178 research outputs found
Bartolo da Sassoferrato a Siena nel VII centenario della nascita. Manoscritti, incunaboli, cinquecentine [...] Con un ricordo di Domenico Maffei. Siena, Biblioteca Comunale degli Intronati, 18 settembre-18 ottobre 2014, a cura di Enzo Mecacci e Maria Alessandra Panzanelli Fratoni, Siena, Società Bibliografica Toscana – Accademia Senese degli Intronati, 2014
No full textCatalogo della mostra di manoscritti e libri antichi tenuta presso la Biblioteca degli Intonati di Siena nel settembre-ottobre 2014, preceduta da saggi che illustrano l'importanza di Bartolo e della tradizione manoscritta e a stampa delle sue opere per la storia del diritto e da alcuni contributi che ricordano il giurista Domenico Maffei e la sua eccezionale biblioteca a cinque anni dalla scomparsa
Ricerca del virus dell’epatite E (HEV) nei cinghiali nella Tenuta Presidenziale di Castelporziano
No full textNell’uomo, il virus dell’epatite E (HEV) è la causa più comune di epatite
virale acuta, responsabile su scala globale di circa 20 milioni di casi ogni anno, di cui 70.000
letali. HEV, in particolare i due genotipi esclusivamente umani HEV-1 e HEV-2, è endemico
in molti Paesi in via di sviluppo. Nei Paesi industrializzati, negli ultimi 10 anni, si è osservato
un aumento del numero di casi di epatite E in pazienti senza anamnesi di viaggi in aree
endemiche, sostenuti dai genotipi zoonotici HEV-3 e HEV-4. Queste infezioni sono in
genere asintomatiche ma, in un numero ridotto di soggetti, possono evolvere in forme di
epatite acuta. Ceppi di HEV-3 e HEV-4 sono stati identificati nei suini domestici, nei cinghiali,
nei cervi e nei conigli. In queste specie l’infezione è asintomatica e si trasmette
all’uomo principalmente per via alimentare mediante prodotti a base di carne, consumati
crudi o poco cotti (salsicce contenenti fegato di suino o carne di cinghiale, sashimi di cervo).
La presenza del genotipo zoonotico HEV-3 è stata segnalata in numerose popolazioni di cinghiale
in tutta Europa. In Italia, numerosi studi ne hanno segnalato la presenza in popolazioni
di cinghiale di quasi tutte le Regioni con prevalenze variabili tra 1,8% e 52%. Ad oggi,
non è chiaro se l’infezione abbia avuto un’origine comune nelle popolazioni di suini domestici
e selvatici o se l’infezione abbia iniziato a circolare nel selvatico a seguito di contatti con
suini domestici (allevamento brado, immissioni a scopo venatorio di capi selvatici allevati in
modo promiscuo). Il presente lavoro ha avuto lo scopo di indagare la presenza di HEV nella
popolazione di cinghiali della Tenuta Presidenziale di Castelporziano. Questa popolazione
ha la peculiare caratteristica di essere composta esclusivamente da cinghiali autoctoni e di
non avere avuto contatti con altre popolazioni animali esterne alla Tenuta negli ultimi quarant’anni.
Durante i mesi di novembre-gennaio del 2017-2020 sono stati prelevati 115 fegati
da altrettanti cinghiali abbattuti nell’ambito dei piani di controllo condotti nella Tenuta e
finalizzati alla conservazione della biodiversità protetta nell’area e al suo mantenimento in
equilibrio. Porzioni di fegato, organo all’interno del quale avviene la replicazione del virus,
sono state utilizzate per la ricerca dell’RNA di HEV mediante il metodo molecolare della
Real-Time RT-PCR. Le analisi hanno rilevato la presenza del materiale genetico del virus in
2 dei 115 campioni analizzati. La prevalenza rilevata è estremamente bassa (1,7%) e nettamente
inferiore a quella presente in altre popolazioni di cinghiale. Ciò potrebbe suggerire
una possibile recente introduzione del virus all’interno della Tenuta con un rischio estremamente
ridotto di contaminazione delle carcasse. In conclusione questo risultato porta a ritenere
che l’isolamento degli animali o la loro densità possa essere importante nel determinare
la diffusione del virus nelle popolazioni di cinghiale.Monitoring of hepatitis E virus (HEV in wild boar population within the
Tenuta Presidenziale of Castelporziano. In humans, hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a common
cause of acute viral hepatitis. The HEV is endemic in many developing countries. In Europe,
in the last 10 years there has been an increase in cases of autochthonous hepatitis E, linked
to zoonotic genotypes 3 and 4 (HEV-3 and HEV-4), which may cause asymptomatic infections
that may evolve into acute hepatitis. The HEV-3 and HEV-4 have been identified in
domestic pigs, wild boars, deer and rabbits. In these species, the infection is asymptomatic
and is transmitted to humans mainly by consumption of raw or undercooked food (sausages
containing pork liver or wild boar meat, deer sashimi). Wild boar is susceptible to the infection
and animals positive for the HEV-3 zoonotic genotype have also been identified throughout
Italy, in almost all Regions with prevalence varying between 1.8% and 52%. It is
unclear whether the infection had a common origin in domestic and feral pig populations.
