblut berücksichtigt werden. Eine eventuelle Anwendung dieses Verfahrens zum Screening von Risikopatienten in Anästhesie und Intensivmedizin sollte in zukünftigen Untersuchungen evaluiert werden.Der differente Einfluß dieser Analgetika auf das Immunsystem sollte bei den verschiedenen Indikationen in Anästhesie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie Beachtung finden und in klinischen Studien weiter abgeklärt werden, um nicht nur eine effiziente Analgesie zu erzielen, sondern auch um etwaige Vor- bzw. Nachteile einer Immunmodulation durch diese Substanzen berücksichtigen zu können
A narrative review of diaphragm ultrasound to predict weaning from mechanical ventilation: where are we and where are we heading?
No full textBackground: The use of ultrasound to visualize the diaphragm is well established. Over the last 15 years, certain indices of diaphragm function, namely diaphragm thickness, thickening fraction and excursion have been established for mechanically ventilated patients to track changes in diaphragm size and function over time, to assess and diagnose diaphragmatic dysfunction, and to evaluate if these indices can predict successful liberation from mechanical ventilation. In the last 2 years, three meta-analyses and a systematic review have assessed the usability of diaphragmatic ultrasound to predict successful weaning. Since then, further data have been published on the topic. Conclusions: The aim of this narrative review is to briefly describe the common methods of diaphragmatic function assessment using ultrasound techniques, before summarizing the major points raised by the recent reviews. A narrative summary of the most recent data will be presented, before concluding with a brief discussion of future research directions in this field
Study protocol: A systematic review and meta-analysis regarding the influence of coagulopathy and immune activation on new onset atrial fibrillation in patients with sepsis.
No full textBackgroundNew onset atrial fibrillation (NOAF) is the most common arrhythmia affecting critically ill patients with sepsis. NOAF is associated with increased intensive care unit mortality, increased hospital mortality, development of heart failure and increased risk of permanent atrial fibrillation and thromboembolic events such as stroke. The pathophysiology of NOAF has been outlined, however, a knowledge gap exists regarding the association between abnormalities in coagulation and immune biomarkers, and the risk of developing NOAF in patients with sepsis.Methods and analysisThis protocol describes a systematic review and meta-analysis following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols guideline (PRISMA-P) and the Meta-Analyses and Systematic Reviews of Observational Studies guideline (MOOSE). We will conduct the literature search in Medline, Scopus and Cochrane Library. We will include studies that report data in adult patients (>18 years) with sepsis that develop NOAF. We will extract data from studies that report at least one coagulation or immune biomarker. Risk of bias will be assessed by using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) and Risk of Bias 2 tool (RoB2) for non-randomized and randomized trials respectively. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach will be utilized in assessing the quality of evidence.DiscussionThis systematic review and meta-analysis will explore the scientific literature regarding the association between coagulation and immune activation in critically ill patients with sepsis, who develop NOAF. The findings will add to the existing knowledge base of NOAF in sepsis, highlight areas of uncertainty and identify future areas of interest to guide and improve management strategies for NOAF.Trial registrationRegistration details. CRD42022385225 (PROSPERO)
Skeletons of Prym varieties and Brill-Noether theory
No full textWe show that the non-Archimedean skeleton of the Prym variety associated to an unramified double cover of an algebraic curve is naturally isomorphic (as a principally polarized tropical abelian variety) to the tropical Prym variety of the associated tropical double cover. This confirms a conjecture by Jensen and the first author. We prove a new upper bound on the dimension of the Prym-Brill-Noether locus for generic unramified double covers of curves with fixed even gonality on the base. Our methods also give a new proof of the classical Prym-Brill-Noether Theorem for generic unramified double covers that is originally due to Welters and Bertram
Development of a Risk Prediction Model for New Episodes of Atrial Fibrillation in Medical-Surgical Critically Ill Patients Using the AmsterdamUMCdb.
