4,412 research outputs found
Lerner I. M. — Le drame du Maroc Genetic Homeostasis
No full textSutter Jean. Lerner I. M. — Le drame du Maroc Genetic Homeostasis. In: Population, 10ᵉ année, n°4, 1955. p. 759
Lerner I. M. et Donald H. P. — Modem Developments in Animal Breeding
No full textSutter Jean. Lerner I. M. et Donald H. P. — Modem Developments in Animal Breeding. In: Population, 22ᵉ année, n°4, 1967. pp. 765-766
Lerner I. M. et Donald H. P. — Modem Developments in Animal Breeding
No full textSutter Jean. Lerner I. M. et Donald H. P. — Modem Developments in Animal Breeding. In: Population, 22ᵉ année, n°4, 1967. pp. 765-766
NATURE AND NURTURE: THE COMPLEX INTERPLAY OF GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND DEVELOPMENT
No full textForeword / Steven E. Hyman -- Preface -- Introduction: Nature and nurture in human behavior and development: a view of the issues / Cynthia García Call, Elaine L. Bearer and Richard M. Lerner -- Ch 1. Genes and the promotion of positive human development: hereditarian versus developmental systems perspectives / Richard M. Lerner -- Ch. 2. How gene-environment interactions influence emotional development in Rhesus Monkeys / Stephen J. Suomi -- Ch. 3. Nature, nurture, and the question of "how?": a phenomenological variant of ecological systems theory / Margaret Beale Spencer and Vinay Harpalani -- Ch. 4. Commentary / Anne Fausto-Sterling -- Ch. 5. Normally occurring environmental and behavioral influences on gene activity: from central dogma to probabilistic epigenesis / Gilbert Gottlieb -- Ch. 6. Beyond heritability: biological process in social context / Richard Rende -- Ch. 7. Uniqueness, diversity, similarity, repeatability, and heritability / Jerry Hirsch -- Ch. 8. Commentary / Lundy Braun -- Ch. 9. Instinct and choice: a framework for analysis / William I. Dickens and Jessica L. Cohen -- Ch. 10. Behavior as influence and result of the genetic program: non-kin rejection, ethnic conflict, and issues in global health care / Elaine L. Bearer -- Ch. 11. Embodied development: ending the nativism-empiricism debate / Willis F. Overton -- Ch. 12. Conclusions: beyond nature versus nurture to more complex, relational, and dynamic developmental systems / Cynthia García Call, Elaine L. Bearer and Richard M. Lerner -- Author index -- Subject inde
Testing the Marshall-Lerner condition in Kenya
No full textIn this paper we examine the Marshall-Lerner (ML) condition for the Kenyan economy. In particular, we use quarterly data on the log of real exchange rates, export-import ratio and relative (US) income for the time period 1996q1 – 2011q4, and employ techniques based on the concept of long memory or long-range dependence. Specifically, we use fractional integration and cointegration methods, which are more general than standard approaches based exclusively on integer degrees of differentiation. The results indicate that there exists a well-defined cointegrating relationship linking the balance of payments to the real exchange rate and relative income, and that the ML condition is satisfied in the long run although the convergence process is relatively slow. They also imply that a moderate depreciation of the Kenyan shilling may have a stabilizing influence on the balance of payments through the current account without the need for high interest rates.This study is partly funded by the Ministry of Education of Spain (ECO2011-2014 ECON Y FINANZAS, Spain) and from a Jeronimo de Ayanz project of the Government of Navarra
