1,720,974 research outputs found
Flooding Tolerance and photoperiodic response in different Prunus Spp Rootstock Mutants
No full textIn the last decades it has been observed in the Mediterranean areas that rainfall is becoming irregular and concentrated in short time leading to flooding and water stagnation in poorly drained soils. Among the aims of genetic improvement of stone-fruit trees, attention is focused on the increase in root tolerance of waterlogging. Two somaclonal lines were generated in vitro from leaf explants of rootstock Mr.S.2/5 of Prunus cerasifera L. Under in vivo conditions line S4 resulted tolerant to prolonged soil waterlogging, while line S1 (minus variant) showed a lower capacity to survival at waterlogging, similar to wild type The three lines exhibited different epinasty, gas exchange and assimilation and sugars content. Further investigations demonstrated that the rootstock lines are differently affected in the flooding tolerance among the variability of photoperiodism, with different alteration of some physiological parameter
Plasticity of plant development in apricot as determined by genome and surrounding light. Iacona C, Cirilli M, Silvestri C, Pistelli L., Muleo R
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Forty-year investigations on apricot blooming: Evidences of climate change effects
No full textCurrent climate change negatively impacts on key seasonal biological processes of perennial plants causing erratic productions and, consequently, significant yield reductions. Being flowering time of fruit crops one of the most widely used indicators for climate change studies, the present research aimed to assess, over a long-term period (1973–2016), the climatic trend and its influence on blooming date and intensity of 40 apricot cultivars (Prunus armeniaca L.) grown in central Italy. Over the autumn-spring seasons, the main climatic parameters (temperature, rainfall) were acquired, and calculation of chill accumulation according to the Chilling Units model (CU) was performed. Results showed significant trends in warming of autumn-winter monthly minimum and average temperatures, particularly since the 1990s. During the critical period for overcoming of flower bud endodormancy, a dramatic loss of CUs was recorded. Most of the examined cultivars, belonging to Italian and foreign germplasm and opportunely selected for different flowering time, showed important blooming delays and blooming intensity decreases. In particular, the early-blooming cultivars showed the highest average shift of around 12 days and a loss in blooming intensity score which fell to levels of around 50% with respect to previous periods. The CUs, negatively correlated with blooming time and positively correlated with blooming intensity, seem to be crucial for apricot floral biology. The irregular autumn-winter cold rate of recent years may mean that substantial impacts can be expected in the future with possible geographic shifts of the apricot cultivation areas towards more potentially suitable areas located in the northern Italian and European regions, with considerable socioeconomic inference
Different Responses Induced by Bicarbonate and Iron Deficiency on Microshoots of Quince and Pear
No full textA novel Mr.S.2/5 peach rootstock clone tolerant to flooding stress
No full textA novel somaclonal variant of rootstock Mr.S.2/5, tolerant of prolonged soil waterlogging, was regenerated from callus derived from leaf explants of in vitro grown plantlets. In vitro pressure selection conditions were induced by adding N-methyl-D-glucamine to the medium. Among regeneration events, only 4 cases of conversion into shoots were recorded. Under in vivo conditions, plants of line S.4 exposed to waterlogging survived for up to 15 days of hypoxic stress, while Mr.S2/5 wild type and Barrier1 rootstock plants died after 7 days of continuous exposure to stress. Physiological and morphological modifications occurred in clone S.4 plants, such as change in stem and leaf water retention, chlorophyll stability, formation of adventitious roots and modifications in leaf tissue free hexoses. Agronomic, physiological and molecular studies are in progress to investigate the origin of mutation
Nutritional (Fe-Mn) interactions in 'Big Top' peach plants as influenced by rootstock and by soil CaCO3 concentration
