170,529 research outputs found
State Resources Doctrine Rebooted · Case C‑405/16 P Federal Republic of Germany v European Commission (EEG) · Annotation by Theodoros Iliopoulos
No full textThe judgment in the Case C-405/16 P has culminated the struggle between Germany and the Commission over the German law for the promotion of electricity from renewable energy sources. Germany has argued that the legislation at issue followed the PreussenElektra model and does not constitute State aid,while the Commission and the General Court have adopted the opposite stance. In March 2019, the Court of Justice judgment in appeal held that there was no State aid involved and set aside the General Court judgment. Thus, a restrictive interpretation of the obfuscated ‘State resources’ criterion was reinstated, which takes State aid law theory back to its roots and makes the PreussenElektra doctrine actual again. The judgment can to a large extent shape how State aid law will apply in the next years and determine the possibility of Member Statesto circumvent the State aid law restrictions when enacting measures for the promotion of renewable energy sources, but also for other policy objectives
Fondul Proprietatea: Security of Electricity Supply under Energy Law and under State Aid Law · Case C‑179/20 Fondul Proprietatea
No full textCase C-179/20 is an exemplary illustration of how legislative and regulatory interventions by the national authorities in the field of energy can give rise to questions of compliance with EU energy law, but also to questions of compatibility with State aid law. Indeed, in the early 2010s, and in transposing Directive 2009/72 that established common rules for the generation, transmission, distribution and supply of electricity, the Romanian State reformed her national legislation on energy, and she adopted an administrative decision on the operation of the electricity transmission system, which contained beneficial terms for two electricity companies. This decision gave rise to a legal dispute between the Romanian State and the beneficiaries, on the one hand, and another electricity generation company, which considered it was harmed, on the other. The CJEU examined whether granting to certain thermal power stations priority dispatch, guaranteed access to the grid, and the guaranteed provision of ancillary services at regulated prices constituted State aid that should have been notified to the Commission, as per Article 108(3) TFEU
The Fiat Case and a Judicial Epilogue in the Tax Rulings Saga
No full textOn 8 November 2022, the Court of Justice (appellate body) published its judgment in Joined Cases C‑885/19 P and C‑898/19 P that dealt with the tax ruling that Luxembourg had granted to the group Fiat Chrysler Finance Europe. The judgment annulled the Commission’s 2015 decision that found that the granting of this tax ruling constitutes illegal State aid and required Luxembourg to recover the incompatible and unlawful aid. With this judgment, the concept of ‘selectivity’ in State aid, at least with regards to tax measures, is delineated, and it is revealed to be narrower than it seemed. The arm’s length principle does not form part of State aid law, unless national law gives a concrete expression to it, and the Commission can only rely upon the principle of non-discrimination to assess the national rules that establish and determine the application of the arm’s length principle. This is the judicial epilogue of the Fiat case and of the saga of the tax rulings – unless the exact delineation of the powers of the Commission opens a new chapter in the future
Fear of the Dark? The CJEU adds electricity shortage to the reasons justifying an ex post regularization of projects without an EIA: Case C-411/17 Inter-Environnement Wallonie and Bond Beter Leefmilieu Vlaanderen, EU:C:2019:622
No full textIn July 2019, the CJEU delivered its judgment on the case C-411/17 Inter-Environnement Wallonie and Bond Beter Leefmilieu Vlaanderen. The case relates to the protracted debate on the production and use of nuclear energy in Belgium, which at present culminated with the legislative extension of the operation of two nuclear power stations. The CJEU ruled that the extension should have only been granted after an assessment on the stations’ impact on the environment had been carried out and, thus, the national measures were in breach of EU law. However, it is here argued that the judgment does not settle the dispute: it only initiates its second phase. Accordingly, this contribution focuses on the judgment’s expected implications for EU law and for the national constitutional order
