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Litoleptis izuensis Imada & Kato, sp. n.
No full textLitoleptis izuensis Imada & Kato sp. n. [Japanese name: izu-jingasa-shitone-abu] (Figs. 3 i, 4 e, 9) Description. Body length: 3.4 mm (n= 2) in male. Wing length: 4.3 mm (n= 2) in male. Head Frons bare in male, with sparse hairs in female. Antenna 0.32 mm (n= 2). Antenna 1.1 times as long as diameter of eyes. First flagellomere straight and gradually tapering towards apex, slightly bulbous dorsally near apex; densely covered with comparatively long hairs (Fig. 9 a). Male (Fig. 9 b) Gonostylus with triangle-shaped extension posteriorly, tapering toward apex, widest point at base twice as wide as apex. Sperm sac posteriorly cylindrical in internal aedeagual process, and widen and forked toward anterior end. Lateral ejaculatory process small and round-shaped without elongation, weakly sclerotized. Ejaculatory apodeme short, posterior end broad and tapering toward anterior margin of gonocoxite. Posteromedial margin in ventral surface of gonocoxite bear less than four bristles. Aedeagus tapering toward apex; smoothly connected with paramere. Paramere consistently slender, approximately six times as narrow as width of gonostylus at basal widest point. Female. Unknown. Type material. Holotype. JAPAN [HONSHU] 1 ♂, holotype, emerged on 7.IV. 2009 from larva collected by MK on 22.III. 2009 at Izu Oshima, Tokyo Metropolitan, Japan (Fig. 1: 23), “Rh 0202”, NMNS. Paratype. 1 ♂ (Rh 0203), emerged on 2.IV. 2009 from larva collected by MK on 22.III. 2009 at same locality as holotype (Fig. 1: 23), KUHE. Etymology. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition, taken from the Izu Oshima Island where this species was found. Distribution. Japan (Honshu: Tokyo Metropolitan) (Fig. 1). Natural history. Habitat of this species is shaded clayey slope along streams and roads in evergreen Castanopsis forests. Larvae of this species are thallus miners of Reboulia hemisphaerica. Adults emerged in spring (April, in laboratory condition). Diagnosis. Litoleptis izuensis can be distinguished from the congeners by the following characters: gonostylus greatly wide at base with triangle-shaped extension posteriorly, tapering toward apex, widest point at base twice as wide as apex; paramere narrow, approximately six times as narrow as width of gonostylus at basal widest point; lateral ejaculatory process small and round-shaped without elongation; sperm sac developed and forked at anterior end.Published as part of Imada, Yume & Kato, Makoto, 2016, Bryophyte-feeding of Litoleptis (Diptera: Rhagionidae) with descriptions of new species from Japan, pp. 41-58 in Zootaxa 4097 (1) on pages 50-51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4097.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/27100
Cylindrotoma japonica Alexander 1919
No full textCYLINDROTOMA JAPONICA ALEXANDER, 1919 (FIGS 1E, 4B, 5A, 6A, 7A–C, 10A, 11A, B, 12A–K, 13A–D)Published as part of Imada, Yume, 2021, Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae), pp. 1156-1204 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 on page 1177, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa177, http://zenodo.org/record/575275
Triogma exsculpta Osten Sacken 1865
No full textTRIOGMA EXSCULPTA OSTEN SACKEN, 1865 (FIG. 5G) Life history: The habitat of this species is ‘seepage areas and along short marshy spring rills and are often found in wet mossy meadows where there is no woody vegetation’ (Brodo, 1967).Published as part of Imada, Yume, 2021, Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae), pp. 1156-1204 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 on page 1184, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa177, http://zenodo.org/record/575275
Cylindrotoma Macquart 1834
No full textGENUS CYLINDROTOMA MACQUART, 1834 Notes: Two species (including two subspecies), Cylindrotoma distinctissima subsp. americana Osten Sacken, 1865 and C. d. subsp. distinctissima, and C. japonica have been studied so far. These species are closely related to each other, and the life history and the behaviour of adults and larvae do not significantly differ among these taxa, and thus are given collectively below.Published as part of Imada, Yume, 2021, Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae), pp. 1156-1204 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 on page 1171, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa177, http://zenodo.org/record/575275
Litoleptis niyodoensis Imada & Kato, sp. n.