Biemna spinomicroxea Mothes, Campos, Lerner, Carraro, Van & Soest, 2005, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Biemna spinomicroxea</i> sp. nov. <p>Figs. 2 A–I</p> <p> <b>Material examined. Holotype</b> MCNPOR 1887, off the coast of Amapá State: 03°56'00" N – 50°00'07" W, 81 m depth; coll. R/V ‘Almirante Saldanha’, 07.XII.1968; substratum sand.</p> <p> <b>Comparative material.</b> <i>Biemna oxeata</i> Van Soest & Stentoft, 1988 – ZMAPOR 5420 (holotype), Barbados (fragment deposited in MCNPOR 2593); <i>Biemna tubulata</i> (Dendy, 1905) <i>sensu</i> Van Soest, 1984 – ZMAPOR 3520, Puerto Rico (fragment deposited in MCNPOR 2618); <i>B</i>. <i>microacanthosigma</i> Mothes, Hajdu, Lerner & Van Soest, 2004 – MCNPOR 1898, Amapá State, Brazil; <i>B</i>. <i>trisigmata</i> Mothes & Campos, 2004 – MCNPOR 1897, Amapá State, Brazil.</p> <p> <b>Description</b>. Massive, irregular but slightly lobate, internally cavernous (Fig. 2 A). Measurements: 3.5 cm length, 2.0 cm width and 2.0 cm thick. Surface hispid, from to protruding spicules. Oscules scattered over the surface, the larger ones measuring 0.2 cm in diameter. Consistency of preserved material soft, easily compressible. Colour alive unknown, in alcohol light brown.</p> <p> <b>Skeleton</b> (Fig. 2 B). Plumoreticulate, not differentiated into ectosomal or choanosomal skeleton. Megascleres arranged in ascending tracts, 3–5 spicules thick, at 190–332.5 m distance from each other, widening slightly near the surface and connected by single spicules or transverse tracts 1–3 spicules thick. Only nodal spongin present. Between the spicule tracts, some microscleres are found randomly distributed.</p> <p> <b>Spicules</b>. Oxeas (Fig. 2 C­D): slightly curved, rarely straight; extremities lightly stepped, a few slightly strongylote; length: 370.5– <i>409</i>. <i>4</i> – 437 m, width: 9.2– <i>11</i>. <i>6</i> – 13.8 m. Sigmas (Fig. 2 E­F): shallow­curved, with long­spined extremities; length: 16.1– <i>17</i>. <i>6</i> – 20.7 m, width: 1.0 m. Microxeas in two sizes (Fig. 2 G­I): larger (Fig. 2 G­H), straight, microspined; length: 103– <i>133</i>. <i>4</i> – 152 m, width: 2.3– <i>3.2</i> – 4.6 m; Smaller (Fig. 2 I), smooth, slightly curved, a few straight; length: 87.5– <i>113</i>. <i>7</i> – 152.5 m, width: less than 2.5 m.</p> <p> <b>Remarks</b>. Until now there were five valid species of genus <i>Biemna</i> known in the tropical West Atlantic: <i>B</i>. <i>microstyla</i> de Laubenfels, 1950; <i>B</i>. <i>cribaria</i> (Alcolado & Gotera, 1986) (senior synonym of <i>B</i>. <i>oxeata</i> Van Soest & Stentoft, 1988); <i>B</i>. <i>caribea</i> Pulitzer­ Finali, 1986 (“ <i>B</i>. <i>tubulata</i> (Dendy, 1905) ” <i>sensu</i> Van Soest, 1984); <i>B</i>. <i>microacanthosigma</i> Mothes, Hajdu, Lerner & Van Soest, 2004; <i>B</i>. <i>trisigmata</i> Mothes & Campos, 2004; the new species, <i>B</i>. <i>spinomicroxea</i>, brings the number to six. The latter species shares the oxeote megascleres with <i>B</i>. <i>cribaria</i>, which however lacks microxeas and has two size categories of sigmas. The remaining <i>Biemna</i> species have styles as megascleres.</p> <p> <b>Etymology</b>. The specific name is given to signal the presence of a spined microxea.</p>Published as part of <i>Mothes, Beatriz, Campos, Maurício, Lerner, Cléa, Carraro, João Luís, Van, Rob W. M. & Soest, 2005, A new species of Biemna Gray, 1867 (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida) from the north coast of Brazil, pp. 39-44 in Zootaxa 1087</i> on page 41, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/170496">10.5281/zenodo.170496</a>