The present work aims to investigate the presence of the virus in the wild boar population
present within the Tenuta Presidenziale of Castelporziano, which has remained isolated over
the last forty years. During November-January 2017-2020, 115 livers were taken from wild
boars killed as part of the control plans for protection of biodiversity. Liver samples, the
organ of viral replication, were used for the detection of Hepatitis E virus RNA by using the molecular method of Real-Time RT-PCR. Results revealed the presence of the genetic material
of the virus in 2 of the 115 animals analyzed. The prevalence found is extremely low
(1.7%) and significantly lower than that found in other wild boar populations. This could
suggest a possible recent introduction of the virus inside the Tenuta. In conclusion, this
result leads us to believe that the isolation of animals may be important to prevent the
spread of the virus in wild boar populations
Hepatitis E Virus
No full textHepatitis E is a viral disease that presents as acute hepatitis in humans. The etiological agent is hepatitis E virus (HEV), first identified in the early 1980s. The disease is an important public health issue in developing countries where it is frequently epidemic. Industrialized countries were previously thought to
be free from HEV, with a limited number of cases reported only in people who had traveled to endemic areas. However, more recent studies have documented an increasing number of sporadic cases in developed areas, among patients who had no history of travelling to countries endemic for hepatitis
E. Furthermore, a high anti-HEV seroprevalence has been detected among healthy individuals in nonendemic countries. Since the early 1990s, serological evidence of HEV infection and virus detection have been reported in many animal species in both developed and developing countries, suggesting
that these host species may become infected with HEVlike viruses. In 1997, a swine HEV strain was identified for the first time in the United States. This swine HEV strain correlated genetically to two human HEV strains isolated in the United States during the same period from patients who had
not traveled to endemic areas. Since then, swine HEV strains have been isolated across the globe. A strict genetic correlation between human and swine strains from the same geographic region has been observed frequently, and cross-species transmission of swine strains to humans and of human strains to
nonhuman primates has been demonstrated. Furthermore, several seroepidemiological studies have reported high antibody prevalence to HEV in people working in direct contact with swine or wild boar.The first direct evidence of a possible zoonotic transmission of HEV was provided in Japan in 2003, when cases of hepatitis E were associated to the ingestion of uncooked meat or organs from pigs, wild boar, or deer. More recently, a study conducted in France confirmed that 13 human cases of hepatitis E were eventually linked to the consumption of raw figatellu pig liver sausages. The disease is now recognized as an emerging zoonosis
Venti anni di ricerca sul virus dell’epatite E (HEV) negli animali domestici e selvatici in Italia
No full textVenti anni di ricerche condotte in Italia hanno evidenziato che la situazione epidemiologica del virus dell’epatite E (HEV) nei suidi (domestici e selvatici) e in altre specie animali è simile a quella di altri paesi europei. La prevalenza di allevamenti infetti e compresa tra 24 e 41%, con alcune variazioni correlate al tipo di allevamento, alle sue dimensioni e all’area geografica. In questi allevamenti, la sieroprevalenza aumenta a partire dalle 10-12 settimane di vita e sfiora il 100% negli animali prossimi all’età di macellazione. Nel cinghiale, HEV è presente in tutte le popolazioni indagate ma, al contrario del suino domestico, l’infezione è presente anche negli animali adulti, fino ad oltre i 2 anni di età. RNA virale e/o anticorpi specifici sono stati rilevati anche in altre specie domestiche e selvatiche che, tuttavia, sembrano rappresentare un rischio inferiore per la trasmissione zoonotica dell’infezione. L’assenza di informazioni certe relative alla sopravvivenza del virus nell’ambiente e nei prodotti di origine animale e alla sua sensibilità ai disinfettanti condiziona la possibilità di ridurre il rischio di trasmissione di HEV all’uomo mediante misure di profilassi diretta. La sorveglianza dell’infezione negli allevamenti e al macello rimane quindi l’unico strumento che consente di individuare i fattori di rischio e di adottare misure di mitigazione
Integration host factor is essential for the optimal expression of the styABCD operon in Pseudomonas fluorescens ST