No full textLitoleptis niyodoensis Imada & Kato sp. n. [Japanese name: niyodo-jingasa-shitone-abu] (Figs. 3 e, 3 f, 4 c, 7) Description. Body length: 2.9 mm (n= 7) in male, 3.1 mm (n= 3) in female. Wing length: 2.7 mm (n= 7) in male, 3.0 mm (n= 3) in female. Head Frons bare in male, with sparse setae in female. Antenna 0.47 mm (n= 3). Antenna 1.1 times as long as diameter of eye, densely covered with short setae consistently. First flagellomere elongate as long tapering segment or oval and enlarged near base, concave ventrally at basal one-third to half; distal end not enlarged (Fig. 7 a). Male (Fig. 7 b) Gonostylus with flat, oblong-shaped extension apically, bluntly pointed inwardly at apex; undulating in posterior edge of basal part. Sperm sac bulbous hardly visible. Lateral ejaculatory process integrated into sperm sac, elongate transversely accompanying with distal end of sperm sac. Ejaculatory apodeme short, round at anterior margin of gonocoxite. Posteromedial margin in ventral surface of gonocoxite bear 5–7 bristles. Aedeagus tapering toward apex, connected with gonocoxite at paramere at thick and wide joint. Paramere swollen dorsally near distal end, widest at connection with aedeagus, approximately three times as wide as distal end. Female (Fig. 7 c) Spermatheca membranous, rounded at end. Spermathecal duct accessory gland prominent, with short and sclerotized columnar duct, arising at approximately two-thirds the distal length between genital chamber and spermatheca, with saccate structure visible. Common spermathecal duct absent. Genital chamber small. Type material. Holotype. JAPAN [HONSHU] 1 ♂, emerged 29.III. 2011 from larva collected by MK on 27. II. 2011 at Yasuikeikoku, Kouchi Pref (Fig. 1: 11), “Rh 0184”, NMNS. Paratypes. 7 ♂, 3 ♀ (Rh 0185–0194) emerged during 27–29.III. 2011 from larvae collected by MK on 27. II. 2011, same locality as holotype, KUHE. Etymology. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition, taken from Niyodo river, the main stream of Yasui river flowing near the type locality. Distribution. Japan (Honshu: Kouchi Prefecture) (Fig. 1). Natural history. Habitat of this species is similar to that of L. kiiensis. Larvae of this species are miners of thallus of Reboulia hemisphaerica. Adults emerged in spring (March, in laboratory condition). Diagnosis. Litoleptis niyodoensis resembles L. kiiensis and himukaensis, and be distinguished from them by the following characters: first flagellomere tapering toward apex with a slight depression at basal one-third to half without enlarged apex; gonostylus with oblong-shaped extension, undulating in posterior edge of basal part; posteromedial margin in ventral surface of gonocoxite bear 5–7 bristles; paramere swollen posteriorly near distal end (without swollen in other two species); spermatheca rounded at end in female (as opposed to conical-shaped in L. kiiensis).Published as part of Imada, Yume & Kato, Makoto, 2016, Bryophyte-feeding of Litoleptis (Diptera: Rhagionidae) with descriptions of new species from Japan, pp. 41-58 in Zootaxa 4097 (1) on pages 49-50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4097.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/27100
Litoleptis himukaensis Imada & Kato, sp. n.
No full text<i>Litoleptis himukaensis</i> Imada & Kato sp. n. <p>[Japanese name: himuka-shitone-abu] (Figs. 3 g, 3h, 4d, 8)</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Body length: 2.8 mm (n=3) in male, 2.9 mm (n=2) in female. Wing length: 2.4 mm (n=4) in male, 2.6 mm (n=2) in female. <i>Head</i> Frons bare in both sexes. Antenna 0.53 mm (n=3). Antenna 1.0 times as long as diameter of eye. First flagellomere straight and gradually tapering towards apex; covered with comparatively rough and long setae (Fig. 8 a). <i>Male</i> (Fig. 8 b) Gonostylus with oblong-shaped extension apically; posterior surface of apex hollowed and weakly pointed inwardly; undulating in posterior edge of basal part. Sperm sac bulbous and hardly visible. Lateral ejaculatory process apparently not integrated into sperm sac, freely elongate transversely. Ejaculatory apodeme moderately long but not reaching anterior margin of gonocoxite. Posteromedial margin in ventral surface of gonocoxite bear less than four bristles. Aedeagus smoothly connected with paramere at thick and wide joint. Paramere slightly swollen posteriorly near distal end; become widest at connection with aedeagus, less than two times as wide as distal end.</p> <p> <b>Type material. Holotype.</b> JAPAN [KYUSHU] 1♂, emerged 14. II 2009 from larvae collected by MK on 17.I.2009 at Udo Jingū, Miyazaki Pref, Japan (Fig. 1:9), “Rh 0195”, NMNS. <b>Paratypes.