Latrunculia (Latrunculia) tetraverticillata Mothes, Campos, Eckert & Lerner, 2008, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Latrunculia (Latrunculia) tetraverticillata</i> sp. nov. <p>(Fig. 2 A–E; Tab. I)</p> <p> <b>Material examined.</b> Holotype: MCNPOR 3695, Brazil, off Santa Catarina State coast (29º11'16"S, 47º54'16"W), 420 m depth, substrate of pebbles, bottom temperature 9°C, salinity 34 ‰, 24.IV.1997, R/V "Antares” coll. Paratype: MCNPOR 3641 (microscope-slide); data similar to that of the holotype.</p> <p> <b>Comparative material</b>. <i>Latrunculia (Latrunculia) brevis</i> Ridley & Dendy, 1886, collected by HMS “Challenger” Expedition, off Rio de la Plata, Argentina, slide BMNH 1887.5.2.269 (holotype). <i>Latrunculia (Latrunculia) biformis</i> (Kirkpatrick, 1908), collected by Antarctic Terra Nova Expedition, locality unknown, slide BMNH 1910.26.154a. <i>Latrunculia (Latrunculia) bocagei</i> Ridley & Dendy, 1886, collected by HMS “Discovery” Expedition, Falkland Islands, slide BMNH 1887.5.2.237 (holotype).</p> <p> <b>Description</b>. Small encrusting sponge, 0.7 x 0.6 x 0.1 cm (Fig. 2 A). Surface slightly velvety to the touch, with a single conical, volcano-shaped oscule, 0.1 cm in diameter. Preserved material friable in consistency. External colour in life unknown; in preservative external and internal colour creamy white.</p> <p> <b>Skeleton.</b> Ectosome with a palisade of anisodiscorhabds perpendicularly arranged (Fig. 2 B). Subectosomal region 90–210 μm thick, with a confused halichondroid arrangement of single strongyloxeas tangentially oriented and common anisodiscorhabds scattered through. The choanosomal skeleton is formed by a very irregular, polygonal reticulation (85–160 μm) formed by tracts of strongyloxeas (30–70 μm) with scarce spongin reinforcement.</p> <p> <b>Spicules.</b> Magascleres (Fig. 2 C–D): Strongyloxeas smooth, straight, anisodiametric strongyloxeas, slightly fusiform, occasionally may bear a tyle, apical extremity hastate. Microscleres (Fig. 2 E): Anisodiscorhabds consisting of a straight, stout shaft, with a reduced base ornamented with smooth spines, bent downwards. There are only a few isolated spines above the manubrium, and these can vary on abundance and disposition. Two central whorls are of similar diameter (median and subsidiary 2) and bear denticulated edges.</p> <p>Both are located on half length of the shaft, and oriented perpendicularly to its main axis. The third and fourth whorls (subsidiary 1 and apical) are cup-shaped, placed closer to the apex and also bear denticulated edges. They are generally smaller in diameter than the first ones. The crown is rose-like in its contour. All the whorls are not divided in groups of spines. Immature stages are common. Measurements are given in Table 1.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Known only from the type locality.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> Named after the presence of four whorls along the discorhabd axis.