142,932 research outputs found
Correlation between fold increase of Inaba OSP specific antibody responses and cumulative diarrheal volume.
No full textX axis represents the fold-increase (day 10 to day 0) of IgM, IgA, and IgG responses against V. cholerae O1 Inaba OSP and Y axis represents cumulative diarrhea following experimental challenge with wild type V. cholerae O1 Inaba 10 or 90 days post vaccination with Inaba CVD 103-HgR. Dashed horizontal lines mark moderate (3L) or severe (5L) diarrheal values. Dashed vertical line denotes 1.5-fold anti-OSP antibody value change (day 10 post-vaccination compared to day 0 pre-vaccination).</p
Introspección y organización de la experiencia: examinando el budo de Inaba Minoru como forma de arte
No full textEste artículo examina cómo el budo japonés (artes marciales), y en concreto el enfoque que desarrolla Inaba Minoru (antiguo director del Shiseikan Budojo, Tokio), puede ser entendido funcionalmente como una forma de arte. Sobre la base de las teorías estéticas de Dennis Dutton, Ellen Dissanayake y Joseph Carroll, el artículo examina el budo como una forma de organizar la experiencia, reconocible al lado de la pintura, la danza, el teatro y la literatura
Epileptiform hyperexcitability in the rat neocortex: modulation by the H current blocker ZD7288
No full textObjectives: Neurons in the CNS respond to intracellular injection of hyperpolarizing current pulses by generating depolarizing sags contributed by a cation current termed Ih. Ih modulates neuron excitability and rhythmicity. However, whether the net effect of Ih on cortical networks results in facilitation or depression of epileptiform activity remains debatable. Here, we addressed this issue by studying the effects of the Ih blocker ZD7288 on the epileptiform discharges.Methods: We studied with field and intracellular recordings the effects of the Ih blocker ZD7288 on the epileptiform discharges (duration=2.54±0.33s, mean±SEM; interval of occurrence=34.2±3.3s, n=30) induced in rat neocortical slices by bath applying 4- aminopyridine+picrotoxin+CGP55845.Results: ZD7288 (10–100μM; n=18) abolished the depolarizing sags seen during injection of intracellular hyperpolarizing current pulses while increasing both resting membrane potential and apparent input resistance. These effects were fully established with 10μM ZD7288 and were accompanied by a dosedependent decrease in the occurrence of spontaneous epileptiform events and a reduction in their duration (this last effect becoming apparent with concentrations >20μM). ZD7288 (10–100μM; n=17) also caused a dose-dependent decrease of background postsynaptic potentials. Finally, 10, 50 or 100μM ZD7288 (n=6, 5 and 8, respectively) depressed the epileptiform activity during application of Cs+, which is known to reduce Ih.Conclusion: This evidence indicates that ZD7288 depresses neocortical epileptiform synchronization. However, most of this action may reflect the ability of ZD7288 to interfer with synaptic transmission
Periodic oscillatory activity in parahippocampal slices maintained in vitro
No full textBrain slices maintained in vitro have been extensively used for studying neuronal synchronization. However, the validity of this approach may be questioned since pharmacological procedures are usually required to elicit spontaneous events similar to the EEG activity recorded in vivo. Here, we report that when superfused with control medium, rat brain slices comprising the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices along with a portion of the basolateral/lateral nuclei of the amygdala can synchronously generate periodic oscillatory activity at 5-11 Hz every 5-30 s. The periodic events: (i) correspond intracellularly to synaptic depolarizations in regularly firing neurons analyzed in the three areas; (ii) have no fixed site of onset; (iii) spread with time lags of 8-20 ms; and (iv) continue to occur asynchronously after their surgical isolation. NMDA receptor antagonism reduced the duration of the oscillatory events, while glutamatergic non-NMDA receptor antagonism abolished them. Activation of μ-opioid receptors, a procedure that hyperpolarizes interneurons thus decreasing GABA release, reversibly decreased the rate of occurrence of periodic oscillatory activity (POA). However, periodic events continued to occur during application of GABAA or GABA B receptor antagonists as well as in the presence of the cholinergic agent carbachol. We also found that POA was abolished by baclofen and irreversibly reduced by the gap junction decoupler carbenoxolone. These findings demonstrate that parahippocampal networks in a brain slice preparation can generate periodic, synchronous activity under quasi-physiological conditions. These network oscillations (i) reflect the activation of ionotropic glutamatergic and GABAergic receptors, (ii) are contributed by gap-junction interactions, and (iii) are controlled by GABAB receptors that are presumably located presynaptically. © 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of IBRO
NMDA receptor-mediated transmission contributes to network 'hyperexcitability' in the rat insular cortex.
