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Women in German politics: still jobs for the boys?
No full textToday the proportion of German politicians who are female is at an all time high. This has largely been achieved via quotas and most of the main parties now operate some kind of quota system. But have quantitative improvements in female representation in been matched by qualitative improvements? This article seeks to answer this question by looking not only at the number of women in parliaments and other collective bodies, but also in the highest echelons of power. It outlines each party's policies regarding the promotion of women and the factors which enhance or hamper their impact. A brief comparison of female political representation in eastern and western Germany is also provided. The author argues that measures such as quotas have increased the number of female German politicians but still do not guarantee them equal access to positions of real power. Furthermore, the incorporation of pro-equality principles into party statutes has not automatically led to their assimilation into party cultures, especially in the case of well-established parties which only recently addressed the gender imbalance in their ranks
Energy policies of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries : possibilities and limitations of ecological modernization in rentier states
No full textBahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates are major oil and natural gas producing countries that make up the Gulf Cooperation Council. The six GCC countries fall in the top 25 countries of carbon dioxide emissions per capita and are perceived as the main actors blocking international climate change negotiations. The aim of this article is to discuss from a policy perspective the capacities of the GCC states to switch toward an ecological modernization of their energy sectors. At the beginning of the paper, I analyze the benefits of transforming oil wealth into funding for renewable energy and energy efficiency. After this, I discuss obstacles to such a transformation process based on the rentier states theory. Finally, I investigate governance of the GCC on all levels (international, regional, and local). The article shows that the GCC countries have recently adopted a more pro-active approach toward ecological modernization. This reorientation has not yet resulted in the development of consistent strategies and policies, however. The concluding assumption based on the concept of policy transfer is that pioneering projects such as Masdar City and innovative regulation like the green building code in Dubai will spread within the GCC
Chemical and structural study of modern and ancient elephant ivory
No full textL'ivoire d'éléphant est un matériau biologique composé de fibres de collagène (CF) à 30 % massique et de particules d'hydroxyapatite carbonatées et enrichies en Mg à 70 % massique (Mg-carb-HAP). Il présente une structure hiérarchique complexe de la macro à la nano-échelle. La relation entre le motif macroscopique de Schreger observé à la surface des sections transverses des défenses et la micro-morphologie de l'ivoire en 3D (réseau tubulaire et orientations secondaires des CF) a été établie. Les marqueurs chimiques (Ca, P, Mg, Sr) et structuraux (épaisseurs et organisation des particules de Mg-carb-HAP) témoins des processus de formation de l'ivoire ont été déterminés. La diagenèse précoce en milieu marin a ensuite été étudiée par une approche physico-chimique combinant les analyses MEB, PIXE/RBS-EBS et SAXS. Les mécanismes d'altération identifiés sont les adsorptions des ions du milieu extérieur (Cl, Sr, Fe, Cu) à la surface des défenses, les échanges entre les ions exogènes et endogènes de l'ivoire et l'augmentation de la cristallinité des Mg-carb-HAP. Bien qu'immergées dans le même environnement diagénétique, les trois défenses du site des Poulins présentent différents états d'altération. Un bon état de préservation macroscopique ne reflète pas forcément un bon état de conservation de la dentine à l'échelle moléculaire. Finalement, l'ancienne polychromie et la dorure d'origine des ivoires d'Arslan