65,441 research outputs found
The water resources structures on the Syrian and Egyptian pilgrim routes to Makka and Medinah
Get PDFAI-Hajj in Arabic means the pilgrimage to MAKKA. This was
an ancient rite which was recognised a long time before the
rise of Islam. According to the holy Quran and Islamic
tradi tion, AI-Haj j goes back to the time of the prophet
Ibrahim. Thus MAKKA was a focus for worship but it was also
a commercial centre and a way station/stopping place on the
ancient trade caravan road between south western -Arabia and
Bilad AI-Sham,' now Syria. In part the inhabitants of MAKKA
practised this trade because their environment was not
suitable for other alternative economic activities.
The importance of MAKKA, as a ritual place increased after
the rise of Islam because it became Qibla-Kiblah -
the direction to which muslims turn in praying towards AIKa'aba.
Yathrib - later to become Medinah - is the second holy city.
In fact it was not a ritual place, but like MAKKA it was a
stopping place on the ancient trade caravan road. The
inhabitants of Medinah practised agriculture because their
environment was more suitable than that at MAKKA; water was
available and the land was fertile so that in addition to
trade, they also practised agriculture.
The importance of Medinah as a holy place only developed
after AI-Hijra - the immigration of the prophet Mohammad,
peace be upon him, to it and his establishing of Islam at
that site. Medinah became the capital of the Islamic state
both religiously and politically. Islam then spread from
Medinah over the Arabian Peninsular to the world beyond.
The consequence of the conquest of Iraq, Bilad AI-Sham,
Egypt, the north coast of Africa and Persia was that the
majority of the population of these countries accepted and
adopted Islam as their religious faith. As a result of this
the populations of these countries came annually to make AlHajj and in doing so developed several additional pilgrim
caravan routes. However, it is the Syrian and Egyptian
pilgrim routes - Tareeq AI-Hajj AI-Shami and Wal Masri which
are the objects of this work. In both these cases the
pilgrim caravan routes were previously ancient trade caravan
routes which travelled through Arabia, particularly through
the western province of Al Hijaz.
The geographical location of Arabia, the cross roads of
three continents, Asia, Africa, and Europe, made important
the pre-Islamic routes which ran through it. Of course the
function of this network at that time was commercial but
after the rise of Islam the function of this network of
routes became to transport the pilgrims. The geological and
topographical features, as well as climatic conditions, in
Arabia played a great role in determining the ancient routes
in Arabia. The availability of water was a very important
consideration on these routes and was influenced by
environmental conditions. Since the rainfall is
insufficient, the resulting absence or shortage of water on
the pilgrim caravan routes made the caliphs pay great
concern to providing the pilgrim routes with the most
essential facilities, particularly water supplies and
storage. Ever since the earliest Islamic times, they
provided for the travellers Al birak, water tanks; Ahwadh cisterns; Qanawat - channels; and abyar - wells, in order to
make AI-Hajj journey more comfortable. The pilgrim caravans
in general, and the Syrian and Egyptian pilgrim caravan
routes in particular, passed through several stages of
development since their origin in early Islamic times and
these evolutionary stages can be seen until the beginning of
this century. Because the object of this thesis is to
document the remains of the water resource structures, an
extensive survey and investigation has been completed on the
Syrian and Egyptian pilgrim caravan routes. The field work
has been conducted in Saudi Arabia, particularly in the
north western region where the Syrian and Egyptian pilgrim
routes cross the country. The field work mainly aimed at
ascertaining the location of all the way stations and their
names and surveying each station in order to record the
surviving remains of water resource structures. The field
work covered a large area of about 8, OOOkm transect and
extended from MACCA in the south through Medinah to the
North as far as Halat I Ammar on the north at the border
between Saudi Arabia and Jordan. From N.W. to S .Wit
stretched from Haql on the Gulf of AI-' Aqaba as far as
MAKKA. These routes consist of the major, or principal
caravan routes as well as a number of traverse routes which
allow travellers a choice of transit as well as connecting
routes. There are large way stations as well as small minor
way stations. As part of this dissertation, almost all the
stopping places have been identified and documented by mapping and photography
External interventions and the duration of civil wars
Get PDFThe authors combine an empirical model of external intervention, with a theoretical model of civil war duration. Their empirical model of intervention allows them to analyze civil war duration, using"expected"rather than"actual"external intervention as an explanatory variable in the duration model. Unlike previous studies, they find that external intervention is positively associated with the duration of civil war. They distinguish partial third-party interventions that extend the length of war, from multilateral"peace"operations, which have a mandate to restore peace without taking sides - and which typically take place at war's end, or at least when both sides have agreed to a cease-fire. In a future paper, the authors will examine whether partial third-party interventions - whatever their effect on a war's duration - increase the risk of war's recurrence. If that proves true, then even if interventions reduce the length of civil war, they may do so at the cost of further destabilizing the political system, and sowing the seeds of future rebellion.Children and Youth,Peace&Peacekeeping,Post Conflict Reconstruction,Post Conflict Reconstruction,International Affairs,Post Conflict Reconstruction,Social Conflict and Violence,Peace&Peacekeeping,Post Conflict Reconstruction,International Affairs
A conceptual framework for supporting gender inclusivity in games
