6,260 research outputs found
Eventology versus contemporary theories of uncertainty
No full textThe development of probability theory together with the Bayesian approach in the three last centuries is caused by two factors: the variability of the physical phenomena and partial ignorance about them. As now it is standard to believe [Dubois, 2007], the nature of these key factors is so various, that their descriptions are required special uncertainty theories, which differ from the probability theory and the Bayesian credo, and provide a better account of the various facets of uncertainty by putting together probabilistic and set-valued representations of information to catch a distinction between variability and ignorance. Eventology [Vorobyev, 2007], a new direction of probability theory and philosophy, offers the original event approach to the description of variability and ignorance, entering an agent, together with his/her beliefs, directly in the frameworks of scientific research in the form of eventological distribution of his/her own events. This allows eventology, by putting together probabilistic and set-event representation of information and philosophical concept of event as co-being [Bakhtin, 1920], to provide a unified strong account of various aspects of uncertainty catching distinction between variability and ignorance and opening an opportunity to define imprecise probability as a probability of imprecise event in the mathematical frameworks of Kolmogorov's probability theory [Kolmogorov, 1933].uncertainty, probability, event, co-being, eventology, imprecise event
Book review “N.I. Vorobyev. Kazan Tatars. Kazan: Tatgosizdat, 1953”
No full textThe work under review is devoted to the characteristics of the material culture of the Kazan Tatars of the late 19th – early 20th centuries. The author set himself the task to identify the main elements of the Kazan Tatars’ material culture, trace the history of its formation, and analyse its characteristic territorial and class differences. The work is based on the monograph of the same author, Material Culture of the Kazan Tatars, published in 1930. Since that time, the author has accumulated new material, critically revised previous conclusions, and essentially produced a new work (cit.: Smirnov A.P. (1954) N.I. Vorobyev. The Kazan Tatars. Tatgosizdat, Kazan, 1953. Sovetskaya etnografiya [Soviet Ethnography]. No. 3: 168–172. (In Russ.))
The Artist’s Mission During the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829: Documentary Landscapes by M.N. Vorobyev
No full textThe artist Maxim Nikiforovich Vorobyev (1787–1855) possessed a unique gift for combining his creative work with public service, dedicating himself fully to fulfilling tasks and the mission of serving his homeland. Within the scope of the research article, the author examines his role in the military expedition of 1828–1829, where M.N. Vorobyev not only created sketches and paintings at the behest of Emperor Nicholas I and his court but also actively participated in visualizing military and technological innovations. That military expedition became the foundation for several significant works by the artist, including The Seashore Near Varna (1829), View of the Military Telegraph Near Varna (1829), and The Explosion of Varna (1828), which are rarely mentioned in contemporary literature for various reasons. In 1828–1829, as an experienced artist who had participated in multiple military campaigns and diplomatic expeditions, he was seconded to the staff of the Black Sea Fleet and participated in the Russo-Turkish War as an artist and chronicler. His visual reports and sketches often contained hidden information understood only by a narrow circle of high-ranking officials. Those works served as encrypted messages where artistic value intertwined with diplomatic significance. In this study, the author proposes reconstructing the historical context to deepen understanding of the iconography of M.N. Vorobyev’s series of landscape paintings, created as a visual chronicle of the events of the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829
N.I. Vorobyev and the Central Museum of the Tatar Republic (1923–1930)
No full textN.I. Vorobyev headed the TASSR Central Museum during the formation period of the new museum practices, when the right decisions came with experience and the main task was to develop a new structure of the institution. As the museum director, the young scholar dealt with a large number of administrative issues and difficulties, from budget and personnel shortage to elimination of external threats caused by the low level of security of museum collections. The acute shortage of funds was reflected in everything: the museum could not occupy all the areas allocated by the state, there were no more than three people in the staff of departments, the tasks of purchasing exhibits and planned acquisitions were barely fulfilled. However, at the same time, as part of preparation for exhibitions, ethnographic expeditions to many cantons of the republic were organised under the leadership of N. Vorobyev. During the expeditions, significant materials that document the culture and traditions of the peoples of the region, household items and crafts were collected, as well as a large number of photographs were taken. As a result of this work, the museum was able to adequately represent the Tatar Republic at large-scale All-Union exhibitions in Moscow in 1923 and 1927 and at the international exhibition in Paris in 1925. The public warmly welcomed the Tatrepublic sections at the exhibitions; upon the exhibitions closure, the objects replenished the museum funds. In conditions of limited funding, lack of space capacity and limited number of staff, under Vorobyev’s leadership, the museum laid down the functioning principles, which would serve as the basis of its work in the following decades. Combining museum work with his academic career, Nikolay Vorobyev left the museum during the period when full supervision of the state was being established over the institution. He left not just a museum, but also an academic institution where research work was constantly carried out