</p> <p> Diameter 29.9– <i>40.0–</i> 43.7 39.1– <i>41.6</i> –44 Subsidiary 2 Distance 39.1– <i>43.0–</i> 48.5 32.2– <i>40.6</i> –46 In comparison with other <i>Latrunculia</i> species from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (e.g., <i>L</i>. <i>biformis</i>, L. <i>brevis</i> and <i>L</i>. <i>bocagei</i>), the new species clearly differs from them in possessing strongyloxeas rather than styles as megascleres, and in the size of these megascleres, which are smaller than those of <i>L</i>. <i>biformis</i>, L. <i>brevis</i> and <i>L</i>. <i>bocagei</i>. Fusiform strongyloxeas (and styles, or styles to strongyloxeas) were recorded in other species within subgenus <i>Latrunculia</i> (e.g., <i>L</i>. <i>basilis</i>, L. <i>palmata</i> and <i>L</i>. <i>novaecaledoniae</i>); however the geographic distribution of these species (Antarctic, Philippines and New Caledonia, respectively <i>)</i> is remarkably distant from the type locality of the new species. The anisodiscorhab of the new species is morphologically different (see Fig. 3 A–D) from those present in the other three species of <i>Latrunculia</i> found in the Southwestern Atlantic. Moreover, <i>L</i>. <i>brevis</i> has anisodiscorhabds with a short shaft, <i>L</i>. <i>biformis</i> has two distinct types of anisodiscorhabds (additional aciculoanisodiscorhabds), and <i>L</i>. <i>bocagei</i> differs in having the standard three whorls along the anisodiscorhabd axis, but spines of the apical whorl which are slightly curved upwards in a crown-like tuft of blunt, terminally spined projections (Samaai <i>et al.</i>, 2006).</p> <p> <i>Latrunculia multirotalis</i> Topsent, 1905, recorded from the Azores, is morphologically the closest species to the new one, because both species have several whorls of spines along the shaft. However, apart from having disjunctive distributions, the new species differs from <i>L</i>. <i>multirotalis</i>; L. tetraverticillata has strongyloxeas as megascleres, the microscleres are smaller, bear only four whorls not divided in clusters of spines, or denticulated margins, and the shaft thickness is uniform towards the apical whorl.</p> <p> Hinde and Holmes (1892) recorded <i>Latrunculia</i> sp. (p. 218, Pl. XI, Fig. 37) from fossil material coming from lower Tertiary strata of New Zealand. This fossil species had an anisodiscorhabd that was similar in structure (having four whorls along the shaft) and dimension (length), to that found in <i>L</i>. <i>tetraverticillata</i> sp.nov. However the discorhabds of the new species differ from the fossil microscleres in the absence of secondary spines among the whorls, and also in the structure of the apex, which is formed by a single prominent spine in the fossil material, whereas it is rose-like in the extant species. It is difficult to evaluate the degree of homology between fossil and extant acanthodiscorabds; but the similarity in the acanthodiscorhabd could indicate that similar "latrunculiid" species coexisted in a primary community (Samaai <i>et al</i>., 2006) in the Southern Ocean.</p>Published as part of <i>Mothes, Beatriz, Campos, Maurício, Eckert, Rafael & Lerner, Cléa, 2008, Latrunculia (Latrunculia) tetraverticillata sp. nov. (Porifera, Poecilosclerida, Latrunculiidae) from the bathyal region off the coast of Santa Catarina State, Brazil, Southwestern Atlantic, pp. 59-65 in Zootaxa 1744</i> on pages 61-63, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/181621">10.5281/zenodo.181621</a>
Venture capitalists, business angels, and performance of entrepreneurial IPOs in the UK and France