No full textThe StyS/StyR two-component regulatory system of Pseudomonas fluorescens ST controls the expression of the styABCD operon coding for the styrene degradation upper pathway. In a previous work we showed that the promoter of the catabolic operon (PstYA) is induced by styrene and repressed to differing extents by organic acids or carbohydrates. In order to study the mechanisms controlling the expression of this operon, we performed a functional analysis on 5' deletions of PstyA by the use of a promoter-probe system. These studies demonstrated that a palindromic region (sty box), located from nucleotides -52 to -37 with respect to the transcriptional start point is essential for PstyA activity. Moreover, additional regulatory regions involved in the modulation of PstyA activity were found along the promoter sequence. In particular, deletion of a putative StyR binding site, homologous to the 3' half of the sty box and located upstream of this box, resulted in 65% reduction of the induction level of the reporter gene. Additionally, we performed bandshift assays with a DNA probe corresponding to PstyA and protein crude extracts from P. fluorescens ST, using specific DNA fragments as competitors. In these experiments we demonstrated that IHF binds an AT-rich region located upstream of the sty box. On the basis of this finding, coupled with the results obtained with PstYA functional analysis, we suggest that the role of the IHF-mediated DNA bend is to bring closer, in an overlapping position, the upstream StyR putative binding site and the downstream sty box, and that the formed complex enhances transcription. (C) 2002 Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved
Detection of Hepatitis E virus in swine liver sausage, in Italy
No full textHepatitis E is a viral disease usually self limiting with low mortality, but
it can become chronic in transplanted patients and be highly lethal during
pregnancy. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a small RNA virus, which infects
humans and several animal species. Four mammalian HEV genotypes
are known, among which g3 and g4 are considered zoonotic. In Italy, g3
strains have been detected in swine farms and slaughterhouses, and were
associated to human cases. Recently, swine HEV was detected in the pork
food chain in four European countries.We have investigated the presence
of HEV in liver sausage, which is often consumed uncooked in Italy,
France, and other countries. In 2012, four packs (300 gr) of pork liver
sausage were bought at a butcher bench, at 2 different times. Forty five
portions (200 mg) were contaminated artificially with murine norovirus
(MNV). After RNA extraction, samples were analyzed for detection of
HEV, MNV (process control), and porcine adenovirus (pAdV, index
virus of fecal contamination). HEV was evaluated by RT PCR, targeting
several genomic regions. Altogether, 2 samples (4.4%) resulted positive
for HEV in at least one PCR. Sequence analysis confirmed swine g3
HEV in both samples. PAdV was detected only once, in a HEV positive
sample. Attempts to infect A549 cells with a HEV positive liver extract
were repeatedly unsuccessful. This study confirms that pig liver sausage
may contain HEV, possibly resulting from fecal contamination during
improper slaughtering. Further studies to investigate residual HEV
infectivity in pork, and consumer’s risks are needed
Autographa, I, 1 Giuristi, giudici e notai (sec. XII-XVI med.)
No full textIl volume raccoglie esempi di scrittura di quarantotto tra giuristi, giudici e notai italiani vissuti tra il secolo XII ed i primi decenni del Cinquecento. Nella scheda monografica relativa a ciascun personaggio (tra gli altri Accursio, Cino da Pistoia, Baldo degli Ubaldi, Bartolo da Sassoferrato) si è inteso fornire, a corredo di una o più riproduzioni fotografiche, un quadro bibliografico generale ed un elenco di opere di sicura attribuzione
Sulle orme di Lorenzo Valla: una rilettura del trattato 'De insigniis et armis' di Bartolo
No full textNegli ultimi anni della sua vita Bartolo ha scritto alcuni trattati, i quali rappresentano una novità importante: con il tractatus il giurista di Sassoferrato offre un panorama ordinato e completo su un istituto giuridico, molto utile alla prassi. Tra quei trattati, il De insigniis et armis (pubblicato postumo nel 1358) ha un posto particolare; in esso Bartolo si occupa dei segni di riconoscimento (dagli stemmi gentilizi ai segni distintivi in campo industriale e commerciale), ricondotti ad una categoria unitaria, con una visione rigorosamente tecnico-giuridica. Come proposto dagli editori moderni dell’opera, è molto probabile che il trattato, non finito, sia stato completato dal genero di Bartolo, Nicola Alessandri, dopo la sua morte. Nicola è autore della seconda parte, non giuridica; essa consiste invece in un vero e proprio trattato di araldica. Quando Lorenzo Valla ha criticato aspramente l’opera nella sua Epistola contra Bartolum (Pavia, 1433), in realtà si è dunque scagliato – inconsapevolmente – contro pagine di cui Bartolo non era l’autore.