Artistic and figurative sketches by L.M. Pozdeeva from expeditions with N.I. Vorobyev
No full textThe article analyses expedition sketches of professional artist Lyudmila Mikhailovna Pozdeeva from the collections of the National Museum of the Republic of Tatarstan and the “Miraskhane” Written Heritage Center of G. Ibragimov Institute of Language, Literature and Art of the Republic of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, which were made by the master during the expeditions of 1926 and 1927 under the leadership of N. I. Vorobyev. Costume complexes of Tatars of different subethnic and ethnographic groups are analysed. Particular attention is paid to the scientific component of L. M. Pozdeeva’s work, the consistency of the sketches to written sources, museum materials and expedition photographs. The author of the article identified nine watercolours and one graphite pencil sketch, which depict the clothes of men and women of different ages. The pieces were made in the Chelny, Chistopol, Sviyazhsk, and Tetyush cantons, in settlements such as Nizhneye Bishevo, Kainly, Akbulatovo, Stary Tatarsky Adam, Molkeevo, Stary Kurbash, and Bakorchi (Bakrchi). Some images are duplicated by photographs, which became the visual accompaniment to the texts of N.I. Vorobyev’s academic publications. The sketches by L.M. Pozdeeva found by the author of the article fully correspond to the photographic images, which is evidence of the precise reproduction of what she saw during the expeditions. The artist chose different angles of the characters in national clothing, thereby creating not just an ethnographic copy, but an artistic image
Demetrio Calcondila. Libri e scrittura
No full textOggetto della presente indagine sono la scrittura dell’umanista greco Demetrio Calcondila e i codici da lui vergati. La tesi inizia con la discussione di questioni di paléographie d’expertise e con l’individuazione dei codici sicuramente ascrivibili al pugno del dotto bizantino. Si passa poi all’analisi diacronica della sua scrittura e si fa un tentativo di ricostruirne le origini. Tale ricostruzione si basa sull’esame di due tipologie grafiche, presenti nell’unico codice finora noto come testimone della sua scrittura giovanile (Ambr. Q 13 sup., ff. 320r-329v). Vengono individuate, poi, le tipologie di scrittura del Calcondila maturo e si discutono gli influssi che esercitò su altri copisti. Tanto è compreso nel Capitolo 1. Il capitolo successivo analizza gli aspetti materiali dei codici trascritti da Demetrio. I risultati di tale analisi, insieme ai dati noti delle vicende storiche e dei rapporti stemmatici, permettono di individuare alcuni raggruppamenti di codici e di ascrivergli una posizione, almeno relativa e approssimativa, sull’asse cronologico. Per di più, la rassegna, quanto possibile completa, delle sue abitudini riguardanti il modo di allestire il libro può facilitare la risoluzione delle questioni d’expertise, nonché offrire materiale a chi voglia studiare la codicologia del libro greco della seconda metà del Quattrocento. Infine, nel Capitolo 3, vengono proposti quattro case-studies che forniscono dati utili allo studio filologico dei testi tramandati da rispettivi codici calcondiliani. Tali quattro saggi illustrano, inoltre, il modus operandi di Demetrio: come lavorava con gli antigrafi e con le Kollationsvorlagen, come soleva conservare e ricomporre le unità codicologiche di suo possesso, com’era il suo rapporto con i collaboratori. Così la tesi, da un lato, fornisce materiale d’ausilio per ulteriori studi paleografici, codicologici e filologici e, dall’altro lato, rappresenta un passo verso la rivalorizzazione della cultura poliedrica del maestro ateniese, la quale rimane ancora in gran parte da scoprire. La tesi è accompagnata da tre appendici: le false attribuzioni di codici al pugno di Calcondila; le sue epistole e la sua scrittura latina; la storia della sua biblioteca e i suoi postillati
Booker T. Washington in search of mutual understanding between the two races in the USA (the late XIX – early XX centuries)
No full textВоробьев Дмитрий Николаевич — аспирант кафедры Новой и Новейшей истории стран Европы и Америки исторического факультета, Московский государственный университет им. М. В. Ломоносова. Приоритетные сферы научных интересов: история США, афроамериканцы, межрасовые отношения. E-mail: [email protected]
D. N. Vorobyev, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation,
[email protected]Статья посвящается философии и практической деятельности Букера Т. Вашингтона (1856—1915) — наиболее значительного афроамериканского лидера конца XIX — начала XX вв. Автор анализирует формирование взглядов и жизненных принципов данного деятеля, его поиск мирного взаимодействия белого и чернокожего населения, в условиях ограничения гражданских и политических прав афроамериканцев на территории южных штатов после окончания периода
Реконструкции в 1879 г. Временный отказ чернокожего населения от борьбы за политическое равноправие взамен на социально-экономические возможности, являвшийся основной идеей «идеологии приспособления» Вашингтона, стала компромиссом во взаимоотношении двух рас. Особое внимание автор уделяет рассмотрению образовательной программы Вашингтона, его экономической и социальной стратегии развития чернокожего населения в условиях расовой