No full textUsing a unique sample of 444 entrepreneurial IPOs in the UK and France, this paper analyses the investment patterns and the stock-market performance effects of two types of early stage investors: venture capitalists (VCs) and business angels (BAs). Extending existing research, we identify important endogeneity and institutional effects. Our findings indicate that UK IPOs have a higher retained ownership and lower participation ratio by BAs, but a lower retained ownership and participation ratio by VCs than in France. BA and VC investments are substitutes, and they are endogenously determined by a number of firm- and founder-related factors, such as founder ownership and external board 'interlocks', and underwriter reputation. UK VCs are effective third-party certifying agents who reduce underpricing in UK IPOs, whereas in French IPOs they increase it by appearing to engage in grandstanding. This certification effect is more significant in UK IPOs involving both high VC and BA ownership. Finally, underpricing increases with VC participation ratio, where the higher exit of VCs seems to increase the risk premium required by outside investors, in particular in the UK. © 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.AERNOUDT R, 2001, BUSINESS ANGELS MAGA; BARRY CB, 1990, J FINANC ECON, V27, P447, DOI 10.1016-0304-405X(90)90064-7; ARMOUR J, 2006, IN PRESS OXFORD EC P; BAKER M, 2003, J LAW ECON, V46, P1097; BHAGAT S, 2004, UNPUB DETERMINANTS I; BIRLEY S, 2000, BLACKWELL HDB ENTERP; Black BS, 1998, J FINANC ECON, V47, P243, DOI 10.1016-S0304-405X(97)00045-7; Certo ST, 2001, STRATEGIC MANAGE J, V22, P641, DOI 10.1002-smj.182; CHAHINE S, 2006, IN PRESS INT REV FIN; CHAHINE S, 2005, VENTURE CAPITALISTS; CUMMING DJ, 2006, IN PRESS J CORPORATE; CUMMING DJ, 2003, CONTRACTS EXITS VENT; CUMMINGS DJ, 2004, LEGALITY VENTURE GOV; EHRLICH SB, 1994, J BUS VENTURING, V9, P67, DOI 10.1016-0883-9026(94)90027-2; Espenlaub S., 1999, VENTURE CAPITAL INT, V11, P325, DOI 10.1080-136910699295848; *EVCA, 2003, EVCA YB 2003; FIET JO, 1995, J MANAGE STUD, V32, P551, DOI 10.1111-j.1467-6486.1995.tb00788.x; Filatotchev I, 2006, SMALL BUS ECON, V26, P337, DOI 10.1007-s11187-005-2051-3; Filatotchev I., 2005, LIFE CYCLE CORPORATE; FILATOTCHEV I, 2002, STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT, V28, P941; FRANCIS B, 2000, UNDERPRICING VENTURE; FREEAR J, 1994, J BUS VENTURING, V9, P109, DOI 10.1016-0883-9026(94)90004-3; Giudici G., 2004, RISE FALL EUROPES NE; Goergen M, 2006, J BUS FINAN ACCOUNT, V33, P79, DOI 10.1111-j.1468-5957.2006.00657.x; GOMPERS PA, 1995, J FINANC, V50, P1461; GORMAN M, 1989, J BUS VENTURING, V4, P231, DOI 10.1016-0883-9026(89)90014-1; Granlund M, 1996, BRIT J DEV DISABIL, V42, P1; Habib MA, 2001, REV FINANC STUD, V14, P433, DOI 10.1093-rfs-14.2.433; Hellmann G, 2002, INT POLITIK, V57, P1; HOCHBERG YV, 2003, VENTURE CAPITAL CORP; Jelic R, 2005, J BUS FINAN ACCOUNT, V32, P643, DOI 10.1111-j.0306-686X.2005.00608.x; Jeng Leslie A., 2000, J CORP FINANC, V6, P241, DOI DOI 10.1016-S0929-1199(00)00003-1; JENSEN MC, 1976, J FINANC ECON, V3, P305, DOI 10.1016-0304-405X(76)90026-X; Johnson S, 2000, AM ECON REV, V90, P22, DOI 10.1257-aer.90.2.22; KAPLAN S, 2004, LEGAL DIFFERENCES LE; Kaplan SN, 2003, REV ECON STUD, V70, P281, DOI 10.1111-1467-937X.00245; LaPorta R, 1997, J FINANC, V52, P1131; Larcker D. F., 2005, USE INSTRUMENTAL VAR; LEE PM, 2003, AC MAN ANN C SEATTL; LELAND HE, 1977, J FINANC, V32, P371, DOI 10.2307-2326770; Lerner J., 1999, VENTURE CAPITAL CYCL; LERNER J, 1995, J FINANC, V50, P301, DOI 10.2307-2329247; Lerner J, 1998, J BANK FINANC, V22, P773, DOI 10.1016-S0378-4266(98)00043-0; LERNER J, 1994, FINANC MANAGE, V23, P16, DOI 10.2307-3665618; Lins KV, 2003, J FINANC QUANT ANAL, V38, P159, DOI 10.2307-4126768; Lockett A, 2001, OMEGA-INT J MANAGE S, V29, P375, DOI 10.1016-S0305-0483(01)00024-X; Lockett A, 2002, RES POLICY, V31, P1009, DOI 10.1016-S0048-7333(01)00174-3; Macmillan I.C., 1985, J BUSINESS VENTURING, V1, P119, DOI