</b> 3♂, 3♀ (Rh 0196–0201), emerged 10–17.II.2009 from larvae collected by MK on 17.I.2009 at same locality as holotype (Fig. 1:9), KUHE.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The specific epithet is taken from classical name of the type locality, “Himuka”, southern part of Miyazaki Prefecture.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Japan (Honshu: Miyazaki Prefecture) (Fig. 1).</p> <p> <b>Natural history.</b> Habitat of this species is rocky slope along streams in coastal evergreen <i>Castanopsis</i> forests. Larvae of this species are thallus miner of <i>Reboulia hemisphaerica</i> (Fig. 11 g). Adults emerged in spring (March- July, in laboratory condition).</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> <i>Litoleptis himukaensis</i> resembles <i>L. kiiensis</i> and <i>L. niyodoensis</i>, and can be distinguished from them by the gonostylus with oblong-shaped extension apically (as opposed to <i>L. kiiensis</i>), of which posterior surface of apex is hollowed (as opposed to flat at apex in <i>L. niyodoensis</i>).</p>Published as part of <i>Imada, Yume & Kato, Makoto, 2016, Bryophyte-feeding of Litoleptis (Diptera: Rhagionidae) with descriptions of new species from Japan, pp. 41-58 in Zootaxa 4097 (1)</i> on page 50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4097.1.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/271005">http://zenodo.org/record/271005</a>
Figure 17 in Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)
No full textFigure 17. Larvae of Triogma kuwanai. (A) Specimen of late-instar larva preserved in alcohol, dorsal view. (B) Characters of head. (C) Characters of anal segment. (D) First-instar larva. (E) Late-instar larva, ventral view. (F) Adult female ovipositing a single egg on a young shoot of Pohlia longicolla (Bryales: Bryaceae). Abbreviations: dl, dorsal lobe; pr, pronotal ridge; vl, ventral lobe. Scale = 1 mm.Published as part of Imada, Yume, 2021, Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae), pp. 1156-1204 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 on page 1185, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa177, http://zenodo.org/record/575275
Phalacrocera Schiner 1863
No full textGENUS <i>PHALACROCERA</i> SCHINER, 1863 <p> <i>Notes:</i> The life history of <i>Phalacrocera replicata</i> has been intensively examined (e.g. Bengtsson, 1897; Miall & Shelford, 1897; Peus, 1952). The larval life-history and behaviour are somewhat similar to <i>Phalacrocera tipulina</i>, and combined details are thus provided below.</p>Published as part of <i>Imada, Yume, 2021, Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae), pp. 1156-1204 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193</i> on page 1186, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa177, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5752755">http://zenodo.org/record/5752755</a>
Phalacrocera tipulina Osten Sacken 1865
No full textPHALACROCERA TIPULINA OSTEN SACKEN, 1865 (FIGS 3E, 5K, 7G–I, 10E, 11E, F, 18C–H) Life history: This species occur in shaded seepage areas surrounded by deep grasses and clumps of ferns; the larvae occur in stagnant pools with brown and murky water due to the acidification by Sphagnum mosses (Byers, 2002; this study). The number of moults is unknown. This species can be multivoltine, as larvae with greatly variable sizes are observed both in February and November. The larvae are motionless and hang on shoots of Sphagnum mosses; they pupate near water surface.Published as part of Imada, Yume, 2021, Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae), pp. 1156-1204 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 on page 1189, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa177, http://zenodo.org/record/575275
Litoleptis japonica Imada & Kato, sp. n.
No full textLitoleptis japonica Imada & Kato sp. n. [Japanese name: jagoke-shitone-abu] (Figs. 3 a, 3 b, 4 a, 5) Description. Body length: 3.0 mm (n= 3) in male, 3.0 mm (n= 12) in female. Wing length: 3.2 mm (n= 3) in male, 3.4 mm (n= 9) in female. Head (Fig. 3 a, b) Background color dark brown, clypeus in male generally darker than face. Frons bare in male, generally covered with sparse setae in female. Antennal length 0.5 mm (n= 3). Antenna 0.75 times as long as diameter of eye, covered with dense, appressed microsetae, consistently except distal half of first flagellomere (Fig. 5 a). First flagellomere laterally compressed, oval and enlarged at basal half, sharply tapering toward apex, sharpened to be needle-like at tip and covered with sparse and rough microsetae. Male (Fig. 5 b) Gonostylus wide and thick at basal main component and tapering steeply toward tip (apex approximately 3 times narrower