At the end of his life, Bartolo wrote some essays which introduced a relevant innovation: with the tractatus the Jurist from Sassoferrato offers a well-ordered and complete panorama over a legal institution, very useful for the medieval practice. Among his various essays, a special place can be given to the Tract on Insignia and Coats of Arms (published posthumously in 1358). Here Bartolo deals with different hallmarks (such as the coats of arms, the insignia of the noble households, the merchant and artisan signs and trademarks), including them in a unitary category, within a strictly legal perspective. As suggested by modern editors of the work, it is very probable that the work, left unfinished, was completed after Bartolo’s death by his son-in-law, Nicola Alessandri. Indeed, Nicola is the author of the second part of the work which does not include legal contents, but offers a veritable work on heraldry. Therefore, the harsh critics expressed against the work by Lorenzo Valla in his Epistola contra Bartolum (Pavia, 1433) were in fact addressed, without knowing it, to a section of the text which Bartolo did not compose
DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES AGAINST INFLUENZA D VIRUS IN SWINE VETERINARIANS IN ITALY IN 2004
No full textInfluenza D virus was firstly isolated from a swine with respiratory disease symptoms in 2011 in USA. Epidemiological and serological studies support the hypothesis that cattle represent the natural reservoir of influenza D virus with periodical spillover events to other animal hosts. Little is known about the seroprevalence in humans and in specific target groups such as veterinarians in Italy. This study was designed to assess the prevalence of antibodies against two influenza D lineages (D/660 and D/OK) in Italy in archived serum samples from veterinarians working with swine collected in 2004. Serum samples were tested by haemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralization assays. Results showed that 4.88% (4/82) of tested samples were positive for D/660 and 2.44% (2/82) for D/OK by haemagglutination inhibition assay. Three out of 4 samples showed positivity when tested by virus neutralization assay. Our data suggest undetected influenza D viruses might have circulated and/or introduced in Italy as early as 2004 at least in some animal species such as swine. In addition, it seems that the virus was circulating among veterinarians before the first isolation in 2011. This finding highlights the importance to continue monitoring influenza D virus spread in animals and humans for a more detailed surveillance. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Long‐term surveillance for hepatitis E virus in an Italian two‐site farrow‐to‐finish swine farm
No full textIn humans, hepatitis E virus (HEV) is responsible for an acute enterically transmitted hepatitis, which can become chronic in immune-compromised patients. Genotypes 3 and 4 (HEV-3 and HEV-4) are zoonotic, and domestic pigs and wild boar are the main reservoirs. The occurrence of autochthonous cases in Europe, which have been increasing over the last 10 years, has been associated with food-borne zoonotic transmission of HEV-3, mainly linked to consumption of undercooked or raw pork products (sausages containing liver) and wild boar meat. Zoonotic HEV-3 strains are widespread on pig farms, but little information is available on the dynamic of HEV-3 infection within farms, among pigs. The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of the infection among pigs of different ages along the production chain by the zoonotic HEVs, and to evaluate how long the virus may persist in the farm environment. The presence of HEV-RNA was investigated by real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) in 281 test faecal pools over 19 months (2017-2019) on a two-site farrow-to-finish farm (about 1,000 sows), in Northern Italy. A total of 67/281 test faecal pools (23.8%) resulted positive for the presence of HEV-RNA (site 1: 59/221, 26.7%; site 2: 8/60, 13.3%). Nucleotide sequencing revealed a unique HEV-3 viral variant circulating during 19 months of surveillance. The same HEV-3 strain was detected in the same farm on 2012, indicating the persistence of the same virus over 7 years, and highlighting the role of the environment as a continuous source of infection on pig farms. The results confirmed the circulation of the zoonotic genotype HEV-3 in pigs before slaughtering
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