DOI 10.1016-0883-9026(85)90011-4; Manigart S., 2000, EUROPEAN FINANCIAL M, V6, P389, DOI 10.1111-1468-036X.00130; MEGGINSON W, 1991, J FINANC, V96, P879; Prowse S, 1998, J BANK FINANC, V22, P785, DOI 10.1016-S0378-4266(98)00044-2; RINDERMAN G, 2003, VENTURE CAPITALIST P; RITTER JR, 1984, J FINANC, V39, P1231, DOI 10.2307-2327627; Sapienza HJ, 1996, J BUS VENTURING, V11, P439, DOI 10.1016-S0883-9026(96)00052-3; SAPIENZA HJ, 1994, ACAD MANAGE J, V37, P1618, DOI 10.2307-256802; van Osnabrugge M., 1998, ENTREP THEORY PRACT, V22, P23; Wong A., 2002, ANGEL FINANCE OTHER; Wright M, 2003, J MANAGE STUD, V40, P2073, DOI 10.1046-j.1467-6486.2003.00412.x; Wright M., 1998, J BUSINESS FINANCE A, V25, P521, DOI 10.1111-1468-5957.00201; Zahra S. A., 2004, J MANAGE STUD, V41, P88330282
Ciocalypta alba Carvalho, Carraro, Lerner & Hajdu, 2003, sp. nov.
No full textCiocalypta alba sp. nov. (Figs. 1, 2; Tab. I) Holotype. MCNPOR 5056, Ilha de Coral, SC, 27 º 56.242 'S – 48 º 32.679 'W, 12 m depth, colls. C. Lerner & J.P. Cauduro Filho, 08.iii. 2001. Paratypes. MCNPOR 5060, Ilha de Coral, SC, 27 º 56.242 'S – 48 º 32.679 'W, 12 m depth, coll. C. Lerner & J.P. Cauduro Filho, 08.iii. 2001; MNRJ 501, Saco das Anchovas, Ilhabela, São Sebastião, SP, 23 º 55.206 'S – 45 º 17.936 'W, 1517m depth, coll. E. Hajdu, 22 / vi/ 1997; MNRJ 555, Ponta do Frade, Ilhabela, São Sebastião, SP, 23 º 54.972 'S – 45 º 27.547 'W, 2425m depth, coll. M. LeBlanc, 18 /vi/ 1997; MNRJ 779, 781, Ilha da Serraria, Ilhabela, SP, 23 º 48.758 'S – 45 º 13.812 'W, 20m depth, coll. E. Hajdu, 11 /i/ 1996. Comparative material. Ciocalypta penicillus — MNRJ 1171 (dredged off Roscoff, France, det. C. Lévi, iv. 1992). Diagnosis. Ciocalypta alba sp.nov. possesses neatly transparent fistules with small habit (up to 2cm), and a single category of oxeas. Description. Specimens with firm consistency, hispid, with a basal mass with a variable number of slender conical fistules ranging from 0.4–2cm in height, and up to 5mm in thickness (Fig. 2 a). The fistules are fused in a thin base ca. 1cm high which is covered by some milimetres of fine sediment. Colour of the fistules and the base is whiteyelowish alive, and whitish in alcohol. The surface has a translucent appearance, through which the central spicular axis is clearly visible. Oscules and pores inconspicuous, even in situ. Skeleton. Fistules, cavernous (Fig. 2 b) — Ectosomal skeleton tangential to the surface, easily detachable, formed by oxeas. Axial choanosomal skeleton constituted by a dense, central, longitudinal spicule bundle. Extraaxial tracts ramifying from the centre towards the ectosome, where they form subectosomal brushes. Little or no spongin present. Base, cavernous (Fig. 2 c) — Dense, easily detachable ectosomal skeleton with spicules tangential to the surface. Choanosomal skeleton formed by crisscrossed oxeas basally; wherefrom bundles, mostly parallel, running towards the surface, originate. These bundles form brushes close to the surface. Spicules (Fig. 2 d; Table 1). Oxeas — straight (rarely) or slightly curved at centre (often): length 156 413 874 µm, width 2 10.2 20 µm. Distribution and Ecology. Known from Ilha de Coral, Santa Catarina state, and Ilhabela, São Sebastião, São Paulo state. The specimens were collected at 12–25 m depth. The base is covered by sediment. Etymology. The species is named after the colour whiteyelowish alive of the fistules and the base, and the translucent appearance of the surface. Remarks. We recognize five species of Ciocalypta from the Atlantic