Tash (Syrie, 800 av. J.C.) ont été restituées par des analyses non-invasives par FX en plein champ et PIXE/RBS-EBS. Les couleurs identifiées sont: le bleu et le vert égyptiens (Cu), avec des teintes plus ou moins claires (Pb), le rouge et l'orange (Fe).Elephant ivory is a biological material composed of collagen fibers (CF) at 30 wt. % and Mg-enriched carbonated hydroxyapatite particles at 70 wt. % (Mg-carb-HAP). It has a complex hierarchical structure from macro- down to nano-scale. The relationship between the macroscopic Schreger patterns observed on the surface of transverse sections of tuks and the 3D micro-morphology of ivory (tubular network and CF secondary orientations) has been established. Chemical (Ca, P, Mg, Sr) and structural markers (thickness and organization of particles Mg-carb-HAP) which control the formation of ivory have been determined. Early diagenesis in the marine environment was then studied by means of SEM, PIXE/RBS-EBS and SAXS analyses. Diagenetic mechanisms were identified, as ionic adsorptions from marine environment to the tusk surfaces, ionic substitutions between exogenous and endogenous ivory ions and increased crystallinity of Mg-carb-HAP. Different states of preservation were observed among three tusks coming from the same submarine archaeological site. Good macroscopic preservation states of the surface does not necessarily reflect good preservation states of the dentin at the molecular level. Finally, the former polychromy and gilding of ivories from Arslan Tash (Syria, 800 BC.) have been reconstructed by non-invasive FF-FX and PIXE/RBS-EBS analyses. Egyptian blue and green (Cu) with different shades (Pb), as well as red and orange (Fe) have been identified. The gilding technique consisted of applying a 2 µm thick gold leaf. Over time, these decorations altered ivory surfaces inducing, among others, the formation of Au nanoparticles derived from the weathering of the gold leafs
Development of new quantitative procedures to better understand pigments and wall taphonomy of prehistoric cave art
No full textA travers l’étude par fluorescence X et diffraction de rayons X de trois grottes ornées Paléolithiques en rapport avec les questionnements des archéologues, c’est un travail de recherche physico-chimique autant que méthodologique qui est présenté au lecteur. La complexité analytique qu’il y a derrière l’étude in situ et non-invasive d’un art rupestre, a guidé notre réflexion sur le développement de procédures de traitement quantitatif des données, adaptées au site étudié (nature des pigments analysés, condition de conservation des œuvres). Cette complexité vient du fait qu’une couche picturale, tracée sur un support rocheux, est discontinue et ne recouvre pas uniformément la roche. Elle est de plus généralement peu épaisse. Pour ces raisons, une forte contribution de la paroi se retrouve dans l’information physico-chimique propre au pigment.Trois approches différentes ont ainsi été proposées pour approcher la matière picturale des grottes de Rouffignac et de Font-de-Gaume, situées en Périgord dans le sud-ouest de la France, et de la grotte de La Garma, localisée dans la région Cantabrique dans le nord de l’Espagne. L’une consiste en la semi-quantification d’oxydes discriminant le pigment de la paroi, bouclés à cent pourcent, permettant de s’affranchir de paramètres propres aux conditions expériences ; une deuxième est une semi-quantification par rapport à l’élément calcium, de sorte que la contribution de la paroi à travers la couche picturale reste la même d’un point de mesure à l’autre ; la dernière adopte une approche par simulation Monte Carlo afin de séparer clairement les informations de la paroi de celles du pigment. L’application de ces approches quantitatives a permis d’enrichir la connaissance stylistique que les archéologues en avaient, en apportant une vision physico-chimique à l’organisation des œuvres au sein de la grotte et des relations qu’elles entretiennent les unes avec les autres. Ce travail s’ouvre également au milieu karstique lui-même en intégrant à l’étude de l’art pariétal, un travail sur la genèse des faciès des parois. Le but étant d’acquérir le