than width at base), with forceps-like extension hollowed dorsally and bifid unevenly at apex. Sperm sac barely visible. Lateral ejaculatory process absent. Ejaculatory apodeme relatively long, reaching anterior margin of gonocoxite. Dorsal surface of gonocoxite with clear medial chevron in anterior margin. Posteromedial margin in ventral surface of gonocoxite without bristles. Aedeagus deeply notched at tip, smoothly connected with paramere at base. Paramere widest at connection with aedeagus, approximately three times wider than narrowest point. Female (Fig. 5 c) Spermatheca spherical, not sclerotized. Spermathecal duct accessory gland with short, sclerotized columnar duct, curved at middle to make a right angle. Spermathecal duct accessory glands arising at base of spermatheca. Ring at base of spermathecal duct lightly sclerotized. Common spermathecal duct nearly absent. Genital chamber moderately sized, oval. Type material. Holotype. JAPAN [HONSHU] 1 ♂, emerged on 20.IV. 2011 from larva collected by MK on 2.IV. 2011 at Haruno-cho, Shizuoka Pref (Fig. 1: 20), “Rh 0001”, NMNS. Paratype. 2 ♂, 5 ♀(Rh 0002–0008), emerged 20–22.IV. 2011 from larvae collected by MK on 2.IV. 2011, same locality as holotype, Shizuoka Pref (Fig. 1: 20), KUHE. Additional materials. In total, 53 specimens were collected. All following materials were obtained as larvae. All specimens are stored in Kyoto University (KUHE). JAPAN [HOKKAIDO] 1 ♀(Rh 0009), emerged 1.V. 2010 from larva collected by MK on 19.X. 2009 at Aizan-kei, Hokkaido Pref (Fig. 1: 1); 2 ♀(Rh 0 0 10, 0011), emerged 16.VI. 2012 from larvae collected by MK on 11.VI. 2012 at Mt. Daisengen, Hokkaido Pref (Fig. 1: 2). [HONSHU] 1 ♀(Rh 0012), emerged 29.IV. 2010 from larva collected by MK on 24.XI. 2009 at Sekikawa-mura, Niigata Pref (Fig. 1: 3); 1 ♀(Rh 0013), emerged 18.V. 2010 from larva collected by MK on 26.IV. 2010 at Hakusan, Fukui Pref (Fig. 1: 5). 25 ♀(Rh 0014–0038), emerged 21.IV– 4.V. 2010 from larvae collected by MK on 6.IV. 2010 at Kibune, Kyoto Pref (Fig. 1: 6). 5 ♀(Rh 0039–0043), emerged 30.III– 2.IV. 2011 from larvae collected by MK on 20.II.. 2011 at Akame-no-taki, Mie Pref (Fig. 1: 7). 2 ♂, 3 ♀(Rh 0044–0048), emerged 26.III– 1.IV. 2012 from larvae collected by MK on 4.III. 2012 at Koto-no-taki, Wakayama Pref (Fig. 1: 14). 2 ♀(Rh 0 0 49, 0050), emerged 14.IV. 2009 from larvae collected by MK on 1.IV. 2009 at Kuki, Wakayama Pref (Fig. 1: 17). 1 ♀(Rh 0051), emerged 20.IV. 2011 from larva collected by MK on 2.IV. 2011 at Wayama-touge, Shizuoka Pref (Fig. 1: 20). 1 ♀(Rh 0052), emerged 26.IV. 2008 from larva collected by MK on 20.IV. 2008 at Shirokura-kyo, Shizuoka Pref (Fig. 1: 22). [SHIKOKU] 3 ♀(Rh 0053–0055), emerged 1–8.IV. 2011 from larvae collected by MK on 27. II. 2011 at Yasui-keikoku, Kouchi Pref (Fig. 1: 11). [KYUSHU] 2 ♀ (Rh 0 0 56, 0057), emerged 20–25.IV. 2010 from larvae collected by MK on 12.IV. 2010 at Gokanosho, Kumamoto Pref (Fig. 1: 10). 4 ♀(Rh 0058–0061), emerged 18–22.IV. 2010 from larvae collected by MK on 11.IV. 2010 at Mt. Kosho, Fukuoka Pref (Fig. 1: 8). Etymology. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition, derived from the distribution of this species. Distribution. Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu) (Fig. 1). Natural history. Adults of this species emerged from thalli of the Conocephalum conicum species complex (Marchantiales: Conocephalaceae) growing on moist rocky or clay slopes along streams in both evergreen and deciduous forests (Fig. 11 a). Larvae of this species are thallus miners of C. conicum species complex (Fig. 11 d). Adults emerged in spring (March–May, in laboratory conditions). Diagnosis. Litolepis japonica is easily separated from all other congeners by having a long stout setae at the tip of first flagellomere. This species can also be easily distinguished from the other species by the form of apical extension of gonostylus that is unevenly bifurcated in males, and spermathecal duct accessory glands arising at base of spermatheca in females. Remarks. It is noteworthy that Litoleptis japonica has extremely female-biased sex ratios: only seven males of 61 adult flies of L. japonica were obtained, even though the collecting method and timing (collecting as larvae mining in the liverwort mats) did not appear to produce the sampling biases.Published as part of Imada, Yume & Kato, Makoto, 2016, Bryophyte-feeding of Litoleptis (Diptera: Rhagionidae) with descriptions of new species from Japan, pp. 41-58 in Zootaxa 4097 (1) on pages 45-47, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4097.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/27100
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