ocean, viz. C. gibbsi Wells, Wells & Gray, 1960 (North Carolina); C. penicillus Bowerbank, 1864 (originally NE and NW Atlantic, Caribbean, besides Mediterranean and several localities in the IndoPacific area); C. polymastia (Von Lendenfeld, 1888; Patagonia, besides E Australia and New Zealand); C. porrecta (Topsent, 1928; Cabo Verde) and C. pseudoporrecta (Van Soest & Stentoft, 1988; Caribbean). ‘ Ciocalypta ’ hyaloderma Ridley & Dendy, 1886 (off the mouth of the Rio de la Plata, ca. 1080m depth) is considered misidentified if Erpenbeck & Van Soest´s (2002) revision of diagnostic criteria is followed. Ridley & Dendy´s (1887) sponge has two widely divergent branches, and a neatly reticulated, well developed and very wide meshed ectosomal skeleton. Ciocalypta, on the contrary, has conspicuous fingershaped fistules, disposed side by side, and a "tangential reticulation of intercrossing bundles", much denser and more confused than in ‘C’. hyaloderma. TABLE I: Comparative micrometric data for Ciocalypta alba sp.nov. Measures are given as smallest length – mean length – largest length/ smallest width – mean width – largest width, in micrometers. Oxeas, N = 100 for length measures and N = 20 for width measures per specimen. Specimens Óxeas MCNPOR 5056 Holotype 204 430.3 732 / 3 10.2 20 MCNPOR 5060 Paratype 190 480.6 874 / 2 9.1 19 ‘ Leucophloeus ’ styliferus Stephens, 1915 was to be transferred to Ciocalypta, as the former genus is considered a synonym of the latter by Erpenbeck & Van Soest (2002). This species, nevertheless, does not conform to the diagnosis of Ciocalypta, due to its absolute absence of fistules. We suggest the South African (SE Atlantic) species to be provisionally placed in Hymeniacidon, until a more comprehensive revision of other records of Leucophloeus is undertaken. Ciocalypta gibbsi was transferred to Halichondria by Diaz et al. (1993), but its possession of styles next to oxeas originally reported by Wells et al. (1960), besides the fistular habit, suggests it is more appropriate to keep the species in Ciocalypta. This species differs from the new species described here by its apparently occasional possession of abundant styles and tendency for showing generally thinner megascleres (up to 12 µm in Wells et al. 1960; up to 10 µm in Diaz et al. 1993; up to 20 µm in the new species). Additionally, both species appear visually different because of C. gibbsi ´s thicker, dull fistules, instead of the neatly transparent ones of the new species (similar to those of NE Atlantic C. pennicillus, cf. Weinberg 1994, p. 156, and Van Soest et al. 2000). Ciocalypta penicillus is a species known for the variability of its spicular complement, where styles and oxeas are variably abundant, sometimes occurring alone (e.g. Topsent 1921). One striking difference between this and the new species is the consistently smaller habit of the fistules in the latter (up to 2cm), as opposed to fistules over 6, and up to 10cm high in C. penicillus (e.g. Bowerbank 1864; Wells et al. 1960; Weinberg 1994; Van Soest et al. 2000). Additionaly, C. penicillus possesses more cavernous fistules and thicker and conspicuous secondary tracts of megascleres (ca. 215 m; cf. ERPENBECK & VAN SOEST, 2002). Ciocalypta polymastia (von Lendenfeld, 1888, sensu Cuartas 1992) has three categories of styles (130–180, 210 – 250 and 320–450 µm long), which makes it only distantly related to the new species. Ciocalypta porrecta differs from the new species by its possession of a dense, ectosomal, paratangential arrangement of