102,093 research outputs found

    Christine de Pizan and Her Treatise on Fortifications (1410)

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    Christine de Pizan/ Cristina da Pizzano (1365–1430) is well known as poet and as author of The Book of the City of Ladies (1405), in which she describes female leaders in history. Instead it’s quite unknown her book Livre des fais d’armes et de chevalrie, written around 1410, translated in English in 1489 and also in 1932 (The Book of fayttes of armes and of chyualrye). Apart from editorial events, this Treatise is important especially because it’s the first to re-cognize the role of technology of medieval warfare and it’s an important source for gunpower weapon technology, as well as for strategy and tactics. Based on Vegetius’s theory on fortifications, she describes—in the second part—new forms and features of fortresses, also introducing parade grounds along the walls, which was an advanced system of defense for the XV century. She has been the first to talk about artillery and its importance to organize (also geometrically) fortresses in a Treatise, while other important authors, such as L. B. Alberti or Filarete, completely ignored this item in their books. The importance of the Book has been recognized by Italian military historians since the XIX century, for example Carlo Promis and Ignazio Calvi

    A difesa delle mura medievali: cittadelle, rocchette, il castello

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    studio sulle mura medievali di Milano, in rapporto alle altre difese urbane, quali le cittadelle e le rocchette, oltre al castell

    Medullary thyroid carcinoma: state of the art

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    Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) constitutes about 3-10% of all thyroid cancers. It arises from the parafollicular C cells that produce calcitonin (CT) and occurs as a sporadic form. or less commonly, as a hereditary form, as part of multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes types 2A (MEN 2A) and 2B (MEN 2B). The hereditary forms are autosomal dominant traits associated with germline mutations of RET proto-oncogene. Progresses in genetics have permitted an improvement of management, screening and treatment. Surgery is the only successful treatment for MTC, as there is no effective adjuvant therapy for residual disease. A total thyroidectomy and vigilant management and surveillance of the neck are recommended. Interdisciplinary management including surgeons, endocrinologists, pathologists, radiotherapists, radiologists, and oncologists should be considered
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