No full textManganese (Mn) toxicity in plants is often not a clearly identifiable disorder and it can interfere with the absorption, translocation and utilization of other elements such as Ca, Mg, Fe and P. Soil conditions, management factors and the use of different genotypes of rootstock can determine the degree of Mn toxicity and of interaction with other elements in the orchard. Five plants of the cultivar ‘Big Top’ grafted onto itself, onto plum rootstock ‘Mr.S.2/5’ and onto hybrid peach x almond rootstock ‘GF677’ were grown in 25-liter containers under three treatments, 0%, 20%, 30% concentration of total lime, obtained by mixing powdered CaCO3 to a sandy soil. Plants were fertilized with manure and a solid fertilizer in early spring and irrigated in summer periodically with water rich in manganese. After just 28 days, active lime caused a decrease of chlorophyll SPAD index especially in plants grafted on itself, while those grafted on the tolerant ‘GF677’ rootstock behaved better than those grafted on ‘Mr.S.2/5’. From June to September, irrigation caused increases in soil Mn concentration and Mn concentration in control plants. This caused first a serious defoliation in BigTop/BigTop plants and then a re-greening of cultivar grafted onto ‘Mr.S.2/5’ and ‘GF677’, probably due to the interaction between iron and manganese at high pH. In particular the 20% CaCO3 addition to the soil preserved the plants of cultivar grafted onto ‘Mr.S.2/5’ from Mn toxicity, as shown by their high chlorophyll content and growth and lower Mn leaf concentrations. Plants grafted onto ‘GF677’ rootstock showed the best behaviour under 30% CaCO3 treatment associated to higher Fe(III)-reducing capacity and photosynthetic activity. Rootstocks and soil conditions (lime and waterlogging) influenced mineral status and growth of the peach cultivar ‘BigTop’, particularly by interacting together and modifying Fe-Mn availability
Prunus SPP Rootstock Mutant Tolerant To Flooding is also affected in photoperiod response
No full textUsing genome plasticity to generate in Vitro Rootstocks Tolerant Waterlogging in Vivo. Muleo R, Iacona C, Pistelli L., Cirilli M, Silvestri C
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Influences of weather conditions and rootstock genotypes on flower bud biology and xylem vessel differentiation in apricot.
No full textThe aim of this research was to study the involvement of weather conditions and the influence of two Prunus rootstocks (Myrabolan 29/C and apricot Seedling) on flower bud biology of Pisana (Prunus armeniaca L.), one of the most appreciated Italian apricot cultivar, grown in a Mediterranean agro-climatic environment. Anatomical investigations on xylem differentiation within flower buds and biological observations on flowering as well as fruiting were carried out over two consecutive growth seasons. These years were characterized by different weather conditions due to temperatures and rainfall events which influenced the chilling accumulation, blooming time and xylogenesis process. The onset of xylogenesis within flower buds was conditioned by summer temperatures and water availability. The two rootstocks commonly used in apricot, Myrabolan 29/C and apricot Seedling, did not affect the flowering and fruit-set rate of the grafted cultivar. Nevertheless, differences in progressive differentiation of the secondary thickness of procambial cells in xylem vessels were observed
Novel Prunus rootstock somaclonal variants with divergent ability to tolerate waterlogging
No full textPlants require access to free water for nutrient uptake, but excess water surrounding the roots can be injurious or even lethal
because it blocks the transfer of free oxygen between the soil and the atmosphere. Genetic improvement efforts in this study
were focused on the increased tolerance in roots to waterlogging. Among a pool of clones generated in vitro from leaf explants
of rootstock Mr.S.2/5 of Prunus cerasifera L., the S.4 clone was flood tolerant whereas the S.1 clone was sensitive. The S.4 clone
formed adventitious roots on exposure to flooding. Moreover, the chlorophyll content and mitochondrial activity in the leaf and
root, soluble sugar content, alcohol dehydrogenase activity and ethylene content were different between the clones. The sorbitol
transporter gene (SOT1) was up-regulated during hypoxia, the alcohol dehydrogenase genes (ADH1 and ADH3) were upregulated
in the leaves and down-regulated in the roots of the S.4 clone during hypoxia, and the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-oxidase
gene (ACO1) was up-regulated in the leaves and roots of the S.4 clone during hypoxia and down-regulated
in the wild-type
roots. In addition, in the S.4 root, hypoxia induced significant down-regulation of a glycosyltransferase-like gene (GTL), which
has a yet-undefined role. Although the relevant variation in the S.4 genome has yet to be determined, genetic alteration clearly
conferred a flooding-tolerant phenotype. The isolation of novel somaclonals with the same genomic background but with divergent
tolerance to flooding may offer new insights in the elucidation of the genetic machinery of resistance to flooding and aid
in the selection of new Prunus rootstocks to be used in various adverse environment
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