No full textGender inclusivity in games is still exploratory and, despite an increase in games and gender research, many challenges remain in designing a more gender-inclusive game. This thesis addresses the problem of how to support gender inclusivity in games by combining theories in games and gender. Existing research in games and gender tend to focus on finding out how each gender plays and their preferences in games. However, there is little evidence that researchers have approached the issue of gender inclusivity in games with the intent of building a cohesive understanding of gender inclusivity in games and the relationships that exist between the different dimensions and components. Consequently, this research has developed a conceptual framework that supports gender inclusivity in games.A central contribution of this research is the development of a Gender Inclusivity Framework (GIF) to support an integrative approach to understanding and evaluating gender inclusivity in games. The framework enables understanding of the makeup of gender inclusivity in games and measures the level of gender inclusivity in games. Drawing upon established theories and prior research findings, the framework indicates that gender inclusivity in games can be determined by three dimensions: (1) gameplay, which relates to game behaviours; (2) content, which relates to aesthetics elements of a game; and (3) genre, which relates to types of games. Each dimension in the framework is divided into individual components that can be modified or further investigated in future studies. Each component in combination describes the dimension in terms that can be measured and evaluated in empirical studies. Hence, the combination of dimensions and components used to construct the framework provide the description of gender inclusivity in games, which in turn predicts the degree of gender inclusivity in games.An example of GIF application has been demonstrated through the development of a novel measuring instrument called Gender Inclusivity Rating Scale (GIRS) and through a series of experiments, the GIRS has been validated and used in a research scenario to investigate the differences in gender inclusivity in game component between a gamer's gender role orientations.This thesis presents a detailed discussion of the GIF development, validation and application. For researchers, the GIF provides a common framework in which to conceptualise their research and make it easier to see how individual variables fit into the larger picture. For game designers, the GIF enables deconstruction of the concept of gender inclusivity in games into smaller, conceptually distinct and manageable components to guide the design of gender inclusivity in games
Kiprah Syaikh Maulana Malik Ibrahim pada Islamisasi Gresik Abad ke-14 M dalam Babad Gresik I
Get PDFThis study aims to describe the process of Islamization of Gresik in the 14th century brought by Shaykh Maulana Malik Ibrahim and recorded in the Babad Gresik I. This study uses the qualitative research method based on the study of literature of Babad Gresik I manuscript which has been in the form of Indonesian translation book written by Soekarman (1990). The results of this study are (1) The profile of Shaykh Maulana Malik Ibrahim, including: (a) The arrival of Shaykh Maulana Malik Ibrahim in Gresik region recorded in Babad Gresik I and (b) The death of Shaykh Maulana Malik Ibrahim recorded in Babad Gresik I as well as (2) The methods of da'wah conducted by Shaykh Maulana Malik Ibrahim in the process of Islamization of Gresik in the 14th century including two methods, namely: (a) Da'wah methods through the trade/commerce routes recorded in Babad Gresik I and (2) Da'wah methods through education Islamic boarding schools recorded in Babad Gresik I. Overall, it can be seen that there were some contributions of Syaykh Maulana Malik Ibrahim in the process of Islamization in the 14th century in Gresik that was recorded in Babad Gresik I
Espansione dell’Ospedale Sacré-Coeur di Montréal: passato e futuro si integrano insieme
No full textcondizione di vetustà dell’Hôpital du Sacré-Coeurde-Montréal, i cui locali risalgono principalmente al 1926.
L’ampliamento e la modernizzazione delle strutture hanno permesso di offrire i più alti livelli di qualità delle cure, dei servizi, dell’insegnamento e della ricerc
Supplemental Material - Computer-assisted drug discovery of potential natural inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase through a multi-phase <i>in silico</i> approach
No full textSupplemental Material for Computer-assisted drug discovery of potential natural inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase through a multi-phase in silico approach by Eslam B Elkaeed, Bshra A Alsfouk, Tuqa H Ibrahim, Reem K Arafa, Hazem Elkady, Ibrahim M Ibrahim, Ibrahim H Eissa, and Ahmed M Metwaly in Antiviral Therapy.</p
Insulin-like 3 signalling in testicular descent
No full textUndescended testis is one of the most common congenital defects in the newborn boys and the common cause of cryptorchidism. If left untreated, this condition is strongly associated with infertility and drastically increased risk of testicular cancer in adulthood. Testis position in developing males is defined by sexual dimorphic differentiation of two gonadal ligaments, gubernaculum and cranial suspensory ligament. Recent transgenic mouse studies identified testicular hormone insulin-like 3 (INSL3), and its receptor, GREAT/LGR8, as the critical regulators of the gubernacular differentiation. Mutation analysis of the two genes in patients with undescended testis revealed functionally deleterious mutations, which may be responsible for the abnormal phenotype in some of the patients.NICHD NIH HHS [HD36289, HD37067, R01 HD037067, R01 HD037067-04
Some regional thoughts on ostrich farming in arid zones
No full textR. G. Cooper, C. Medeiros, R. Villegas, I. M. Hegab, M. A. Mohammad, N. S. Ibrahim, K. M. A. Mahrose and Philip C. Glat
Surrogate Model of FE Corrosion Model
No full textThis repository consists of the code and a pre-trained model. The code is written in Wolfram Language. The code is LapCor9.nb. The pre-trained model is pretrained_corbox _ 1.mx. The code consists of an FE model of two-dimensional electrochemical corrosion with rectangular geometry. The model is based on Laplace's equation. The surrogate model is based on Gaussian Process Regression. The outputs from previous executions are left intact
Karaman (Turkey): Ibrahim Beg Complex: plan
No full textBox 21, Folder 09. Ink drawing. Karaman (Turkey): Ibrahim Beg Complex (Ibrahim Beg Imareti, Ibrahim Bey Imareti, Qaramanoglu Mausoleum, Ibrahim Beg Mausoleum, Mosque and Soup Kitchen). Drawing shows a ground plan. This version of the drawing is not published. Title and identification based on drawing published in Ernst Herzfeld, "Damascus: Studies in Architecture – I," Ars Islamica 9 (1942), figure 40. Published caption for fig. 40 reads: "Karaman, Karamanoghlu Mausoleum and Madrasa, Plan." Caption written on front in black ink: "Qaramanoghlular.
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