spicule brushes supporting isolated tangential spicules, instead of the neat, tangential reticulation of spicule bundles in the new species. Topsent’s (1928) specimen differed further by its possession of slightly larger oxeas (up to 1000 µm) and stout, dull fistules. The latter two characters were not observed in a Spanish specimen by Carballo (2001, as Coelocalypta). Ciocalypta pseudoporrecta differs from our new species due its possession of three categories of oxeas (260–480, 475 – 900, 100 – 1800 µm long). Additionally, its shape is very distinct from that of the new species. Ciocalypta pseudoporrecta has a subspherical base from which a single, hard fistule arises The new species is thus considered well distinguished from other Atlantic congeners, with the exception of C. penicillus from which it differs only marginally. Given the unlikelyness of conspecificity over such a large geographic distance, further supported from the realization that other species with alleged similar distributions, such as Chondrilla nucula Schmidt, 1862 (DE LAUBENFELS, 1956; MURICY et al., 1991), Chondrosia reniformis Nardo, 1847 (SOLÉCAVA et al., 1981), and Cliona celata Grant, 1826 (MOTHESDE MORAES, 1985; MURICY et al., 1991) are highly dubious identifications for the Western Atlantic (KLAUTAU et al., 1999; LAZOSKI et al., 2001), we feel confident in recognizing C. alba ´s status as a new species. Hooper et al. (1997) revised the Indopacific records of Ciocalypta, listing ten valid species, two of which were described as new species. The present paper is a complementary review of the Atlantic fauna.Published as part of Carvalho, Mariana De S., Carraro, João L., Lerner, Cléa & Hajdu, Eduardo, 2003, First record of Ciocalypta (Demospongiae: Halichondrida) from Brazil, southwestern Atlantic, with the description of a new species, pp. 1-8 in Zootaxa 302 on pages 2-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15661
Preface
No full textThe University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics (PWPL) is an occasional series published by the Penn Linguistics Club. The series has included volumes of previously unpublished work, or work in progress, by linguists with an ongoing affiliation with the Department, as well as volumes of papers from NWAV and the Penn Linguistics Colloquium.
This volume contains selected papers from NWAV 38, held from October 22–25, 2009 in Ottawa, ON, Canada at the University of Ottawa.
Alphabetic thanks go to Aaron Ecay, Kyle Gorman, Laurel MacKenzie, Brittany McLaughlin, Lydia Rieck, and Meredith Tamminga for help in editing.
Since Vol. 14.2, PWPL has been an internet-only publication. Since Vol. 13.2, PWPL has been published both in print and online gratis via ScholarlyCommons@Penn. Due to the large number of hits these online papers have received, and the time and expense of managing a back catalog of PWPL volumes, the editorial committee decided to cease print publication in favor of wider-scale free online dissemination. Please continue citing PWPL papers or issues as you would a print journal article, though you may also provide the URL of the manuscript. An example is below:
Grimm, D. Rick. 2010. A Real-time Study of Future Temporal Reference in Spoken Ontarian French. U. Penn Working Papers in Linguistics 16.2: Selected Papers from NWAV 38, ed. M. Lerner, 83-92. http://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol16/iss2/11/
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Marielle Lerner
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