recul nécessaire pour mieux évaluer les interactions entre support et œuvres, et l’évolution des supports ornés, resituées dans leur contexte karstique général.The present study is a physicochemical research as well as a methodological work, carried out through the study of three Palaeolithic caves by X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction. The analytical complexity behind in situ and non-invasive study of rock art, has guided our reflexion about the development of quantitative procedures of data processing, in order to adjust them appropriately to the specificity of the site and its rock art (specific constitution of the analysed pigment and conservation condition of the ornamented wall). This complexity is due to the fact that pigment layers don’t cover uniformly the rock surface. Also, the layers are generally very thin. For this reason, in the pigment signal, the proportion of the physicochemical information specific to the substrate is very high.Three approaches have been tested in the caves of Rouffignac, Font-de-Gaume and La Garma to characterise their Palaeolithic rock art. The two first are located in the Périgord region in the south-west of France, the last one in the Cantabrian region of Spain. One is related to the semi-quantification of oxides which discriminate the pigment from the substrate, allowing to not taking account experimental condition parameters; the second is a semi-quantification related to Ca, in order that the contribution in the concentration of the substrate detected through the paint layer remains the same for each measurement point; the last one is based on a Monte Carlo simulations method to separate distinctly the pigment information to those from the wall. These quantitative approaches enhanced the stylistic knowledge of archaeologists, bringing new physicochemical insights into the organisation of the representations and their relationship with the others inside the cave. Also, this work is concerned by the karstic environment; incorporating a research on wall taphonomy to the pigment study. The aim is to access to a better appreciation of the pigment-wall interactions and their evolution during time, given their global environmental context
The prohibition of online sports betting: a comparative analysis of Germany and the United States
No full textThis paper examines online sports betting in Germany and the USA, two countries that differ from the global trend that has been moving toward the legalization and liberalization of the sector. The following research questions are asked: Which joint factors led to the prohibition of online sports wagering in Germany and the USA? In what ways do the cases differ? After explaining the methodology of this research and conducting the case studies, the paper discusses the similarities and differences between the two countries, such as the official and unofficial reasons behind the bans, the administrative responsibilities of the issue, different policy instruments for implementing the bans, exceptions to the prohibition, the important role of courts in the debate, external pressure to change the respective national regulations, and the powerful role of sports governing associations that offer, in both cases, the main reasons for recent policy-making decisions. © 2013 Copyright European Association for Sport Management.Abram Richard G., 2001, BETTING LINE SPORTS; Albers N, 1997, J Gambl Stud, V13, P125, DOI 10.1023-A:1024999217889; Albers N, 2008, GLUCKSSPIEL IN DEUTSCHLAND: OKONOMIE, RECHT, SUCHT, P56, DOI 10.1515-9783899495546.1.56; Almond G., 2010, COMP POLITICS TODAY; American Gaming Association (AGA), 2011, SPORTS WAG; [Anonymous], 2011, SPORTW SOLL GEOFFN W; [Anonymous], 2010, ECONOMIST; [Anonymous], 2005, SPIEGEL ONLINE; [Anonymous], SUCHT; [Anonymous], 2011, KIEL ALS VORB NEHM; [Anonymous], 2010, BUNDESLIGA 0902; [Anonymous], 2009, THE ECONOMIST; [Anonymous], 2011, PRIV WETT WOLL NUR S; [Anonymous], 2006, ECONOMIST; Associated Press, 2009, NFL NEWS MEDIA; Bornsen S., 2010, GLUCKSSPIELMARKT DEU; Buschmann R., 2011, SPIEGEL ONLINE; Caramani D., 2008, COMP POLIT, P1; Carter D.M., 2011, MONEY GAMES PROFITIN; Collins