Νομολογιακές εξελίξεις στον έλεγχο των κρατικών ενισχύσεων για την προώθηση των ανανεώσιμων πηγών ενέργειας
No full textΣτις 28 Μαρτίου 2019 το Δικαστήριο της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης, με την απόφασή του επί της υποθέσεως C-405/16 P, έκρινε πως ο νόμος «EEG 2012» της Γερμανίας για την στήριξη των ανανεώσιμων πηγών ενέργειας δεν αποτελεί κρατική ενίσχυση. Η απόφαση αυτή αναίρεσε την απόφαση του Γενικού Δικαστηρίου T-47/15 και επιβεβαίωσε την από 2017 και από την απόφαση ENEA διαφαινόμενη τάση της νομολογίας προς μία λιγότερο αυστηρή ερμηνεία του άρθρου 107, παράγραφος 1 της Συνθήκης για τη Λειτουργία της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης. Ωστόσο, λίγο αργότερα, στις 20 Σεπτεμβρίου 2019, στην απόφαση T-217/17, το Γενικό Δικαστήριο επεκύρωσε απόφαση της Επιτροπής που είχε διαπιστώσει ότι το από 2006 καθεστώς στήριξης ανανεώσιμων πηγών ενέργειας της Τσεχίας αποτελούσε κρατική ενίσχυση. Το παρόν άρθρο αναλύει τις νομολογιακές αυτές εξελίξεις και εξετάζει την σημασία τους, σε συνδυασμό και με τις πρόσφατες νομοθετικές πρωτοβουλίες, για τα εθνικά σχέδια στήριξης των ανανεώσιμων πηγών ενέργειας
Renormalisation of the Fayet-Iliopoulos D-term
No full textWe consider the renormalisation of the Fayet-Iliopoulos D-term in a softly-broken Abelian supersymmetric theory. We show that there exists (at least through three loops) a renormalisation group invariant trajectory for the coefficient of the D-term, corresponding to the conformal anomaly solution for the soft masses and couplings. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V
Νομολογιακές εξελίξεις στον έλεγχο των κρατικών ενισχύσεων για την προώθηση των ανανεώσιμων πηγών ενέργειας
No full textΣτις 28 Μαρτίου 2019 το Δικαστήριο της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης, με την απόφασή του επί της υποθέσεως C-405/16 P, έκρινε πως ο νόμος «EEG 2012» της Γερμανίας για την στήριξη των ανανεώσιμων πηγών ενέργειας δεν αποτελεί κρατική ενίσχυση. Η απόφαση αυτή αναίρεσε την απόφαση του Γενικού Δικαστηρίου T-47/15 και επιβεβαίωσε την από 2017 και από την απόφαση ENEA διαφαινόμενη τάση της νομολογίας προς μία λιγότερο αυστηρή ερμηνεία του άρθρου 107, παράγραφος 1 της Συνθήκης για τη Λειτουργία της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης. Ωστόσο, λίγο αργότερα, στις 20 Σεπτεμβρίου 2019, στην απόφαση T-217/17, το Γενικό Δικαστήριο επεκύρωσε απόφαση της Επιτροπής που είχε διαπιστώσει ότι το από 2006 καθεστώς στήριξης ανανεώσιμων πηγών ενέργειας της Τσεχίας αποτελούσε κρατική ενίσχυση. Το παρόν άρθρο αναλύει τις νομολογιακές αυτές εξελίξεις και εξετάζει την σημασία τους, σε συνδυασμό και με τις πρόσφατες νομοθετικές πρωτοβουλίες, για τα εθνικά σχέδια στήριξης των ανανεώσιμων πηγών ενέργειας
Fayet-Iliopoulos D-terms and anomaly mediated supersymmetry breaking
No full textWe show that in a minimal extension of the MSSM by means of an extra U1 gauge group, the negative mass-squared problem characteristic of the Anomaly Mediated Supersymmetry Breaking scenario is naturally solved by means of Fayet-Iliopoulos D-terms. We derive a set of sum rules for the sparticle masses which are consequences of the resulting framework. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V
Implementation of a swap matching algorithm using a graph theoretic model
No full textThe swap matching problem consists if finding a pattern in a text, while allowing for transpositions in the pattern. A new approach using a graph-theoretic model was presented in [6] by Iliopoulos et al. In this paper we present a useful application for this algorithm and provide an analysis of its running time with a naive approach through implementatio
Fayet–Iliopoulos terms in supergravity and D-term inflation
No full textInternational audienceWe analyse the consequences of a new gauge invariant Fayet–Iliopoulos (FI) term proposed recently to a class of inflation models driven by supersymmetry breaking with the inflaton being the superpartner of the goldstino. We first show that charged matter fields can be consistently added with the new term, as well as the standard FI term in supergravity in a Kähler frame where the U(1) is not an R-symmetry. We then show that the slow-roll conditions can be easily satisfied with inflation driven by a D-term depending on the two FI parameters. Inflation starts at initial conditions around the maximum of the potential where the U(1) symmetry is restored and stops when the inflaton rolls down to the minimum describing the present phase of our Universe. The resulting tensor-to-scalar ratio of primordial perturbations can be even at observable values in the presence of higher order terms in the Kähler potential
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