дискриминации на Юге США, а также причинам, приведшим к неудаче «идеологии приспособления» в попытке сдержать дальнейшее наступление расистского законодательства. The article is focused on the philosophy and the practical actions of Booker T. Washington (1856-1915) — the most significant African-American leader of the late XIX — early XX centuries. The author analyzes the formation of attitudes and life principles of this figure, his search of peaceful interaction of white and black people, in conditions of the restriction of civil and political rights of the African-Americans in the territory of the southern states after the end of the Reconstruction in 1879. The temporary renouncement by the black population of the struggle for political equality in return
for socio-economic opportunities, that was the main idea of the Washington’s “ideology of adaptation”, became a compromise in the relationship between the two races. The author also focuses his attention on the Washington’s educational program, his economic development strategy of the black people, and his attitude to the racial discrimination, as well as the reasons that led the “ideology of adaptation” to the failure in attempt to stop the further offensive racist legislation
Participation in Fraudulent Elections
No full textI analyze a costly voting model of elections in which the incumbent can stuff the ballot box to investigate how electoral fraud affects the decisions of voters to participate. I find that two stable equilibria may exist: an abstention equilibrium, where none of the voters vote and the incumbent always wins, and a more efficient coordination equilibrium, where a substantial share of a challenger’s supporters vote and the candidate preferred by the majority is likely to win. I further show that because the higher capability of the incumbent to stuff a ballot box discourages the participation of his own supporters and creates participation incentives for the challenger’s supporters, higher fraud does not always benefit the incumbent, even when costless. The model may help to explain two empirical observations related to fraudulent elections: a positive relationship between fraud and the margin of victory and a negative relationship between fraud and voter turnout. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015.I would like to thank Michael Alvarez, Levent Celik, Libor Dusek, Peter Katuscak, John Ledyard, Jan Zapal and two anonymous referees for valuable comments. This paper was developed with institutional support RVO 67985998 from the Czech Academy of Sciences. The author declares that he has no conflict of interest other than double affiliation with Ural Federal University (Yekaterinburg, Russia) and CERGE-EI (Prague, Czech Republic)
EU INTERESTS IN DEVELOPING ARCTIC SEA ROUTES
No full textThe article considers the European Union’s key strategic interests in the increased use of the Arctic routes, especially the Northern Sea Route (NSR), but also the Northwest Passage. This issue is high on the agenda given the EU dependence on the maritime transport accounting for the predominant share of the Union’s trade. The EU technological, financial and human resources can contribute greatly to the development if the Arctic seaways which would in turn benefit the member states. The author notes that the EU has already actively engaged in designing the framework regulation for the Arctic maritime shipping including the legal, environmental and safety provisions. Securing an innocent passage of ships through the Arctic waters is one of the main objectives in this regard considering that none of the EU members are Arctic coastal states. Another issue at stake is delivering Arctic oil and gas reserves highly important for the EU to the continent for which developed seaborne transport is crucial. The article also gives an overview of the EU practical steps with regards to the Arctic routes including projects aimed at connecting the Union’s transport system with the Russian North West and potentially the NSR. It is noted that the EU is highly interested in exploiting the potential of the Arctic sea routes and focuses on international cooperation to achieve the goal. Increased EU cooperation with the Arctic coastal states including Russia would be mutually beneficial given the opportunities the new routes offer and the EU resources that can be used to support their development
Information Disclosure in Elections with Sequential Costly Participation
No full textUsing a pivotal costly voting model of elections in which voters privately have formed preferences over two candidates and act sequentially, I study how different rules for disclosing information about the actions of early voters affect the actions of later voters, and how they ultimately affect voters’ and candidates’ welfare. Comparing three rules observed in real-life elections (no information disclosure, turnout disclosure and vote count disclosure), I find that vote count disclosure dominates the other two rules in terms of both voter welfare and the ex-ante likelihood of electing the candidate preferred by the majority. I show further that each of the rules can provide a candidate with either a greater or lesser chance of winning, depending on the levels of ex-ante support for the candidates. The findings may be useful for designing optimal voting procedures, particularly in settings with small numbers of voters. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.Funding: this research was supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic; Grant 19-18741Y
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