P., 2003, GAMBLING PUBLIC INTE; DOSB DFL and Deutsche Stiftung Sporthilfe, 2010, STELL DTSCH SPORTS Z; Editorial, 2010, NY TIMES; ESMQ, AIMS SCOP; EU erwagt Richtlinie fur Glucksspiel, 2011, EU ERW RICHTL GLUCKS; European Commission, 2011, GREEN PAP ON LIN GAM; Federal Reserve System and Department of the Treasury, 2009, PROH FUND UNL INT GA, P62687; Forrest D, 2012, INT J SPORT FINANC, V7, P99; Frey JH, 1998, ANN AM ACAD POLIT SS, V556, P138, DOI 10.1177-0002716298556001011; Gebhardt I, 2008, GLUCKSSPIEL IN DEUTSCHLAND: OKONOMIE, RECHT, SUCHT, P276, DOI 10.1515-9783899495546.2.276; Hichar M., 2009, GAMING LAW REV EC, V13, P106, DOI [10.1089-glre.2009.13202, DOI 10.1089-GLRE.2009.13202]; Hill D., 2010, FIX SOCCER ORG CRIME; Hill D, 2009, EUR SPORT MANAG Q, V9, P411, DOI 10.1080-16184740903332018; Hosmer-Henner A., 2008, GAMING LAW REV EC, V14, P31, DOI 10.1089-glre.2010.14107; Houlihan B., 2008, HDB SPORTS STUDIES, P213; Keman H., 2008, COMP POLIT, P63; Knill C., 2008, COMP POLIT, P495; Koopmann O., 2008, SPORTWETTEN DEUTSCHL; Kuper S., 2009, SOCCERNOMICS, P157; Lee PC, 2008, EUR SPORT MANAG Q, V8, P45, DOI 10.1080-16184740701814407; Littler A., 2007, REGULATION GAMBLING; Maennig Wolfgang, 2005, EUR SPORT MANAG Q, V5, P187, DOI DOI 10.1080-16184740500188821; Major League Baseball, RUL 21 MISC; Markovits A.S., 2007, QUERPASS SPORT POLIT; McMillen Jan, 1996, GAMBLING CULTURES ST; National Basketball Association, 3 POINT PLAY NO BETT; National Collegiate Athletic Association, DONT BET IT; National Football League (NFL), 2010, COACH PLAYER 2010 GU; Nolte M., 2010, STAATLICH REGULIERTE; Petroczi A, 2009, EUR SPORT MANAG Q, V9, P349, DOI 10.1080-16184740903343585; Pfanner Eric, 2010, NY TIMES; Rodenberg RM, 2009, EUR SPORT MANAG Q, V9, P375, DOI 10.1080-16184740903331853; ROSE IN, 2009, INT GAM LAW 2 ED, P1; Thompson I., 2009, SPORTS ILLUSTRATED; Thompson William Norman, 2001, GAMBLING AM ENCY HIS; Thompson W.N., 1997, LEGALIZED GAMBLING R; Werner T., 2008, COMP POLIT, P34810
Sovereign wealth funds as a new instrument of climate protection policy? : A case study of Norway as a pioneer of ethical guidelines for investment policy
No full textIn 1990 a sovereign wealth fund was founded in Norway in which the country invests surpluses from oil and gas industry sales. The fund is designed to secure the state's ability to act in a post-petroleum era. At the end of the 1990's the voice of Norwegian civil society insisted that the sovereign wealth fund should not only ensure intergenerational justice, but should also contribute to the implementation of values and norms of the present country. At the end of 2004 the parliament finally agreed upon ethical regulations for the investment of the sovereign wealth fund. Now the second largest sovereign wealth fund in the world only invests in businesses that adhere to those ethical regulations. In the present paper, I seek to illustrate the emergence and outcomes of this new development in the Norwegian sovereign wealth fund
Foreword
No full textBone materials (bone, ivory, antler) are widely spread among museum objects, owing to their archaeological and artistic value, or because they served as raw material for art works. These materials play an important role among prehistoric remains belonging to the first materials exploited and transformed by humans. As biological materials, they have registered much information on the ways of life of ancient populations. Ancient bone materials are therefore key witnesses in the field of archaeo..
Analyses physiques et patrimoine culturel
No full textMatériaux complexes et souvent hétérogènes, les objets d’art ou archéologiques constituent un défi pour l’analyse
physico-chimique. Dans cet article, quelques exemples sont présentés, illustrant la nécessité de stratégies en différentes
étapes combinant des méthodes complémentaires. Dans de nombreux cas, il est nécessaire de recourir à des
techniques de microanalyse (microscopie électronique à balayage, microfluorescence X,…) et parfois même d’utiliser les
grands instruments, comme les accélérateurs de particules ou le rayonnement synchrotron
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