No full textThe occurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF) represents clinical deterioration in acutely unwell patients and leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Prediction of the development of AF allows early intervention. Using the AmsterdamUMCdb, clinically relevant variables from patients admitted in sinus rhythm were extracted over the full duration of the ICU stay or until the first recorded AF episode occurred. Multiple logistic regression was performed to identify risk factors for AF. Input variables were automatically selected by a sequential forward search algorithm using cross-validation. We developed three different models: For the overall cohort, for ventilated patients and non-ventilated patients. 16,144 out of 23,106 admissions met the inclusion criteria. 2,374 (12.8%) patients had at least one AF episode during their ICU stay. Univariate analysis revealed that a higher percentage of AF patients were older than 70 years (60% versus 32%) and died in ICU (23.1% versus 7.1%) compared to non-AF patients. Multivariate analysis revealed age to be the dominant risk factor for developing AF with doubling of age leading to a 10-fold increased risk. Our logistic regression models showed excellent performance with AUC.ROC > 0.82 and > 0.91 in ventilated and non-ventilated cohorts, respectively. Increasing age was the dominant risk factor for the development of AF in both ventilated and non-ventilated critically ill patients. In non-ventilated patients, risk for development of AF was significantly higher than in ventilated patients. Further research is warranted to identify the role of ventilatory settings on risk for AF in critical illness and to optimise predictive models
Lipopolysaccharide induces a downregulation of adiponectin receptors in-vitro and in-vivo
No full textBackground. Adipose tissue contributes to the inflammatory response through production of cytokines, recruitment of macrophages and modulation of the adiponectin system. Previous studies have identified a down-regulation of adiponectin in pathologies characterised by acute (sepsis and endotoxaemia) and chronic inflammation (obesity and type-II diabetes mellitus). In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that LPS would reduce adiponectin receptor expression in a murine model of endotoxaemia and in adipoocyte and myocyte cell cultures.Methods. 25 mg/kg LPS was injected intra-peritoneally into C57BL/6J mice, equivalent volumes of normal saline were used in control animals. Mice were killed at 4 or 24 h post injection and tissues harvested. Murine adipocytes (3T3-L1) and myocytes (C2C12) were grown in standard culture, treated with LPS (0.1 µg/ml–10 µg/ml) and harvested at 4 and 24 h. RNA was extracted and qPCR was conducted according to standard protocols and relative expression was calculated.Results. After LPS treatment there was a significant reduction after 4 h in gene expression of adipo R1 in muscle and peri-renal fat and of adipo R2 in liver, peri-renal fat and abdominal wall subcutaneous fat. After 24 h, significant reductions were limited to muscle. Cell culture extracts showed varied changes with reduction in adiponectin and adipo R2 gene expression only in adipocytes.Conclusions. LPS reduced adiponectin receptor gene expression in several tissues including adipocytes. This reflects a down-regulation of this anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitising pathway in response to LPS. The trend towards base line after 24 h in tissue depots may reflect counter-regulatory mechanisms. Adiponectin receptor regulation differs in the tissues investigated
In-Hospital Mortality of Sepsis Differs Depending on the Origin of Infection: An Investigation of Predisposing Factors.