No full textThe H current blocker ZD7288 decreases epileptiform hyperexcitability in the rat neocortex by depressing synaptic transmission
No full textNeurons respond to intracellular injection of hyperpolarizing current pulses by generating depolarizing sags contributed by a cation current termed I-h. I-h modulates neuron excitability and rhythmicity. It is, however, unclear whether the net effect of changing Ih leads to facilitation or depression of cortical epileptiform activity. Here, we addressed this issue by using field and intracellular recordings to study the effects of ZD7288 (10-100 mu M), a bradycardic agent known to abolish I-h, on the epileptiform discharges (duration = 2.5 +/- 0.3 s, mean +/- SEM; interval of occurrence = 34.2 +/- 3.3 s, n = 30 slices) induced in rat neocortical slices by 4-aminopyridine and GABA receptor antagonists. ZD7288 abolished the depolarizing sags seen during injection of intracellular hyperpolarizing current pulses while increasing resting membrane potential and apparent input resistance. These effects, which were fully established with 10 mu M ZD7288, were associated with a dose-dependent decrease in the occurrence of spontaneous epileptiform events and a reduction in their duration (the latter change occurring at doses > 20 mu M). ZD7288 also caused a dose-dependent decrease of background postsynaptic potentials. Finally, ZD7288 could depress epileptiform activity during Cs+ pretreatment, a procedure known to block Ih. These data indicate that ZD7288 hampers neocortical epileptiform synchronization, but also suggest that most of this action reflects the ability of ZD7288 to decrease synaptic transmission. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Organization of Experience: Examining Inaba Minoru’s Budo as a Form of Art
No full text[ES] Este artículo examina cómo el budo japonés (artes marciales), y en concreto el enfoque que desarrolla Inaba Minoru (antiguo director del Shiseikan Budojo, Tokio), puede ser entendido funcionalmente como una forma de arte. Sobre la base de las teorías estéticas de Dennis Dutton, Ellen Dissanayake y Joseph Carroll, el artículo examina el budo como una forma de organizar la experiencia, reconocible al lado de la pintura, la danza, el teatro y la literatura
A morphological study of the development of the second inflorescences in strawberry (Fragaraia x ananassa Duch.).
No full textTo clarify the timing of the differentiation of the fi rst and second infl orescences in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.), morphological changes on shoot apices during short day and low night temperature treatments were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy.
Axillary buds just below the fi rst infl orescence (axillary bud 1) became visible when sepal primordia of the primary fl ower were differentiated. By this time, other axillary buds had already developed. Axillary bud 1 developed four leaf primordia, and then a differentiated infl orescence at its summit. The phase transition of shoot apices from the vegetative to the reproductive phase may therefore trigger
the differentiation of axillary bud 1 which is destined to develop into extension crowns
Use of a highly sensitive two-dimensional luminescence imaging system to monitor endogenous bioluminescence in plant leaves.
No full textBackground All living organisms emit spontaneous low-level bioluminescence, which can be increased in response to stress. Methods for imaging this ultra-weak luminescence have previously been limited by the sensitivity of the detection systems used. Results We developed a novel configuration of a cooled charge-coupled device (CCD) for 2-dimensional imaging of light emission from biological material. In this study, we imaged photon emission from plant leaves. The equipment allowed short integration times for image acquisition, providing high resolution spatial and temporal information on bioluminescence. We were able to carry out time course imaging of both delayed chlorophyll fluorescence from whole leaves, and of low level wound-induced luminescence that we showed to be localised to sites of tissue damage. We found that wound-induced luminescence was chlorophyll-dependent and was enhanced at higher temperatures. Conclusions The data gathered on plant bioluminescence illustrate that the equipment described here represents an improvement in 2-dimensional luminescence imaging technology. Using this system, we identify chlorophyll as the origin of wound-induced luminescence from leaves
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