No full textSepsis is a heterogeneous syndrome characterized by a variety of clinical features. Analysis of large clinical datasets may serve to define groups of sepsis with different risks of adverse outcomes. Clinical experience supports the concept that prognosis, treatment, severity, and time course of sepsis vary depending on the source of infection. We analyzed a large publicly available database to test this hypothesis. In addition, we developed prognostic models for the three main types of sepsis: pulmonary, urinary, and abdominal sepsis. We used logistic regression using routinely available clinical data for mortality prediction in each of these groups. The data was extracted from the eICU collaborative research database, a multi-center intensive care unit with over 200,000 admissions. Sepsis cohorts were defined using admission diagnosis codes. We used univariate and multivariate analyses to establish factors relevant for outcome prediction in all three cohorts of sepsis (pulmonary, urinary and abdominal). For logistic regression, input variables were automatically selected using a sequential forward search algorithm over 10 dataset instances. Receiver operator characteristics were generated for each model and compared with established prognostication tools (APACHE IV and SOFA). A total of 3,958 sepsis admissions were included in the analysis. Sepsis in-hospital mortality differed depending on the cause of infection: abdominal 18.93%, pulmonary 19.27%, and renal 12.81%. Higher average heart rate was associated with increased mortality risk. Increased average Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) showed a reduced mortality risk across all sepsis groups. Results from the LR models found significant factors that were relevant for specific sepsis groups. Our models outperformed APACHE IV and SOFA scores with AUC between 0.63 and 0.74. Predictive power decreased over time, with the best results achieved for data extracted for the first 24 h of admission. Mortality varied significantly between the three sepsis groups. We also demonstrate that factors of importance show considerable heterogeneity depending on the source of infection. The factors influencing in-hospital mortality vary depending on the source of sepsis which may explain why most sepsis trials have failed to identify an effective treatment. The source of infection should be considered when considering mortality risk. Planning of sepsis treatment trials may benefit from risk stratification based on the source of infection
Exploring the translational disconnect between the murine and human inflammatory response: analysis of LPS dose–response relationship in murine versus human cell lines and implications for translation into murine models of sepsis
No full textEamon P McCarron,1 Dominic P Williams,1 Daniel J Antoine,1 Anja Kipar,2 Jana Lemm,3 Sebastian Stehr,3 Ingeborg D Welters,4 1Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, 2Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; 3Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; 4Department of Obesity and Endocrinology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK Background: Inflammation forms an important part of the human innate immune system and is largely dependent on the activation of the "classical" NF-κB pathway through Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Understanding this has allowed researchers to explore roles of therapeutic targets in managing conditions such as sepsis. Recapitulating an inflammatory response using lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a "sterile" technique, can provide information that is dissimilar to the clinical condition. By examining NF-κB activation (through immunoblotting of the p65 subunit) in two separate cell lines (murine and human) and analyzing two murine models of sepsis (intraperitoneal [IP] LPS and IP stool inoculation), an evaluation of the translational disconnect between experimental and clinical sepsis can be made. Methods: THP-1 (human) cells and RAW 264.7 (murine) cells were dosed with concentrations of LPS (human, 1 pg/mL to 100 ng/mL; murine, 30 pg/mL to 1,000 ng/mL) and nuclear actin and p65 were immunoblotted to measure changes in nuclear density. In vivo, C57BL/6 mice received either IP injection of stool suspension (5 µL/g ) or LPS (25 mg/kg) or saline (1 mL/kg). Animals were culled at 6 hours and tissues were analyzed. Results: An increase in basal p65:actin density in THP-1 cells (mean 0.214, standard error of the mean 0.024) was seen at doses as small as 0.1 ng/mL (0.519±0.064). In contrast to RAW 264.7 cells, basal increases (0.170±0.025) were only seen when a dose of 3 ng/mL (0.387±0.078) was used. Dose–response analysis of p65:actin ratio showed that THP-1 cells respond to lower doses of LPS than RAW 264.7 cells and lower doses produce a greater fold increase in the nuclear p65 density. Both in vivo models showed evidence of neutrophil (NL) recruitment into tissues (which was more intense after LPS treatment). IP stool inoculation resulted in an acute suppurative peritonitis and more substantial evidence of NL recruitment into adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Conclusion: Our results support previous observations that translation of murine models into the human clinical setting suffers from considerable limitations including species-associated differences in LPS response seen at a molecular level. Furthermore, the histopathological changes during clinical sepsis cannot be adequately reproduced by injection of LPS. Therefore, the so-called translational disconnect that exists between murine LPS models and human sepsis involves NF-κB activation at a molecular level and is further augmented by the use of LPS as a stimulus for infectious responses in vivo. Keywords: NF-κB, p65, LPS, murine, sepsis, inflammation, leukocyte, monocyte, macrophag
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